Studying immunological tolerance by physically monitoring antigen-specific T cells in vivo.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Administration, Oral↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Monitoring, Immunologic”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Development of immunological assays to monitor pulmonary allograft rejection.
BACKGROUND: At present the diagnosis of pulmonary allograft rejection is made after examination of transbronchial biopsy specimens; this method is highly invasive. A study was performed to determine whether immunological parameters measured in peripheral blood or bronchoalveolar lavage samples correlate with the histological diagnosis of rejection. METHODS: Left unilateral pulmonary allotransplantation was performed between dogs. The animals were immunosuppressed with cyclosporin A after transplantation but the dose of this drug was gradually reduced to allow controlled rejection to take place. Rejection was diagnosed histologically. Four immunological parameters were investigated: measurement of lavage derived T cell proliferation in response to limited culture with interleukin 2; measurement of changes in the frequency of donor reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes; assay of the level of donor cell binding IgG antibody in recipient plasma; and measurement of the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxic response to donor cells after labelling with recipient plasma. RESULTS: Assays based on measurement of the function of T cells produced significant results at a time later than the histological diagnosis of severe rejection. The level of donor reactive IgG antibody increased at a time that corresponded closely with the diagnosis of severe rejection. This IgG did not activate the antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxic effector mechanism to a significant extent. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of parameters of donor specific immunoreactivity can yield data which are indicative of severe pulmonary allograft rejection. These methods make use of samples which can be obtained by minimally invasive methods. Measurement of the plasma level of donor reactive IgG antibody appears to be the most useful assay. However, each of the in vitro assays used during this series of experiments was less sensitive to the onset of rejection than was routine histological examination.
Animals↗
Immunologic diagnosis and monitoring of human acute leukemias: a review.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Acute Disease↗
Clinical application of immunological markers as monitoring tests in celiac disease.
The aim of this study was to investigate anti-gliadin (IgA-AGA and IgG-AGA), endomysial (IgA-EmA), and anti-reticulin (Ig-ARA) antibodies for monitoring celiac disease (CD) patients while on gluten-free and gluten-containing diets. Sera from 30 confirmed CD patients (13 boys, 17 girls), 1-24 years old, were examined for antibodies using ELISA (AGA) and Immunofluorescence (EmA, ARA) at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following institution of gluten-free diet and also at 3 and 6 months after challenge with gluten. One month following the exclusion of gluten from the diet, most antibodies are still positive. Twenty-three to 43% of antibodies remained positive by the end of the third month. At 6 and 9 months, 17% and 10% were positive, respectively. At 12 months no positive antibodies were detected. After gluten challenge, positive IgA-AGA and IgA-EmA titers were already demonstrated at 3 months (90% and 86%, respectively), while Ig-ARA titers showed a slow increase. Finally IgG-AGA responded with a slow decrease of titers to gluten-free diet levels and a fast increase upon provocation. The morphology of the intestine at diagnosis and during the periods of gluten-free diet and gluten challenge corresponds with the antibody titers. On the basis of these results, immunological markers may be applied to follow-up CD patients. IgA-AGA and IgA-EMA appear to be the most sensitive to dietary changes in gluten and correlate best with intestinal mucosal morphology.
Celiac Disease↗
Immunological and haematological monitoring in bladder cancer patients receiving adjuvant bestatin treatment following radiation therapy. A prospective randomized trial.
In a prospective randomized trial the clinical value of Bestatin, a low molecular weight immunomodulator, is being examined in patients having completed a full course of local radiation therapy for bladder cancer. At termination of irradiation (64 Gy in eight weeks) the patients are divided into two treatment arms: (i) 10 mg of Bestatin orally three times daily without breaks for at least one year and (ii) no further adjuvant treatment. Routine haematological monitoring of 68 patients for a period of up to two years did not reveal any differences between the two groups. Studies on the blood lymphocyte population, however, showed a significantly elevated frequency of cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes after one month of Bestatin treatment. Upon continuation of treatment, however, this value declined and reached the level of the control patients at three months. The frequencies of lymphocytes with Fc-receptors for IgG or complement were unaffected by Bestatin. Spontaneous cytotoxicity against Chang cells appeared to be increased during the first three months of Bestatin treatment in those patients who survived for more than 18 months. No increase was observed in patients who died earlier. Although the above data seem to indicate that Bestatin should be administered at higher doses and intermittently instead of continuously, our preliminary results on disease-free survival in a limited patient material seem to be in favour of the Bestatin treated patients.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Immunologic diagnosis and monitoring of cervical cancers using in vitro translated HPV proteins.
E6 and E7 proteins, the transforming proteins of oncogenic HPVs, are known to be associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer. In radioimmunoprecipitation assays in which in vitro-transcripted and translated HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins were used, patients with HPV-16-associated invasive cervical cancer (group I) had greater seroreactivity than patients in most of the other groups, including patients with invasive cervical cancer who were infected with other types of HPVs (group II), cervical cancer patients with nondetectable HPVs (group III), patients with HPV-16-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (group IV), and unaffected normal controls with noncervical lesions (group V) (P < 0.05). The sera of patients in group I, when compared with the sera of other groups, were significantly reactive with one and/or two proteins (P < 0.05). Antibodies to HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins were detected in patients with invasive cancer more than in those with CIN. The positive rates for E6 protein were 4.2% (1/24), 43.8% (7/16), 57.1% (8/14), 100% (5/5), and 100% (1/1), and the positive rates of E7 protein were 4.2% (1/24), 12.5% (2/16), 35.7% (5/14), 60% (3/5), and 100% (1/1) from CINs through stages I, IIa, IIb, and III of HPV-16-associated cervical cancers, respectively. The positive rates for E6 and E7 proteins were significantly increased with the advancing of the clinical stages of cervical cancer (P < 0.05 for E6 and E7). To examine the change in antibody titers of HPV-16 E7 protein during diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, we tested serial serum samples from 14 patients of group I. The antibody titers were correlated to the clinical course of disease in some cases. The positive levels of E7 antibody were decreased when the treatment was effective, but in 1 patient who had shown recurrence or progression, positive seroreactivity was maintained. Antibodies to HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins might be effective virus-specific and disease state-specific markers of HPV-16-associated cervical cancer.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Purification and characterization of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins from leukemic cells and their potential as immunological tool for monitoring childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Sialic acids as terminal residues of oligosaccharide chains play crucial roles in several cellular recognition events. Exploiting the selective affinity of Achatinin-H toward N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid-alpha2-6-GalNAc, we have demonstrated the presence of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins (Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs) on lymphoblasts of 70 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and on leukemic cell lines by fluorimetric HPLC and flow cytometric analysis. This study aims to assess the structural aspect of the glycotope of Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs(ALL) and to evaluate whether these disease-specific molecules can be used to monitor the clinical outcome of ALL. The Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs(ALL) were affinity-purified, and three distinct leukemia-specific molecular determinants (135, 120, and 90 kDa) were demonstrated by SDS-PAGE, western blotting, and isoelectric focusing. The carbohydrate epitope of Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs(ALL) was confirmed by using synthetic sialic acid analogs. The enhanced presence of anti-Neu5,9Ac(2)-GP(ALL) antibody in ALL patients prompted us to develop an antigen-ELISA using purified Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs(ALL) as coating antigens. Purified antigen was able to detect leukemia-specific antibodies at presentation of disease, which gradually decreased with treatment. Longitudinal monitoring of 18 patients revealed that in the early phase of the treatment patients with lower anti-Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs showed a better prognosis. Minimal cross-reactivity was observed in other hematological disorders (n = 50) like chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as normal healthy individuals (n = 21). This study demonstrated the potential of purified Neu5,9Ac(2)-GPs(ALL) as an alternate tool for detection of anti-Neu5,9Ac(2)-GP antibodies to be helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of childhood ALL patients.
Adolescent↗
Flow cytometry of fine-needle-aspiration biopsies: a new method to monitor the intrahepatic immunological environment in chronic viral hepatitis.
SUMMARY: Information about the character and grade of the intrahepatic immune response in viral hepatitis is important for the evaluation of disease stage and effect of therapy. Complications like haemorrhage limit the frequent performance of tissue-needle biopsies (TB), and the cells of peripheral blood have to be used as surrogate markers instead. Fine-needle-aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the liver represents a safe and atraumatic method that allows frequent cytological sampling. Our aim was to investigate whether flow cytometry of FNAB specimens allows co-analysis of phenotype, function and specificity of key populations of liver-infiltrating lymphocytes (LIL). In 20 consecutive patients with chronic viral hepatitis [10 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 10 hepatitis C virus (HCV)], flow cytometry was performed on FNAB cytology, and simultaneously on lymphocytes isolated from a TB and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The ratio of CD8+/CD4+ lymphocytes in FNAB correlated well with LIL from TB (r =0.78, P < 0.05) but differed from PBMC (mean ratio: 2.6, 2.1 and 0.7, respectively). Similarly, a correlation was observed for percentage CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells (mean %: 29.9, 32.3 and 14.5, respectively; r = 0.69, P < 0.05). The percentage of interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CD3+ lymphocytes in both FNAB and TB was higher than in PBMC (mean %: 41, 44 and 22, respectively; P < 0.05). Furthermore, tetrameric complexes allowed analysis of HBV-specific T cells in FNAB specimens. In conclusion, flow cytometry of FNAB allows easy, atraumatic and reliable analysis of lymphocytes obtained from the intrahepatic compartment. Therefore, the FNAB is a valuable tool in the study of the immunopathology of viral hepatitis, and it may contribute to the improved clinical evaluation of chronic viral liver disease.
Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗
Immunological tests to monitor inflammatory bowel disease--have they delivered yet?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Biomarkers↗
An immunological strategy To monitor In situ the phosphate starvation state in thiobacillus ferrooxidans
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is one of the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria important in industrial biomining operations. During the process of ore bioleaching, the microorganisms are subjected to several stressing conditions, including the lack of some essential nutrients, which can affect the rates and yields of bioleaching. When T. ferrooxidans is starved for phosphate, the cells respond by inducing the synthesis of several proteins, some of which are outer membrane proteins of high molecular weight (70,000 to 80,000). These proteins were considered to be potential markers of the phosphate starvation state of these microorganisms. We developed a single-cell immunofluorescence assay that allowed monitoring of the phosphate starvation condition of this biomining microorganism by measuring the increased expression of the surface proteins. In the presence of low levels of arsenate (2 mM), the growth of phosphate-starved T. ferrooxidans cells was greatly inhibited compared to that of control nonstarved cells. Therefore, the determination of the phosphorus nutritional state is particularly relevant when arsenic compounds are solubilized during the bioleaching of different ores.
Journal Article↗
New immunologic markers for monitoring of cancer.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Antigens, Neoplasm↗
[In vitro methods for diagnosis and monitoring of cellular immunologic defects].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Cell Migration Inhibition↗
[Microbiological diagnosis of tetanus and serological verification of the immunological status. Serological monitoring in the course of therapy and prophylaxis].
The tests for tetanus aetiological diagnosis are briefly surveyed: with particular attention to Passive Haemagglutination on Turkey Red Blood Cells (P.H./T.R.B.C.), for the assessment of antitoxin serum level. The P.H./T.R.B.C. proves a valuable tool in different occasions: -in patients, to control the immunotherapy; -in subjects at risk, to apply a correct prophylaxis; -in the whole population, to verify the outcome of compulsory vaccination.
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
[Biochemical monitoring of postoperative glioma (author's transl)].
Extention of the survival period and suppression of the recurrence of neurological symptoms during postoperative progression free intervals have become the most important problems in the treatment of gliomas. In the outpatient clinic, neurological and neuroradiological monitoring, including sequential CT scans, are especially valuable. In addition to each conventional monitoring methods, immunological and biochemical monitoring methods have been introduced as precise and noninvasive methods. In this paper, wer have discussed about the biochemical monitoring. In biochemical monitoring cystic fluid was repeatedly obtained through Ommaya's reservoir and chemically analysed during the postoperative period of eight cases of glioblastoma showed complete remission either clinically or chemically during the monitoring period. Chemical progression, especially a gradual increase in LDH, was detected in three cases of anaplastic astrocytoma prior to the clinical and radiological deterioration. In the remaining two cases of glioblastoma, neither clinical nor chemical regression was obtained in spite of postoperative adjuvant treatments. In biochemical monitoring of gliomas, total cholesterol, LDH and LDH isozyme values of cystic fluid were especially valuable.
Adolescent↗
[Biological monitoring of occupational exposure in welders of stainless steel. Immunologic methods].
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toxic compounds enables an early detection of adverse health effects. Apart from the standard biological monitoring methods of occupational exposure represented by metabolites and enzymes activities analysis also immunological detection methods seem to be promising. The changes of immunological system are demonstrable extraordinary sensitive markers of load of organism. The process of welding belongs between important sources of pollution of working environment with heavy metals and other harmful compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. According to IARC classification the welding fumes are included into group 2B and are supposed as possible human carcinogens. Numbers of different epidemiological studies have proved relationship between welding and serious health disorders namely malignancies. We recorded a number of changes in immunological parameters when compared with those in control group in our study. The results of analysis were statistically evaluated. The statistically significant reduction of number of phagocytosis capable cells was found in the group of welders when compared with the control group. The levels of neopterin, beta-2-microglobulin and IL-1 beta have indirectly monitored cell component of immunological response. In the case of these markers a statistically significant increases were found in the group of welders. We found statistically significant IgM decrease and statistically significant IgA increase in humoral responses with the same group when compared with control group.
Adult↗
Is tumor expression of the major histocompatibility complex antigen required for T cell immune surveillance?
Tumor expression of major histocompatibility complex antigen (MHC) class I and class II is not essential for the induction of memory T cells. However, induction of MHC class I-restricted effector cytotoxic T cells (CTL) appears dependent on MHC class I expression on tumors. Moreover, the effector function of tumor-specific CTL requires direct recognition of the tumor. In contrast, both the inductive and the effector phases of MHC class II-restricted T cells are independent of MHC class II expression on tumors.
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I↗
Immune monitoring.
A wide array of immunologic tests are available for immune monitoring in cancer vaccine trials, and the number of novel assays and technical modifications continues to burgeon. Because only a small fraction of all proposed vaccine trials tested in phase I-II trials, for practical reasons, will ultimately move forward to be tested in phase III trials, there must be a system of establishing the most promising immunization strategies. This evaluation of cancer vaccine will require standardization of the immune assays and statistical methods used in immunologic monitoring. Furthermore, the use of a systematic approach to evaluating and adopting novel technologies for immunologic assessment would likely lead to timely implementation of more reliable, practical and cost-effective methods of immune. It should be the goal and expectation that this rational approach to immune monitoring will allow the critical appraisal of the most promising vaccine candidates in the context of pivotal, multi-center trials.
Biomarkers↗
Serum beta 2-microglobulin levels and p24 antigen, lymphocyte depletion and disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Abnormally elevated serum beta 2-microglobulin levels have been associated with progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease. In this study we have analyzed the relationship between serum beta 2-microglobulin levels of patients at different stages of the disease and serological and immunological parameters commonly used for monitoring the infection. The investigation was performed on 150 patients and 30 controls during the period from March 1989 to March 1990. At that time, 30 patients had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or its related complex and 120 had persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or were asymptomatic. Thirty-nine antibody-negative subjects, belonging to a high-risk group for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, were used as controls. All patients had normal renal function. There was a significant relationship between increased serum beta 2-microglobulin levels and the presence of p24 antigen, a decrease in the total number of lymphocytes (less than or equal to 1500/mm3) and a decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes (less than or equal to 200/mm3). No significant relationship between serum beta 2-microglobulin levels and CD3+ T lymphocytes was found.
Adolescent↗