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PubMedDate not supplied

[Calcium and vitamin D metabolism and enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism during chronic action of mycotoxins].

Experimental rats received T-2 toxin (0.063 mg/kg), deoxynivalenol (1.6 mg/kg) and aflatoxin B1 (0.008 mg/kg) during 6 months. Moderately manifest changes were detected in metabolic enzyme activity of foreign substances in the liver and small intestine mucosa. All mycotoxins induced weak hypocalcemia, while ionized calcium concentration in the blood serum decreased only after T-2 toxin administration that was attended by an increase of PTH level. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium transport in the small intestine were not significantly changed. Concentration of 25-OHD in the blood serum and 25-hydroxylase D3 activity in the liver decreased in rats given T-2 toxin. Formation of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 in the kidneys was not significantly changed, while T-2 toxin inhibited regulatory changes in 1-hydroxylase 25-OHD3 activity in response to the action of PTH and adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. The results of the investigation have evidenced that calcium metabolism disorders during chronic action of mycotoxins could be partially associated with secondary vitamin D deficiency.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The immunological reactivity indices (the humoral component) in persons in contact with mycotoxin-contaminated food products].

Blood serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), concentration of complement components (C1-inhibitor, C3, C4, C5, C9) as well as the content of some protein fractions (transferrin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, orosomucoid, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, albumin and prealbumin) in the plasma were assayed in subjects exposed (due to their occupational necessity) to food raw materials (wheat, corn, barley, combined fodder) contaminated with mycotoxins. A total of 50 subjects, who have been working from 1 to 15 years at grain-treating factories, were investigated. It has been shown that a long-term exposure to food and fodder products containing mycotoxins induces a growth of IgE level attended by a drop in IgG content, and a decrease in the concentration of the complement components C3 and C9, transferrin and orosomucoid.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The collection and treatment of feed samples, particularly when suspecting mycotoxins].

The sampling-procedure for feedstuffs in the official supervision of these products is performed according to the standards decreed by the feedstuff order in which the sampling tools, the wrapping and the pattern of acting are specified. In suspicion cases for mycotoxins in feedstuffs it is suitable to complete the sampling protocol with additional informations about feed and feeding practice as well as possibly observed health disturbances in animals. In this connection attention is directed to microbial caused changes of feedstuffs, which sometimes are clearly observable. Such indications allow to accommodate sampling to a present situation and can help substantially in clearing up cases of mycotoxicoses. In scope of mycotoxin research, sampling technique and procedure will be subjected to the special scientific questions.

Animal Feed↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Measures for lessening the mycotoxin formation and concentration in feed].

Procedures for lowering the production of mycotoxins in cereals before harvest are not available. Breeding of cereal varieties which are resistant to fusaria is a promising approach. Development of storage fungi and fusaria after harvest can be inhibited by drying with warm or ambient air, refrigerated storage, chemical preservation (e.g. by propionic acid, urea), and airtight storage. For the quantitative determination of fungal growth in feedstuffs a chemical indicator such as ergosterol must be determined. A preservation procedure can be regarded as effective only if it is able to inhibit mold growth completely. This is concluded from the observation that an initial toxin-free phase of growth which has been found in mold cultures with liquid medium could not be detected during refrigerated storage of wheat. Under these conditions the production of ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins by Penicillium strains started simultaneously with the production of ergosterol. For an effective ambient air drying of cereals the depth of the whole bulk and the velocity of air must afford complete drying within 8-10 days. During refrigerated storage of cereals maximal storage periods which depend on moisture content and temperature should not be exceeded. Maximal storage periods based on ergosterol determinations are described for wheat with an initial moisture content between 18 and 26% and storage temperatures of 4 and 10 degrees C. The effect of propionic acid concentration on the development of molds is described, recommendations for selecting optimal acid dosages are given.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

[Mycotoxins and "yellow rain"].

A review is given of mycotoxins with a brief history of the role of these natural poisons in human pathology. Contributions of Croatian scientists to the field of research in mycotocixology are recorded. Opposite views and arguments are presented considering the technical possibilities and ethical responsibilities for abuse of mycotoxins as a war weapon especially with regard to their alleged use in the recent chemical warfare in the Middle and Far East. "Yellow Rain" is described as a natural phenomenon.

Chemical Warfare↗

PubMed1988

[Disease and depression of productivity in raising swine caused by mycotoxins].

Mycotoxins are natural substances, which are poisonous for man and animals. Mycotoxicological investigations, carried out from 1982 to 1986, showed that aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), trichothecenes (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, monoacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol and deoxynivalenol) ochratoxin A and zearalenone are to be expected in feedstuffs. Further, sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea were found in cereals repeatedly, which demonstrates that also ergot alkaloids can be found in feedstuffs. The determined toxin concentrations often do not suffice to produce the described "classic" clinical symptoms and pathological changes. On the contrary the continuous intake of small amounts leads to chronic intoxications which are characterized by loss of weight, insufficient gain in weight, fertility disorder or increased susceptibility for infectious diseases. As feedstuffs are mostly contaminated by different kinds of toxinogenic fungi and as fungal strains are frequently able to produce several mycotoxins simultaneously, it must be assumed that naturally occurring mycotoxicoses are not monocausal, but multitoxic diseases. Although we have improved analytical methods, naturally occurring mycotoxicoses still cannot always be cleared up completely.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1977

Interrelationships of mycotoxins with nutrition.

Mycotoxins interact with lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin nutrition. Diets high in lipid have a mortality-sparing effect against aflatoxicosis and, if high in unsaturated fatty acids, a growth-sparing effect. Aflatoxicosis causes a lipid malabsorption syndrome coupled with decreased digestive enzymes and bile salt excretion, a decreased synthesis of fatty acids, and impaired transport. Deficiencies of vitamins A, D, or riboflavin make animals more sensitive to aflatoxin while a thiamin deficiency has the opposite effect. Interaction with vitamins E and K has not been clearly demonstrated as yet. Mycotoxins increase the protein requirements of animals and apparently alter the enzymes that regulate glycogen catabolism and neogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs in Ontario: 1972 to 1977.

Records of the Toxicology Laboratory, Veterinary Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, indicate that 277 of 2,022 specimens of feedstuffs submitted between October 1, 1972 and September 30, 1978 contained one or more mycotoxins. The data indicate that zearalenone is an important mycotoxin in the provincial corn crops and that its incidence fluctuates from year to year. The percentages of specimens containing zearalenone were 16.3 (1972), 4.1 (1973), 5.5 (1974), 22.4 (1975), 9.5 (1976) and 13.0 (1977). Aflatoxins, ochratoxins and T-2 toxin were found in some specimens but their incidence was low.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1977

Mycotoxins in foods and feeds. Their occurrence and significance.

In 1973, TPI carried out a world-wide survey to ascertain the data available on aflatoxin contamination of food and feedingstuffs (JONES, 1975). Considerable interest was shown in this work which led us to attempt a similar exercise to determine the situation with respect to mycotoxins generally. It was felt that there was a need for this information which was not immediately available. Questionnaires were distributed to as many organizations as possible and the replies evaluated. The data obtained gives only general indications of the current situation, but it is feld that this information will be of use to those concerned with the subject of mycotoxins.

Africa↗

PubMed1977

Mycotoxins in grain for animal feeds.

A total of 302 crushed grain samples of barley, wheat, rye, corn and oats from the crop year 1974 were collected from commercial feed processing plants situated in all the provinces (voivodeships) of Poland. For the mycotoxin survey, performed according to the multimycotoxin detection method by Stoloff et al (1971), 150 grain samples were taken. The positive samples were analysed thereafter by the procedures for the individual mycotoxins and chemical confirmatory tests. Of the 150 samples tested by the multimycotoxin detection method, 77 (51 p. 100) showed fluorescing spots and Rf values of aflatoxins, 24 (16 p. 100) were of ochratoxins, 11 (7 p. 100) of zearalenone and 5 (3 p. 100) of sterigmatocystin. However when these samples were assayed by the specific methods and confirmatory procedures, only 8 (5 p. 100) samples were found to be positive, containing ochratoxin A at the level ranging from 50 to 200 microgram/kg.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1977

[Mechanism of action of mycotoxins].

The present paper is an attempt to review the hypotheses concerning the mechanism of the physiopathological effects induced by mycotoxins, in particular by the aflatoxins and PR toxin. We shall first examine to what extent the alterations produced on some metabolic pathways (transcription, translation) can explain the short terme toxic effects. The problem of the long term effects of aflatoxin B1, i.e. the hepatocarcinogenic effects, will be discussed taking into account the results concerning the action of the mycotoxin on DNA and DNA repair.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1983

[Induction by mycotoxins of somatic mosaicism in Drosophila and DNA repair in mammalian liver cell cultures].

The genotoxic activity of four mycotoxins has been studied. High level of somatic mutagenesis in imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster larvae and DNA repair synthesis in human embryo and adult rat liver cell cultures were inducible only by highly carcinogenic aflatoxin B1. Patulin, a weak direct-action carcinogenic substance, slightly elevated the mutagenesis in somatic cells of Drosophila but did not induce DNA repair synthesis in liver cell cultures. Citrinin that did not exhibit any carcinogenic properties when used alone and stachybotrotoxin with non-reported carcinogenic activity appeared inactive in the test-systems applied. The possibilities of rapid recognition of carcinogenic mycotoxins by detecting their genotoxic properties are discussed.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed1981

Mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada 1975 to 1979.

Results of analyses of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins, ochratoxins and zearalenone were most frequently requested. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 474 specimens at a level of 60 ppb in a sample of hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in four of 148 specimens of grains and two of 19 specimens of corn at levels up to 500 ppb. Trichothecenes were qualitatively found in two of 108 specimens of forage, three of 182 specimens of feeds and one of 148 specimens of grains. Ergot was detected qualitatively in three specimens of rye and one of forage. An overall detection rate of 3.8% of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occasionally occur in farm livestock or poultry.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1984

Genotoxicity of a variety of mycotoxins in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test using rat and mouse hepatocytes.

Twenty-eight mycotoxins were studied in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test using rat and mouse hepatocytes. DNA repair synthesis was elicited by several compounds of unknown carcinogenicity, 5,6- dimethoxysterigmatocystin , versicolorins A and B, averufin , xanthomegnin , luteosporin , and chrysazin , as well as by the carcinogenic myocotoxins , aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, luteoskyrin , ochratoxin A, azaserine, mitomycin C, and actinomycin D. The positive results with compounds of unknown carcinogenicity suggest that they are possibly genotoxic carcinogens. The carcinogenic mycotoxins, penicillic acid, patulin, griseofulvin, and rugulosin , which did not elicit repair synthesis may be nongenotoxic carcinogens.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathogenicity of "Candida albicans" for normal mice and mice treated by the mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol (author's transl)].

The study of the action of diacetoxyscirpenol, a mycotoxin from Fusarium, was carried out on mice. It was found that a single dose of 1/2 DL50 (4.5 mg/kg) inoculated intraperitoneally, induced a transitory diminution of weight of the spleen and thymus and fall in the percentage of blood lymphocyte. The effect on the course of candidiasis was obvious: the mice challenged with C. albicans and treated by small repeated doses of mycotoxin died more rapidly than not treated but infected mice, emphasizing significantly the effect of the immunosuppressive processus on the development of the opportunistic fungus.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

A comparative study of sheep and pigs given the tremorgenic mycotoxins verruculogen and penitrem A.

The moulds Penicillium simplicissimum and P crustosum and the tremorgenic mycotoxins, verruculogen and penitrem A, isolated from them, were given to sheep and pigs to compare their potencies. Pigs were generally less susceptible and in both species penitrem A was less potent than verruculogen. Five-month-old lambs seemed more susceptible to mycelium containing verruculogen than were 15-month-old sheep given a similar oral dose relative to bodyweight. Repeated daily dosing of lambs and sheep for five days with P simplicissimum failed to enhance the effect, indicating that verruculogen toxicity was not cumulative. Long and short acting barbiturate anaesthesia blocked the effects of lethal doses of tremorgens. Sedation with diazepam diminished, but did not block, mycotoxin-induced tremors suggesting that there was no specific action of this anticonvulsant sedative on tremorgens.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[The mycotoxin sensitivity of several Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains sensitive and resistant to aflatoxin B1].

Antimicrobial activity of pure preparations of seven mycotoxins, coumarin and dicoumarin, was studied against various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner). The acquisition of resistance to Aflatoxin B1, by a new strain designated "stable variant", obtained in the presence of mycotoxin lethal dose, is very specific. However, a relation seems to exist between Aflatoxin B1 susceptibility and sensitivity to compounds which possess a double furan ring. In vitro, coumarin exhibits an inhibitory effect against antibacterial activity of Aflatoxin B1.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1993

Inhibitory effect of spice oils on lipase and mycotoxin production.

Five spice oils were tested for their inhibitory activity towards the growth, respiration, lipase and mycotoxin productions by Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus IMI 120920 and A. fumigatus. Cumin, onion, garlic and clove oils completely inhibited sterigmatocystin production. Cumin, onion and clove oils significantly suppressed aflatoxin production. Most of tested oils exhibited considerable inhibition on mycelial growth. Incorporation of these oils in basal medium suppressed lipase production with variable degrees. Onion oil was the most effective one. All spice oils significantly reduced or completely suppressed CO2 evolution of A. fumigatus, whereas CO2 evolution of A. parasiticus was slightly enhanced by these oils except with cumin and clove. Our results suggest that the use of spice oils may offer some advantage in the prevention of mycotoxin production.

Allium↗