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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Fat substitution and food intake: effect of replacing fat with sucrose polyester at lunch or evening meals.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of replacement of fat by sucrose polyester (SPE) within a lunch or evening meal on subsequent energy intake and appetite control. The 2 x 2 design was intended to examine the effect on appetite of reducing the total energy and fat content of a meal (lunch or dinner) by replacement of natural fat with 55 g SPE. The effects were monitored by measuring motivation to eat or actual food consumption during the remainder of the test day (day 1) and throughout the following day (day 2). The 2 x 2 design yielded four conditions which were a control meal (5192 kJ, 73.2 g fat) and a fat-replaced meal (3305 kJ, 54.6 g SPE, 24 g fat) at midday (lunch) or in the early evening (dinner). No significant differences were seen in ad lib. energy intake after the test meals on day 1 or day 2. Certain differences were detected in fat intake on day 2 but these did not suggest nutrient compensation in response to the fat replacement. Subjective assessment of motivation to eat did not indicate that the fat-reduced meal had a weaker satiating efficiency than the control meal. A reduction in fat content, using fat replacement, did not reduce the satiating efficiency of a test meal given at lunch or dinner. No energy or macronutrient compensation occurred following the reduction in energy or fat intake during the rest of the test day or during the whole of the next day.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The effects of polyester (terylene) fibre implants on normal equine superficial digital flexor tendon.

AIM: To determine the effect of polyester (terylene) fibre implants on normal equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon structure. METHODS: Normal forelimb SDF tendons (n=24) of 12 horses were divided into unoperated, sham-operated, and implanted (terylene fibre implant) groups. Horses were assessed for lameness and ultrasonographic changes to SDF tendons at intervals up to 48 weeks post-operatively. After euthanasia, SDF tendons were collected for histological and ultrastructural examination. Histological sections were examined for alcian blue staining intensity, cellularity, fibril bundle alignment, fascicle separation and crimp morphology. Mass-average diameters (MADs) of collagen fibrils were calculated from electron micrographs and compared between treatment groups. RESULTS: Insertion of terylene fibre implants resulted in short-term (8 weeks) lameness in implanted limbs. Ultrasonographically, the implants could be detected in 50% of implanted tendons, but were associated with tendon swelling and the presence of hypoechoic core lesions in 7/8 implanted limbs. There were significant alterations in alcian blue staining, cellularity and crimp morphology in the central fascicles of sham-operated and implanted tendons, and alteration in fibril alignment in the central fascicles of implanted tendons. Unoperated tendons remained histologically normal. MADs of collagen fibrils did not differ between sham-operated, implanted and unoperated limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Both the sham procedure and the insertion of terylene fibre implants led to alterations in tendon structure that persisted for up to 48 weeks. Persistence of disorganised connective tissue at the proximal and distal ends of the terylene fibre implants may predispose implanted tendons to continued risk of injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is unlikely that terylene fibre implants offer any advantage over standard non-surgical treatments for mild to moderate cases of SDF tendonitis in the horse.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Two new diterpene polyesters from Euphorbia decipiens.

Two new myrsinol-type diterpene polyesters 3,5,13,17-tetra-O-acetyl-7-O-benzoyl-15-hydroxymyrsinol (1) and 3,5,13,17-tetra-O-acetyl-7-O-butanoyl-13-hydroxymyrsinol (2), with a tricyclic carbon skeleton have been isolated from Euphorbia decipiens Boiss. & Buhse. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was based primarily on HREIMS, EIMS, IR, UV, ID-, and 2D-NMR analyses, including COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY correlations. Compounds 1 and 2 also showed activity against urease enzyme.

Diterpenes↗

PubMed1976

Short term study of sucrose polyester a nonabsorbable fat-like material as a dietary agent for lowering plasma cholesterol.

The efficacy, safety, and acceptability of sucrose polyester (SPE), a fat-like material that is neither digested nor absorbed, were assessed in 13 normal and seven hypercholesterolemic subjects for its potential as a cholesterol-lowering agent. Addition or substitution of SPE for culinary fats in the diets of the normocholesterolemic individuals produced a mean reduction of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 14 and 17%, respectively (P less than 0.001), despite the daily ingestion of a diet containing 800 mg of cholesterol and of dietary fat with a P/S ratio of 0.4. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not significantly reduced by similar 10-day feeding periods of SPE in seven subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not changed in normal or hypercholesterolemic subject receiving SPE. Plasma vitamin A and E levels were reduced by 10 and 21% (p less than 0.02 and less than 0.001) in both normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects on SPE. These returned to the basal levels when SPE consumption was discontinued. SPE was recovered quantitatively (greater than 97%) in the stools, with the last measurable SPE being found day 3 to 5 after cessation of SPE intake. Despite recovery of 50 g or more of unhydrolyzed SPE in stools during SPE feeding, there was no clinical or chemical steatorrhea. On subtracting SPE's input to total stool fatty acids, it was found that "non-SPE" fatty acids in the stool had not increased during SPE feeding, SPE was easily incorporated into routine foodstuffs in addition to, or in substitution for, conventional dietary fats. On the basis of this short term evaluation in humans and other investigations with the rat and dog. SPE appears to have potential as a cholesterol-lowering agent.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Effect of sucrose polyester on fecal bile acid excretion and composition in normal men.

The effects of sucrose polyester (SPE) (a nonabsorbable mixture of hex-a, hepta,- and octa-fatty acid esters of sucrose with physical properties similar to those of common dietary fats) on fecal bile acid excretion and composition were assessed in 24 healthy, nonobese, normolipemic male volunteers, in a 40-day, inpatient, metabolic balance study. Isocaloric diets provided either 800, 300, or less than 50 mg of cholesterol/day (P/S ratios respectively 0.4, 1.0, and 1.5). After diet-only perids of 10 days (for the 800 and 300 mg cholesterol regimens), and 21 days (for the 50 mg diet), the diets were continued for 30 days, with addition of SPE to diets over three successive treatment periods of 10 days each, with 8, 16, and 35 g of liquid SPE/day, or 15, 30, and 50 g SPE/day in a SPE-hydrogenated palm oil mix. On both the liquid SPE and SPE-hydrogenated palm oil mix, there were no significant changes in fecal bile acid excretion as a function of dietary SPE, at any level of cholesterol intake, P > 0.1. In most subjects SPE changed fecal bile acid composition; lithocholic acid was decreased, and in most instances this was accompanied by the appearance and increase in chenodeoxycholic acid. In one subject, both deoxycholic and 3 beta, 12 alpha-dihydroxycholanic acid were reduced, with an accompanying increase in cholic acid. The hypocholesterolemic effect of SPE appears to be mediated through its reduction of intestinal absorption of cholesterol, not through effects on bile acid excretion.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Sucrose polyester and covert caloric dilution.

Total daily caloric intake was measured in 10 obese subjects when sucrose polyester (SPE), a nonabsorbable synthetic fat, covertly replaced conventional fats in a single crossover study consisting of three periods: a period of 7 to 14 days to determine baseline caloric intake and two 20-day study periods. An average of 60 g SPE/day replaced conventional fat in one of the two study periods. During both study periods, 60% of the base line caloric intake was "required intake" at mealtime; an additional 60% of base line caloric intake was allowed as "free choice" foods at a specified snacktime. It was thus possible during both study periods to consume more than 100% of the base line caloric intake. In the SPE study period, 40 g SPE replaced 40 g conventional fat for every 1200 kcal of required intake, resulting in a 30% reduction in mealtime caloric intake. Mean total caloric intake (meal and snack) fell 23% during the SPE period (p less than 0.05), despite an average daily weight loss of 0.18 kg. Snack caloric intake did not increase significantly to compensate for caloric dilution of the meals during the SPE period. These results indicate that the obese may not detect or may not compensate for covert dilution of fat calories with SPE. In addition, during the SPE period, there was a 10% reduction in total plasma cholesterol, a 14% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a 10% reduction in triglyceride concentration. Thus, fat replacement with SPE may benefit weight reduction regimens in obese subjects by facilitating decreased caloric intake and by improving the circulating lipoprotein profile as well.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sucrose polyester in hypercholesterolemic outpatients.

Sucrose polyester (SPE) was studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 91 outpatients with primary hypercholesterolemia. All patients maintained an isocaloric diet with cholesterol intake of 400 mg/day and a polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio of 0.8 to 1.2 for the duration of the study. The study sequence consisted of a diet lead-in period, a first 8-wk treatment period, a 4-wk washout period, and a second 8-wk treatment period. Subjects were randomly assigned to six groups that differed by SPE dose (8, 16, and 32 g/day) and by the treatment period in which either SPE or an olive oil placebo was given in a bread spread formulation. Compared to placebo, the 8, 16, and 32 g/day doses of SPE decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 2%, 4% (p less than 0.05), and 5% (p less than 0.05) respectively, without changing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. On SPE, 14/91 (15%) of the subjects experienced a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol greater than or equal to 10%, while only 2/91 (2%) showed this decrease with placebo.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Sucrose polyester: substitution for dietary fats in hypocaloric diets in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia.

In five obese women heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, we assessed the combination of weight loss and sucrose polyester (SPE) in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). After a 10-day basal hypocaloric (1426 cal/day), 270 mg cholesterol, P/S 1.2:1 diet, an average of 36 g of dietary fat/day was replaced by 36 g of an 80/20 SPE-hydrogenated palm oil mixture, providing 30 g SPE for 30 days; during the SPE substitution period mean dietary cholesterol and P/S were unchanged, mean caloric intake was 1104 cal/day. During the hypocaloric basal diet, mean weight fell 1.2 kg, p less than 0.02, total plasma cholesterol fell 8% from 358 +/- 46 to 330 +/- 47 mg/dl, p less than 0.01, LDLC fell 4% from 264 +/- 37 to 254 +/- 44 mg/dl, p greater than 0.1, and mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell 11%, from 52 +/- 4 to 46 +/- 4, p less than 0.05. Over the 30-day SPE substitution, mean cholesterol fell 20% from 330 +/- 47 at the end of the basal diet to 265 +/- 42 mg/dl, p less than 0.001; mean LDLC fell 23%, from 254 +/- 44 to 195 +/- 41 mg/dl (p less than 0.01); weight fell 4%, p less than 0.01, from 91 +/- 7 to 87 +/- 7 kg, and mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fell 11% from 46 +/- 4 to 41 +/- 2, p less than 0.05. Hypocaloric removal of dietary fat by SPE, an artificial fat with culinary properties of conventional dietary fats, effectively reduces LDLC (by 23%) in familial hypercholesterolemia subjects, with additive effects of SPE and weight loss.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1985

The substitution of sucrose polyester for dietary fat in obese, hypercholesterolemic outpatients.

Our aim was to determine the effects of the substitution of sucrose polyester (SPE) for dietary fat in a 16-week outpatient study in 36 obese subjects with primary hypercholesterolemia. The subjects were randomized into three groups who followed a 16-week treatment period where all subjects received hypocaloric diets which provided approximately 7 kcal/lb body weight, a polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fat ratio of 0.9, and 180 mg cholesterol/day. The percentages of calories as fat in the 3 groups were as follows: a low fat diet group (n = 12) received 27% of dietary calories as fat, a low fat plus SPE group (n = 13) received 25% of calories as fat plus 27 g SPE/day as a bread spread and salad dressing, and a third group (placebo, n = 11) received 37% of calories as fat with a 27 g/day conventional fat placebo (bread spread and salad dressing). Mean weight loss from baseline in the 16 week treatment period was 2.6, 3.9, and 3.4% respectively in the placebo, diet, and SPE groups, p less than .05 for each group, without significant differences between the groups. There was a mean reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of 16% in the SPE group (p less than .05), more than twice the reductions in the placebo and diet groups, 5% and 6%, respectively. There was a mean 20% reduction in the SPE group in triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p less than .05), compared to 7 and 10% reductions in the placebo and diet groups respectively. The degree of weight loss was correlated with the degree of reduction in LDL-C in the low fat diet group, and in the low fat diet group plus SPE (r = 0.59 for both groups). Without confounding by different levels of dietary cholesterol or P/S, SPE induced significant reductions in LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic obese subjects beyond the effects of weight loss alone. The effects of SPE were significantly greater than those achieved by the use of a diet which severely limited conventional dietary fat intake (to 40 g/day). SPE in the form of a bread spread and a salad dressing is a practical formulation for outpatient hypocholesterolemic low fat diets and provides the lubricity and organoleptic benefits of authentic foods without the dense caloric content of digestible fats.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Influence of sucrose polyester on plasma lipoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism in obese patients with and without diabetes mellitus.

Sucrose polyester (SPE) is a nonabsorbable substitute for fat. This study examined its effects in 10 obese patients, 6 with diabetes mellitus. Three diabetics had hypertriglyceridemia. Most patients were studied in three periods: weight maintenance, caloric restriction + SPE, and caloric restriction without SPE. Nondiabetics generally tolerated SPE better than diabetics. In nondiabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE produced a decrease in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol of 20% and 26%, respectively. In normotriglyceridemic diabetic patients caloric restriction + SPE had an effect on plasma lipoproteins similar to that of nondiabetics. In diabetics with hypertriglyceridemia caloric restriction (with or without SPE) caused a marked reduction in plasma triglycerides. In all patients caloric restriction reduced cholesterol balance and presumably cholesterol synthesis. The feeding of SPE caused increased outputs of fecal neutral steroids suggestive of decreased absorption of cholesterol; SPE also frequently caused a mild increase in fecal acidic steroids (bile acids).

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Sucrose polyester and plasma carotenoid concentrations in healthy subjects.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effects of the nonabsorbable fat analogue sucrose polyester (SPE; 12.4 g/d) on plasma concentrations of five different carotenoids and vitamin E in 21 volunteers, and a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel comparison study in 53 subjects of the effect of 3 g SPE/d on plasma concentrations of two different carotenoids were undertaken. SPE-containing margarine added to the main meal was used. SPE (12.4 g/d) reduced plasma of beta-carotene concentrations by 0.13 mumol/L (34%, P = 0.0001) and concentrations of lycopene by 0.14 mumol/L (52%, P = 0.0001). Smaller but significant reductions were found for plasma concentrations of beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin E. SPE (3 g/d) reduced plasma concentrations of beta-carotene by 0.094 mumol/L (20% P = 0.0001) and concentrations of lycopene by 0.12 mumol/L (38%, P = 0.0001). Even at low doses, SPE strongly reduces plasma carotenoid concentrations. This finding merits careful consideration in assessing the long-term health effects of SPE-containing consumer foods.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Replacement of dietary fat with sucrose polyester: effects on energy intake and appetite control in nonobese males.

In previous experiments using the fat substitute sucrose polyester (SPE, or olestra), no compensatory response was observed on day 2 after experimental manipulations, which reduced the percentage of energy from fat to approximately equal to 30% from 40% on day 1. In the present study a more severe manipulation was made; the amount of energy from fat was reduced from 32% to 20% to determine whether such a reduction would provoke any physiologic or behavioral response. Subjects came to the unit for two, 2-d test sessions. Intake on day 1 was fixed: subjects were given meals containing either control fat (11319 kJ, 32% of energy as fat) or SPE (9561 kJ, 20% of energy as fat). On day 2, intake was ad libitum. On day 1 subjects rated themselves as more hungry while consuming the fat-substituted meals than when consuming the control meals and they disclosed greater hunger in the end-of-day questionnaires. The effect of the manipulation was carried over into day 2. By the end of day 2, subjects had compensated for 74% of the energy (fat) deficit caused by the previous day's manipulation. These results differ from those obtained when fat was reduced from 40% to 30% of energy; this more severe reduction reveals that a reduction in fat of this size can lead to a biobehavioral response. Together, these data suggest that people could change their diet to meet dietary guidelines; however, if a more severe reduction is attempted, adherence may be made more difficult by the strength of the compensatory response.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

The effect of a nonabsorbable lipid, sucrose polyester, on the absorption of dietary cholesterol by the rat.

The absorption of cholesterol from diets containing various proportions of triglycerides and an unabsorbable fat, sucrose polyester (SPE), was determined in rats. Each replacement of 1% dietary triglyceride with SPE resulted in a 1.2% decrease in cholesterol absorption. The SPE was a mixture of the hexa-, hepta- and octa-esters of long chain fatty acids. The physical properties of this material are similar to those of the usual dietary triglycerides. Relative to these studies, cholesterol was found to be equally soluble in triolein or SPE. If water was present as well, the solubility of the sterol was decreased by the same amount in both fats. The distribution coefficients of cholesterol between an oil phase of either triolein or SPE and a micellar phase simulating that found in the lumen of the intestinal tract were identical. These two types of fats differ in that SPE is neither digested nor absorbed. The decrease in cholesterol absorption is attributed to the continued presence of an oil phase of SPE in the lumen of the intestine. Dietary cholesterol distributes itself between this oil phase and the micellar phase. That portion in the oil phase is not absorbed but is egested in the feces.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Decreased carotenoid concentrations due to dietary sucrose polyesters do not affect possible markers of disease risk in humans.

Excessive consumption of energy and fat increases the risk for obesity. Snacks containing sucrose polyesters (SPE) as a dietary fat replacer are on the market in the United States. SPE products have been shown to lower concentrations of serum carotenoids in short-term studies. Experimental studies on the longer-term effects on health of decreased carotenoid concentrations are lacking. A 1-y randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial was performed. Subjects (n = 380) with a habitual low or high fruit and vegetable intake were assigned to the treatments (0, 7, 10 or 17 g/d SPE). SPE was given in the form of spreads, chips or both. The groups were compared for serum carotenoids, vitamins and markers of oxidative damage, eye health, cardiovascular health and immune status. After 1 y, serum lipid-adjusted carotenoids showed the largest decrease in the SPE chips and spread group (17 g/d) compared with the control group [alpha-carotene 33%; beta-carotene 31%, lycopene 24%, beta-cryptoxanthin 18%, lutein 18% (all P < 0.001) and zeaxanthin 13% (P < 0.05)]. Consumption of SPE spread (10 g/d SPE) decreased carotenoid concentrations by 11-29% (all P < 0.05). SPE chips (7 g/d SPE) decreased zeaxanthin (11%), beta-carotene (12%) and alpha-carotene (21%; all P < 0.05). Serum lipid adjusted alpha-tocopherol decreased significantly by 6-8% (all P < 0.001) in all SPE groups. No negative effects were observed on markers of oxidation, eye health, cardiovascular health or immune status. This study shows that decreases in serum carotenoid concentrations do not affect possible markers of disease risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Unhydrolyzed vegetable sucrose polyester in broiler diets.

Duplicate 42-d broiler studies were conducted in pens with litter on the floor, beginning with 1-d-old chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery. Seven replicate pens, each starting with 12 male and 12 female chicks, received each dietary treatment in a randomized-block design. Dietary treatments comprised 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5% unhydrolyzed vegetable sucrose polyester (UVSP) added to the starting and finishing diets at the expense of filler. In both studies, up to 2.5% UVSP did not have a significant negative effect on body weights, daily feed intake, feed conversion, or litter moisture. In Experiment 2, average body weights were significantly greater than control for groups that received 0.5, 2.0, or 2.5% UVSP. However, the degree of shank yellowness as measured with a Minolta Chroma-meter was consistently and significantly reduced by 0.5% or more UVSP. Although xanthophyll levels were intentionally lowered somewhat to improve sensitivity (7.9 and 9.6 mg/kg for starter and finished feeds, respectively), it is obvious that the utilization of xanthophyll was reduced somewhat by UVSP. Additional pigment titration trials could provide valuable information about the levels required to overcome this effect.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Topography of the lumbar epidural space. A study in cadavers using injected polyester resin.

Polyester resin was injected into the epidural space of fresh-adult cadavers to study the shape of the lumbar epidural space and the spatial relationship between the dura mater and vertebral canal. In most of the anatomical preparations the shape of the lumbar dural sac was distinctly triangular and in some cases a dorso-median fold of the dura was apparent. These observations support the explanation suggested by others to account for the midline translucency seen in contrast radiological examination of the lumbar epidural space. Factors which may influence the shape and dimensions of the lumbar epidural space are discussed. It is suggested that these anatomical observations may have clinical significance in the practice of lumbar epidural analgesia.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Clinical evaluation of a new dialyzer, FLX-12 GW, with a polyester-polymer alloy membrane.

The performance of a membrane in renal failure therapy is determined by its structure, its overall mass transfer properties, and its blood compatibility. In this regard, removal of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) has become a major objective of dialysis therapy. In the present study, a newly developed high-flux membrane composed of a polyester-polymer alloy (PEPA) with the components of polyarylate and polyethersulfone (dialyzer FLX-12 GW; Nikkiso Co., Japan) has been evaluated with regard to both biocompatibility and elimination capacity for beta 2M during hemodialysis of 8 stable chronic uremic patients. The clearance values of low molecular weight solutes were in the same range as those reported for high-flux dialyzers of comparable surface area. There was no drop in leukocyte counts and only a minimal fall in platelet counts nearly in the same range as has been observed by other investigators using polyamide membrane. C3a Des Arg generation was low, and C5a Des Arg formation was not significantly influenced. There was a sharp drop in the serum beta 2M level (-35%) during dialysis with a clearance between 59.7 +/- 5.6 ml/min (QB 200 ml/min) and 70.1 +/- 9.7 ml/min (QB 300 ml/min), respectively. Accordingly, the sieving coefficient was calculated to be 0.2 at 30 min after start of dialysis and 0.6 1 h later. The membrane was able to remove 184.0 +/- 22.3 mg/4 h due to an apparent rate of adsorption during the first hour of treatment in combination with high transmembrane transfer in the following time.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The usefulness of a stretch-polyester pouch to encase implanted pacemakers and defibrillators.

This study was undertaken to assess the effects of enclosing permanent pacemaker and ICD pulse generators in a stretch-polyester pouch prior to implantation. Follow-up of 223 patients with oversized pacemakers and with ICDs and 344 with standard-sized pacemaker pulse generators showed that the pouch was effective in decreasing the frequency of pulse generator migration and extrusion.

Defibrillators, Implantable↗