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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effects of ionising radiation exposure on plants, fish and mammals: relevant data for environmental radiation protection.

In order to develop a framework for the assessment of the environmental impact of radiation, it is necessary to establish the relationship between exposure (dose rate, accumulated dose) and the effects that may be induced in plants and animals. With this purpose in mind, the data available on effects induced by ionising radiation in various wildlife groups have been reviewed as part of the FASSET project. This paper has highlighted that the available information on the effects of low dose rate, continuous irradiation (< 10(3) microGy h(-1)) is reasonable for plants, fish and mammals, but is scarce or non-existent for other wildlife groups. Thus, the effects induced in plants, fish and mammals after chronic exposure to radiation are presented in this paper. The fragmentary nature of the available, relevant information has made it very difficult to characterise the desired dose rate-response relationships in any detail. However, it can be broadly concluded that, although minor effects may be seen at lower dose rates in the most sensitive species and systems, the threshold for statistically significant effects in most studies is about 10(2) microGy h(-1). The responses then increase progressively with increasing dose rate and usually become very clear at dose rates > 10(3) microGy h(-1) sustained for a large fraction of the lifespan.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Radiation protection aspects of the use of zircon sand. National Group for Studying Radiological Implications in the Use of Zircon Sand.

Working processes using zircon sand in a factory producing refractory material were studied from the point of view of radiation protection. Zircon sand contains high concentrations of natural radionuclides and is a typical example of an enhanced source. Using various techniques the characteristics of the original material were analysed and environmental radioactivity was measured in the different significant points of the process. Finally, a first assessment was made of effective dose equivalent values in the areas of highest risk.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

Radiobiology and gray science: flaws in landmark new radiation protections.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection--whose regularly updated recommendations are routinely adopted as law throughout the globe--recently issued the first-ever ICRP protections for the environment. These draft 2005 proposals are significant both because they offer the commission's first radiation protections for any non-human parts of the planet and because they will influence both the quality of radiation risk assessment and environmental protection, as well as the global costs of nuclear-weapons cleanup, reactor decommissioning and radioactive waste management. This piece argues that the 2005 recommendations are scientifically and ethically flawed, or gray, in at least three respects: first, in largely ignoring scientific journals while employing mainly "gray literature;" second, in relying on non-transparent dose estimates and models, rather than on actual radiation measurements; and third, in ignoring classical ethical constraints on acceptable radiation risk.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1987

Radiation protection of murine intestine by WR-2721, 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, and the combination of both agents.

The survival of murine intestinal clonogenic cells (ICC) and the survival of mice after whole-body exposure to 137Cs irradiation were used to measure radiation protection by ethiophos (WR-2721), 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, and the combination of the two. Doses from 2 to 12.5 mg/mouse of WR-2721 increased cell survival linearly from 3.2 +/- 0.3 in controls given 15.0 Gy to 93.1 +/- 5.2 per jejunal circumference. In contrast, 16,16-dm PGE2 increased ICC survival at 15.0 Gy rapidly from 1 to 10 micrograms/mouse, followed by a plateau up to 100 micrograms/mouse. Animal survival at 6 days (LD50/6) increased from 16.3 +/- 0.4 Gy (95% confidence limits) in controls to 20.3 +/- 0.6 Gy in the PG-treated animals. WR-2721 increased the LD50/6 to 26.1 +/- 1.4 Gy. The dose modification factors were 1.25 and 1.60, respectively. The combination of agents increased ICC survival above that seen with each agent alone up to 8 mg WR-2721, above which no additional protection was seen. Animals given 10 micrograms PG plus 10 mg WR-2721 survived longer than with either agent given alone. The LD50/6 was 36.3 +/- 1.8 Gy for a dose modification factor (DMF) of 2.23. In addition, the slope of the probit curve was reduced from those of each agent alone. PG-induced changes in villus epithelial cell morphology and survival may account, in part, for these observations. The results suggest that either the mechanisms for these two types of radiation protectors are different or they act on separate subcellular targets which are critical to survival from radiation injury.

16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Radiation protective quality of spacesuit "Orlan-M" during extravehicular activities on the International Space Station].

Sampling irradiation of spacesuit "Orlan-M" allowed construction of a simulation model of the spacesuit shielding function for critical body organs. The critical organs self-shielding model is a Russian standard anthropomorphic phantom. Radiation protective quality of the spacesuit was assessed by calculating the dose attenuation rates for several critical body organs of an ISS crewmember implementing EVA. These calculations are intended for more accurate assessment of radiation risk to the ISS crews donning "Orlan-M" in near-Earth orbits.

Equipment Design↗