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PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of clomiphene on the restoration of ovulation in androgen-sterile rats].

In the androgen-sterile rats given 10-250 mug of testosterone-propionate there was observed at the early postnatal period a reduction in the LH-RP level in the hypothalamus, of the LH in the hypophysis and the blood, of the weight of the ovaries and of the corporal luteum count in them, as well as an increase in the dopamine level in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus. Klomiphen administration for 5 days in a dose of 20 mug led to the normalization of these indices and to the appearance of ovulation, but failed to restore the capacity to pregnancy. Prolonged klomiphen administration (20 mug every 3 days for a period of 1 month) also failed to restore this capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The effect of injectable contraceptive on lipid metabolism in women.

The effect of long acting progestational contraceptive injection, norethisterone-oenanthate was studied in twenty six women. The post injection results showed a significant decrease in total lipids, free cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and free fatty acids.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of hormone therapy on the endometrium.

Hormone therapy induces a variety of histologic changes in the endometrium. Histologic patterns encountered in the most commonly used hormonal regimens are described. Oral contraceptives are associated with inactive, atrophic, or pseudosecretory glands and edematous stroma, decidual reaction without spiral arterioles, and stromal granulocytes. A high-potency progesterone may induce marked stromal and vascular hyperplasia and stromal myomatous nodules. Ovulation induction therapy accelerates the maturation of the stroma and is often associated with a discrepancy between the glands showing early secretory changes and an edematous, decidualized stroma. Hormone replacement therapy may stimulate endometrial proliferation if estrogens are used alone and produce endometrial hyperplasia and neoplasia. When estrogen and progesterone regimens are used, a wide range of histologic pattern may be found in various combinations: proliferative and secretory endometrium, glandular and adenomatous hyperplasia, stromal hyperplasia and decidual transformation, glandular metaplasia, atrophic endometrium, and any of the above with endometrial atrophy. Progesterone therapy for endometrial hyperplasia and neoplasia is followed by secretory changes of the endometrium, mostly subnuclear vacuoles, decidual reaction, and sometime squamoid "morules." Secretory changes seen after progesterone therapy in the endometrium do not rule out residual carcinoma. For hormone therapy for breast carcinoma, tamoxifen acts as an antiestrogen on the breast but often acts as an estrogen agonist on the endometrium; tamoxifen therapy may be associated with endometrial hyperplasia, polyps, adenomyosis, adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Oral contraceptive use and fibrocystic breast disease among pre- and postmenopausal women.

The association between use of oral contraceptives and fibrocystic breast disease was assessed among women aged 20-74 years in a hospital-based case-control study conducted between November 1979 and November 1981 in Connecticut. The study groups comprised 633 women with biopsy-proven fibrocystic breast disease and 1,062 controls who had been admitted, as inpatients or outpatients, to general surgical services. For the premenopausal women, there was no evidence that long-term use of oral contraceptives was associated with a decreased frequency of fibrocystic breast disease among either current or past users. For the postmenopausal women, previous oral contraceptive exposure was associated with an increased occurrence of cystic disease. These findings contradict previous investigations reporting a negative association between oral contraceptive use and the development of fibrocystic breast disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacodynamic effects of ethinyl estradiol in women using vaginal devices releasing small doses of levonorgestrel at a constant rate.

Eight normally menstruating women were provided with vaginal devices releasing levonorgestrel (NOG)4) at a constant rate of 20 micrograms/24 h. On day 71 or 72 following the insertion of the device, oral doses of 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol (EE) were administered daily for one week. Peripheral blood samples were drawn three times weekly during a pretreatment (control) cycle and from day 29 of the treatment period. The levels of progesterone (P), estradiol (E2) and NOG were measured by radioimmunoassay, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by a steady state polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the percentage of binding of NOG, testosterone (T) and E2 by equilibrium dialysis of diluted plasma. An endometrial smear and a biopsy were taken from each subject on 3 occasions, viz. during the control cycle (cycle day 20-22), during the period with the NOG-releasing device in situ (44-50 days after the insertion of the device), and on the 7th day of concomitant EE administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Marked deciliation and insufficient secretory modification of endometrial surface during treatment with a new progestogen-estrogen combination.

Endometrial modifications induced by SHB 209 AE, a new progestogen-estrogen combination, was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in order to demonstrate specific variations of the endometrial surface and if these contribute to the contraceptive effects of the preparation. Endometrial biopsies were performed in 27 volunteers who had taken SHB 209 AE during the preceding 3 months. Endometrial biopsies of 15 normomenstruating volunteers were used as controls. Each fragment was subdivided for scanning and transmission electron microscopy examination. The ciliated cells were always significantly fewer in the various phases of the treatment cycle than in the control endometria although, as in the controls, their number and ratio with nonciliated cells was greater mid-way through the cycle. Ciliogenesis was always notably delayed compared to the normal endometria during the different treatment cycle phases. Secretory modifications appeared prematurely but remained incomplete through the treatment cycle. These modifications caused total and characteristic alterations of the mucosal architecture and cellular maturation that comprised the implantation phase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Prognostic assessment of female fecundity.

A clomiphene citrate (CC) challenge test was used to prospectively assess future fertility potential in 51 women aged 35 or more with unexplained infertility. Baseline (day 2-3 of the menstrual cycle) and response levels (day 9-11) of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), and 17-beta oestradiol were measured before and after administration of 100 mg clomiphene on days 5-9 of the menstrual cycle. Although all the women had a normal baseline FSH, 18 had an exaggerated FSH response of 26 mIU/ml or more (over 2 standard deviations above control values); this was regarded as a diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). In the DOR group mean response FSH was 38.9 mIU/ml (SD 13.8) and in 33 women with adequate ovarian reserve (AOR) it was 11.5 (4.9) mIU/ml (p less than 0.0001). In the DOR group 1 of 18 patients and in the AOR group 14 of 33 (42%) conceived (p less than 0.05). It is suggested that despite apparently normal ovulatory cycles, the DOR group has a compromised follicular apparatus. Disparity between normal oestradiol secretory capacity of the granulosa and diminished capacity to secrete inhibin could explain the inappropriately high FSH levels in response to the CC challenge.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Long-term use of an injectable contraceptive: effect of depot-norethisterone oenanthate on carbohydrate metabolism.

In order to determine the metabolic effects of long-term use of the injectable contraceptive norethisterone oenanthate, plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were studied in two groups of women who had used the method continuously for at least five years. Group 1 comprised 24 subjects, from whom only fasting blood samples were taken. Despite similar plasma glucose concentrations to those of the controls, the subjects had significantly increased serum insulin concentrations (164.5 (39.9) v 120.3 (34.3) pmol/l, p less than 0.01). In addition the insulin:glucose ratios were also significantly increased (34.3 (8.5) v 24.6 (6.7), p less than 0.01), consistent with decreased insulin sensitivity. Group 2 comprised 13 of the original 24 subjects who also had an oral glucose tolerance test. Basal plasma glucose concentrations were similar in the subjects and their controls, whilst the significantly increased insulin:glucose ratios (35.0 (7.7) v 28.7 (5.6), p less than 0.05) were consistent with the results of the larger group. Following oral glucose challenge, plasma glucose concentrations, serum insulin concentrations and insulin:glucose ratios were similar in the subjects and their controls throughout the test. Thus, long-term use of norethisterone oenanthate injections is associated with a decrease in peripheral insulin sensitivity. However, these changes are not associated with any evidence of oral glucose intolerance.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Studies on some enzymes and sialic acid during progestational contraceptive therapy.

Injectable progestogen, norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN, 200 mg/ml at 60-day intervals), was administered to one-hundred-fifty women for two years as a method of contraception. Blood levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and sialic acid were determined in all the subjects to ascertain whether NET-EN therapy causes any adverse metabolic effect or damage to the functional status of the liver. NET-EN contraception did not alter the liver function enzymes, but there is a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in AChE activity after two years. Serum sialic acid level showed a transient increase up to one year, which however returned to control level later. The mechanism responsible for these changes and whether the rise in sialic acid and AChE activity are related to any pathological condition remain unclear at this stage.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1984

Prolonged elevation of hypothalamic opioid peptide activity in women taking oral contraceptives.

To examine the hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptide activity is chronically elevated by oral contraceptives, we infused either naloxone or saline into 10 women during the use of, or 5-6 and 9-10 days after stopping, combination birth control pills. A paradoxical increase in prolactin occurred with naloxone infusion during and 5-6 days after stopping the pills. Serum LH levels were not significantly elevated by naloxone until 9-10 days after cessation of pill use. These results suggest that hypothalamic opioid peptide activity is continuously elevated in women taking oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Relationship of oral contraceptives and the intrauterine contraceptive devices to the regression of concentrations of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and invasive complications after molar pregnancy.

One hundred ninety-four patients with pathologically confirmed molar pregnancy and intact uteri were studied prospectively. Group A included 177 patients in whom the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-beta) declined to normal (less than 5 mlU/ml) without chemotherapy, whereas group B included 17 patients with invasive complications in the postmolar phase which necessitated the use of chemotherapy. Only women with intact uteri were included in the study. In group A, there were no significant differences in the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) positive interval between women who used intrauterine contraceptive devices, barrier and other methods, and those who used oral contraceptives. Differences in the proportions of women in groups A and B who used the oral contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices were not observed. However, the mean dosage of estrogen and the proportion of women who ingested more than 50 micrograms of estrogen were higher in group B. These data suggest that (1) the oral contraceptives with less than 50 micrograms of estrogen and the intrauterine contraceptive devices do not prolong the hCG-beta positive interval nor increase the risk of invasive complications in the postmolar phase which requires the use of chemotherapy; and (2) the dose of estrogen (in formulations that contain more than 50 micrograms) rather than the oral contraceptives per se may influence the risk of these postmolar complications.

Choriocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Effect of injectable norethisterone oenanthate (Norigest) on blood lipid levels.

Lipid concentrations were measured in 74 blood samples from 61 women who had been using the injectable contraceptive Norigest (norethisterone oenanthate) for between 2 to 4-1/2 years. There were no significant changes in the concentrations of total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low density and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol but high density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly reduced. The reduction in serum HDL-C levels was not correlated with either the serum norethisterone concentrations or the length of use of Norigest nor was it affected by obesity or smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Enhanced metabolism of levonorgestrel during phenytoin treatment in a woman with Norplant implants.

A 26-year-old woman, treated with phenytoin for 10 years because of epilepsy, had Norplant subdermal implants inserted after a legal abortion. She became pregnant again after nine months of Norplant use. Her plasma levonorgestrel (LNG) levels were followed during one month during phenytoin treatment and then later during one month after discontinuation of phenytoin. During phenytoin treatment, plasma LNG levels were markedly below the levels found in healthy women with Norplant. There was a pronounced, statistically significant increase in plasma LNG levels after discontinuation of phenytoin. The plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin were markedly above those found in normal healthy women during treatment with phenytoin and decreased significantly after cessation of phenytoin. The effects on the pharmacokinetics of LNG were reflected by effects on the menstrual cycle. During phenytoin treatment, the woman had regular ovulatory menstrual cycles. After cessation of phenytoin, her cycles became irregular and during the study period of one month, no signs of ovulation were found. It is concluded that treatment with phenytoin during use of Norplant subdermal implants enhances the metabolism of LNG to an extent where the contraceptive efficacy is endangered.

Adult↗