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PubMed1996

Red palm oil as a source of beta-carotene for combating vitamin A deficiency.

Twenty four school children of 7-9 years of age were divided into two groups of six boys and six girls each. One group was given a daily supplement of 'Suji halwa', a sweet snack made with semolina and red palm oil, supplying 2400 mu g of beta-carotene and the second group was the control group which was given 600 mu g of oral vitamin A palmitate, for 60 days. Vitamin A status before and after supplementation was assessed by the Modified Relative Dose Response Assay (MRDR). Results indicated that serum vitamin A levels increased from the basal level of 0.86 +/- 0.13 mu m mol/l to 1.891 +/- 0.23 mu mol/l in the Red Palmoil (RPO) group and from 0.74 +/- 0.09 to 1.94 +/- 0.21 mu mol/l in the control vitamin A group. Dehydroretinol/Retinol (DR/R) ratio decreased from 0.073 +/- 0.025 to 0.023 +/- 0.004 in the RPO group and from 0.090 +/- 0.023 to 0.023 +/- 0.004 in the vitamin A group, indicating liver saturation with vitamin A after feeding RPO snacks, comparable to synthetic vitamin A. This study indicates that RPO is an efficient source of beta-carotene which is found to be bioavailable in all the subjects tested, hence it can be used for supplementary feeding programmes to combat vitamin A deficiency in target population.

Child↗

PubMed1993

Survey of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in stored tubers of Cyperus esculentus L.

The mold incidence, moisture contents, pH and levels of mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, G1 and ochratoxin A) on/of/in rootstock snack (tubers of Cyperus esculentus L.) samples were monitored during a 150-day storage period. Whereas the mold incidence, moisture and mycotoxin levels increased with storage time, the pH declined during the same period. Altogether, 12 fungal species, mostly toxigenic, including Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. ochraceus were isolated. At collection period only 3 of the 9 snack samples analysed contained trace amounts of aflatoxins. By 120th day, all the 9 samples were contaminated and the average levels were 454 and 80 ppb for aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin G1 respectively on the 150th day. Ochratoxin A was not detected before 120th day and then only at low levels, occurring in a maximum of four-samples and ranging between 10 and 80 ppb.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1995

Eating and emotional disorders in adolescent obese girls with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To study eating and emotional disorders in adolescent insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) girls. METHODS: 98 adolescent girls, aged 13-19 years, were studied: 15 obese and 37 non-obese IDDM girls, 22 obese non-diabetic and 24 non-obese girls, DSM-III-R eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders NOS) and eating habits (snacking, sweet compulsions) were evaluated by a semi-structured diagnostic interview (Kiddie-SADS-E and Eating Habits Interview). Emotional disorders were assessed using self-questionnaires (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Beck Depression Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory). Psychological characteristics were correlated with BMI and, for IDDM girls, with HbA1C. RESULTS: IDDM and non-diabetic obese girls showed high rates of eating disorders NOS (sub-clinical bulimia: 60 and 41%, respectively) and they had more extra-snacks than non-obese girls, suggesting that obesity was the main risk factor for additional eating disorders. However, non-obese IDDM girls had more eating disorders NOS (sub-clinical bulimia: 27%) than did the normal girls (4%). Three IDDM girls had typical bulimia nervosa, while none of the non-diabetic did. The risk of depression was increased by both IDDM and obesity (16 and 18% dysthymia, respectively; 8% in normal girls); both factors cumulated in obese IDDM girls (47% dysthymia). Obesity was linked to marked changes in self-esteem scores and mild effects on anxiety. IDDM had little effect on anxiety and none on self-esteem; it even seemed to preserve the self-esteem of obese girls. Patients with bulimia nervosa had poorer metabolic control than other girls with IDDM. There was no correlation between HbA1C and eating or emotional disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent IDDM girls are at increased risk of eating and emotional disorders. Obesity appears to be an important factor for psychiatric complications; more obese IDDM girls suffered from eating disorders NOS sub-clinical bulimia), dysthymia, anxiety disorders, depression and low self-esteem (Family Satisfaction SEI sub-score) than did non-obese IDDM girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Clinical and demographic data in 75 patients with near-fatal choking episodes.

The clinical background and circumstances of 75 patients who had survived a near-fatal choking episode, i.e., had undergone a Heimlich maneuver, oropharyngeal suctioning, or intubation, is reported. Sixty had choked on a solid bolus (often of a complex texture like sandwiches and chicken soup). Four patients had choked on mashed banana. In 30 patients neurologic disease (such as cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson disease, or dementia) was present. Choking occurred during breakfast (16 patients), lunch (21), dinner (26), and snacks (12). Twenty-five choked at home, 18 in nursing homes, 14 in hospitals, nine in restaurants, and nine in drinking establishments. Twelve were being fed at the time of choking. Fifty-eight of the individuals had oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal abnormalities on radiographic examination that could explain the choking episode. Fourteen patients who were able to vocalize during the choking episode had probably suffered from esophageal impaction. Our study indicates that elderly individuals and those with neurogenic dysphagia are at risk for choking. Dysphagia diet (semisolids) may actually contribute to the risk in these patients. Young adults may also be at risk during episodes of consumption of alcohol and snacks.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns among Irish teenagers.

Lifestyle, food consumption and nutrient intake patterns from a randomly selected group of 390 secondary pupils aged between 12-18 were evaluated. Demographic information and anthropometric measurements included weight, height, and skinfold thickness were taken. Nutrient intake was assessed using the 7-day dietary history method, using a photographic atlas as an aid. Mean energy intakes for boys and girls aged 12-15 and 15-18 were 11.3MJ and 14MJ and 9.1MJ and 8.9MJ respectively. As percentage energy, protein fat and carbohydrate intakes varied little between the different age-sex groupings and were approximately 13.7-14.5, 35.4-37 and 46.8-50 per cent respectively. For boys micronutrient intake for iron and folate achieving only 83 and 78 per cent and 98 and 90 per cent of the recommended nutrient intake (R.N.I.) for ages 12-15 and 15-18 respectively. Mean dietary fibre intakes were approximately 19.6-25g/day for boys aged 12-18 and 17g/day for girls of a similar age. The main sources of energy were bread, meat and meat products, potatoes/chips, confectionery and preserves. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low for all groups. The majority of those surveyed consumed the traditional main meals. Snacking was also common practice. The snack foods consumed were generally of a high fat/high sugar content. 1.1 per cent boys and 2.6 per cent of girls aged 12-15 and 5.5 per cent and 8.2 per cent of boys and girls aged 15-18 respectively had a BMI greater than 26 indicating a risk of overweight. Greater than 68 per cent of girls and 79.5 per cent of boys surveyed participated in some form of sport. Boys were more physically active than girls and older girls less active than younger. In conclusion, changes from present day practices would be beneficial to reduce incidence of chronic disease for present day teenagers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Effects of 4 weeks' administration of pramlintide, a human amylin analogue, on glycaemia control in patients with IDDM: effects on plasma glucose profiles and serum fructosamine concentrations.

The effects of 4 weeks' administration of pramlintide, an analogue of the human hormone amylin, on blood glucose control in 215 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were examined in a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Pramlintide was administered subcutaneously prior to meals in four dosing regimens: 30 microg four times per day (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and evening snack), 30 microg three times per day (breakfast, lunch and dinner [BLD]), 30 microg three times per day (breakfast, dinner and evening snack [BDS]), and 60 microg twice per day (breakfast and dinner). After 4 weeks of pramlintide 30 microg four times per day administration, there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean 24 h plasma glucose concentration when compared to placebo (-1.4 +/- 0.5 vs 0.3 +/- 0.5 micromol/l, p = 0.009). Serum fructosamine concentrations were reduced 62 +/- 10 micromol/l in the pramlintide 30 mg four times per day group, 43 +/- 7 micromol/l in the pramlintide 30 microg three times per day (BLD) group, 47 +/- 6 micromol/l in the pramlintide 30 microg three times per day (BDS) group, 46 +/- 7 micromol/l in the pramlintide 60 microg twice per day group, and 29 +/- 8 micromol/l by placebo. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was not different in any pramlintide group compared to the placebo group. Nausea, the most frequent adverse event, subsided after the first week of treatment in the majority of patients. In conclusion, pramlintide improved blood glucose control over a 4-week period without increased hypoglycaemia and was well tolerated. Future studies using a longer period of pramlintide administration with assessment of HbA1c as the measurement of glycaemic control are warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Conditioned flavor preferences in young children.

In this experiment 11 children participated in a series of 8 pairs of conditioning trials in order to investigate the hypothesis that children could form conditioned flavor preferences based on caloric density. Unfamiliar drink flavors were used in these trials, and the drinks were either high in caloric density (155 kcal/150 ml) or low (less than 5 kcal/150 ml). Caloric density was altered by the addition of low glucose maltodextrin. Each child always had the same caloric density/flavor pairing throughout the conditioning trials. Each trial pair included one high and one low density preload, followed by ad lib consumption. These conditioning trials substituted for the children's regularly scheduled morning snack four days per week, one trial per day. Conditioning trials were given as a series of two-part snacks, consisting of fixed volumes of initially unfamiliar drinks, followed by the opportunity to eat a variety of foods ad lib. Two measures, obtained before and after conditioning, provided evidence for the formation of conditioned flavor preferences: 1) preference assessments, and 2) two-flavor choice tests. In addition, the ad lib consumption data indicated that the children were responsive to the caloric density manipulation, by consistently eating more following the low than the high density drink. The potential contribution of such acquired flavor preferences to the reduction of neophobia is discussed.

Child Development↗

PubMed1992

Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: evidence for opioid involvement.

Preferences and cravings for sweet high-fat foods observed among obese and bulimic patients may involve the endogenous opioid peptide system. The opioid antagonist naloxone, opioid agonist butorphanol, and saline placebo were administered by intravenous infusion to 14 female binge eaters and 12 normal-weight controls. Eight of the binge eaters were obese. During infusion, the subjects tasted 20 sugar/fat mixtures and were allowed to select and consume snack foods of varying sugar and fat content. Naloxone reduced taste preferences relative to baseline in both binge eaters and controls. Total caloric intake from snacks was significantly reduced by naloxone in binge eaters but not in controls. This reduction was most pronounced for sweet high-fat foods such as cookies or chocolate. No consistent effects on taste preferences or food intakes were observed with butorphanol. Endogenous opioid peptides may be involved in mediating taste responses and preferences for palatable foods, notably those rich in sugar and fat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Gender, dietary restraint, and smoking's influence on hunger and the reinforcing value of food.

Smoking may enhance satiety following meal consumption, thereby reducing subsequent eating (i.e., between-meal snacks), especially in women high in dietary restraint. Female smokers (n = 20, 10 high and 10 low restraint) and male smokers (n = 10) participated in two sessions, involving overnight abstinence from food and smoking (smoking abstinence day) or from food only (smoking day), in a within-subjects design. The reinforcing value of food was determined by the number of responses made to obtain food reinforcers (100-kcal snack portions) vs. money using a concurrent schedules computer task. Subjects were given a small caloric load on each day followed by access to food vs. money. On the smoking day, subjects were allowed to smoke every 30 min during the session as well as ad lib before the session. Self-reported hunger was also assessed upon arrival (after fasting) and following the caloric load during each session. Results indicated no effect of smoking on initial hunger rating, after fasting, but hunger ratings following the caloric load declined significantly more during smoking vs. abstinence days for all subjects, consistent with an enhancement of postmeal satiety due to smoking. There was no overall main effect of smoking on food-reinforced responding. However, responding for food was significantly less during the smoking vs. abstinence days for high-restraint females only and not for low-restraint females or for males. These findings indicate that smoking's acute influence on reducing food intake does not reflect a broad gender difference but may be specific to dietary restraint.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Conditioned meal initiation in young children.

In two experiments the conditioning of meal initiation was investigated. Preschool children ate snacks repeatedly in the presence of visual and auditory cues (CS+). On other days, other visual and auditory cues (CS-) were presented in the absence of food. In the second experiment, location also served as a CS. To test for conditioned meal initiation, children were first fed a snack to ensure that they were sated. Immediately following this, on different days, food was presented in the presence of the CS+ or the CS- cues. Data on latency to eating and total consumption revealed evidence for conditioning, at least for children who could correctly identify which cues had and had not been paired with the presentation of food.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed1990

Education and diet in the prevention of caries in the preschool child.

Caries prevalence studies of preschool children today show that caries is increasing in many of the developing countries. This is often blamed on a situation where confectionary, soft drinks and refined sugar-containing snacks have become easily available. Studies in Sweden in 1980 on 4 year olds showed a high sucrose consumption, and an increasing proportion of the daily energy intake coming from snacks. Recent studies from Norway have confirmed that the dietary pattern is established in early infancy during the period of primary socialization. In Sweden, nearly all children are taken regularly by their parents to child health centres for regular check-ups and vaccinations. In these centres dental health education is given when the child is about 6 months and 18 months of age. Children of refugees and immigrants in Sweden have a considerably higher prevalence of dental caries than Swedish children. A dental health education programme at the child health centre to Finnish immigrant parents has been carried out and evaluated. The information was given on three separate occasions in Finnish to one test group of Finnish parents, and in Swedish to another test group of Finnish parents. A third Finnish group was given information twice in Swedish. When the children were 3 years of age, the dental health of the group where the parents had been given information three times in Finnish was equally as good as the dental health of matched Swedish 3 year olds.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1983

The influence of proximal vs. distal goals on adherence to prescribed calories.

Females and males undergoing behavioral treatment for obesity were advised to consume 1200 or 1500 calories daily. Subjects were instructed to reference calories either immediately following consumption, or daily, after having consumed the last food item. Subjects who referenced calories daily were not provided with further calorie goals. Subjects who referenced calories immediately following consumption were advised to set calorie subgoals for daily meals and snacks according to personal preference. Treatment was followed by a 6-month maintenance phase and continuation of the experimental manipulation. Subjects reported a progressive reduction in calories during treatment with no significant changes in intake evident during maintenance. Differential goal instructions produced reports of greater deprivation and greater attrition yet substantial weight losses among subjects given daily goals compared to subjects who also set meal and snack subgoals.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A sequential behavioral analysis of craving sweets in obese women.

This study compared 40 female participants in a behavioral weight loss program who frequently reported craving sweets to 40 who rarely reported craving sweets using 2-week behavioral eating diaries. The two groups were compared on physiological, demographic, and questionnaire measures and no significant differences were found. There were no significant differences in macronutrient intake either overall or in a wide range of specific situations. The relative proportions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat consumed in association with craving sweets differed only slightly from the composition of other meals and snacks. Carbohydrate and protein intake when craving sweets was similar to breakfasts while the relative amount of fat consumed when craving sweets was comparable to episodes of overeating. The two groups differed in their reporting of moods with the high-craving group reporting more boredom and less stress than the low-craving group. The relationship between situational and mood variables and reports of craving sweets did not differ between the two groups. Craving sweets was negatively associated with hunger and was not associated with meal skipping. A sequential analysis demonstrated that eating in response to craving sweets triggers an abstinence violation effect. These data are not consistent with the hypothesis that sweet craver's consume high-carbohydrate, low-protein meals and snacks in order to self-medicate depression caused by serotonin depletion. Instead, the data suggest that we should further explore the role of food palatability and food-related cognitions in order to understand craving sweets.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Dietary habits, food consumption, and nutrient intake during adolescence.

Adolescents and young adults adopt eating patterns which may well form the basis of their dietary habits for much of their lives. At the same time, this section of the population can come under considerable pressure from the world at large, to conform to the current trends in fashion, language, behavior, or foods. Recent developments in Western dietary practice have tended to leave adolescents vulnerable to low intakes of energy and of some nutrients, as snacking accounts for an increasing proportion of dietary intake. Achieving a balanced diet is more difficult when the most popular and widely available snack foods are high in sugar or in fat. Results from major British studies, together with a review of data from other developed countries, support the need for more effective dietary education for adolescents and for children generally.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Food taxation and pricing strategies to "thin out" the obesity epidemic.

This article highlights characteristics of two related yet distinct economic approaches to addressing the current obesity epidemic in the United States: the general taxation of soft drinks, snack foods, and/or fast foods, and the application of pricing incentives/disincentives on foods sold in schools and worksites. The article specifically focuses on the: (1) rationale for, (2) potential barriers and limitations to, and (3) possible unintended consequences of implementing these policy interventions at the state level. Novel empirical evidence showing strong positive associations between the presence of state-level taxation on soft drinks or snack foods between 1991 and 1998 and relative changes in obesity prevalence over the same time period is further presented. The article concludes by summarizing the similarities and dissimilarities of the two approaches, and by emphasizing some of the gaps and priorities regarding these strategies that should be addressed in future research and policies to best effect obesity prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Patterns of eating and movement that best maintain reduction in overweight.

Two studies of the influences of specific patterns of eating and exercising behaviour on body weight in English Midlands women were re-analysed using correlations as the measure of effect size. As predicted from computational modelling of hunger-sating mechanisms, avoiding energy-containing drinks and foods at the ends of and between meals was the behaviour most influencing year-long weight loss. However, although eating between meals is often called snacking, the term 'snack' appeared to be too ambiguous in this culture for its use in helping efforts to control weight. Avoidance of particular sorts of fat-rich foods was also associated with longer-term weight loss. Attempts at severe restriction of intake at mealtimes were associated with weight loss during a period of intensive dieting, but did not contribute to maintenance of that weight reduction. Using diet formulae to attain rapid weight loss was associated with significant weight gain over a year. These results support the suggestion that the first line of defence against weight gain is avoiding all sources of energy during drink breaks, with personally relevant advice on lower fat versions of particular foods also being important. Continued neglect of the behaviour-specific correlational approach to gaining evidence for less fattening habits does nothing to slow the rise in obesity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Food acceptability in field studies with US army men and women: relationship with food intake and food choice after repeated exposures.

Laboratory data with single exposures showed that palatability has a positive relationship with food intake. The question addressed in this study is whether this relationship also holds over repeated exposures in non-laboratory contexts in more natural environments. The data were collected in four field studies, lasting 4-11 days with 307 US Army men and 119 Army women, and comprised 5791 main meals and 8831 snacks in total. Acceptability was rated on the nine point hedonic scale, and intake was registered in units of 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, or 1 or more times of the provided portion size. Correlation coefficients between individual acceptability ratings and intakes varied from 0.22 to 0.62 for the main meals (n=193-2267), and between 0.13 and 0.56 for the snacks (n=304-2967). The likelihood of choosing a meal for the second time was positively related to the acceptability rating of the meal when it was consumed for the first time. The results reinforce the importance of liking in food choice and food intake/choice behavior. However, the magnitude of the correlation coefficients between acceptability ratings and food intake suggest that environmental factors also have an important role in determining intake and choice.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Children eat what they are served: the imprecise regulation of energy intake.

Total daily food intake of 16 preschool children 4-6 years of age were collected from 5 to 7 consecutive days. The most powerful determinant of the amount of food consumed at meals was amount served (r=0.77, P<0.0001). Although intake at meals (snacks were considered a meals) was significantly negatively correlated with the amount and energy intake at the previous meal (r=-0.27, P=0.0001), the amount served was also negatively correlated with the amount served at the previous meal (P<0.02). Children did not adjust the amount consumed in response to the energy density of the meal resulting in an energy intake that was directly related to the energy density of the meals (P<0.0001). In addition, intake at meals was not depressed by energy consumed as snacks between meals. The present results indicate that eating behavior of children is similar to adults in that they display very poor regulation of energy intake and are responsive to environmental stimuli. The conclusion from this study is that both the cause of overweight in children, as well as its prevention, may lie in the hands of the caregiver.

Child↗