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PubMed2005

Classification of wheat low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes and its chromosome assignment by developing LMW-GS group-specific primers.

On the basis of sequence analysis, 69 known low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes were experimentally classified into nine groups by the deduced amino acid sequence of the highly conserved N-terminal domain. To clarify the chromosomal locations of these groups, 11 specific primer sets were designed to carry out polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with the genomic DNA of group 1 ditelosomic lines of Chinese Spring, among which nine primer sets proved to be LMW-GS group-specific. Each group of LMW-GS genes was specifically assigned on a single chromosome arm and hence to a specific locus. Therefore, these results provided the possibility to predict the chromosome location of a new LMW-GS gene based on its deduced N-terminal sequence. The validity of the classification was confirmed by the amplifications in 27 diploid wheat and Aegilops accessions. The length polymorphisms of LMW-GS genes of groups 1 and 2, and groups 3 and 4.1 were detected in diploid A-genome and S-genome accessions, respectively. The diploid wheat and Aegilops species could be used as valuable resources of novel allele variations of LMW-GS gene in the improvement of wheat quality. The nine LMW-GS group-specific primer sets could be utilized to select specific allele variations of LMW-GS genes in the marker-assisted breeding.

Breeding↗

PubMed2004

Potential for using thermophilic anaerobic bacteria for bioethanol production from hemicellulose.

A limited number of bacteria, yeast and fungi can convert hemicellulose or its monomers (xylose, arabinose, mannose and galactose) into ethanol with a satisfactory yield and productivity. In the present study we tested a number of thermophilic enrichment cultures, and new isolates of thermophilic anaerobic bacterial strains growing optimally at 70-80 degrees C for their ethanol production from D-xylose. The new isolates came from different natural and man-made systems such as hot springs, paper pulp mills and brewery waste water. The test was composed of three different steps; (i) test for conversion of D-xylose into ethanol; (ii) test for viability and ethanol production in pretreated wheat straw hemicellulose hydrolysate; (iii) test for tolerance against high D-xylose concentrations. A total of 86 enrichment cultures and 58 pure cultures were tested and five candidates were selected which successfully fulfilled the criteria defined for the screening test.

Acetates↗

PubMed2003

WAP1, a wheat APETALA1 homolog, plays a central role in the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth.

Heading time in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by three characters: vernalization requirement, photoperiodic sensitivity and narrow-sense earliness, which are involved in the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. We identified and characterized the APETALA1 (AP1)-like MADS box gene in wheat (WAP1) as an activator of phase transition. Its expression starts just before the phase transition and is maintained during the reproductive phase. Inhibition of WAP1 expression in the transgenic plants by co-suppression affected neither vernalization requirement nor photoperiodic sensitivity, but resulted in delayed narrow-sense earliness, indicating that WAP1 accelerates autonomous phase transition. Analyses of the WAP1 expression in the near-isogenic lines (NILs) for spring habit genes (Vrn) revealed that WAP1 transcripts were induced by vernalization strongly in the NILs with Vrn dominant alleles and weakly with the recessive alleles. Furthermore, WAP1 expression was up-regulated by a long photoperiod in both NILs with and those without a photoperiod-insensitive gene (Ppd). These results suggest that WAP1 is a key gene in the regulatory pathway controlling the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in wheat.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in Chinese wheat lines Jieyan 94-1-1 and Siyan 94-1-2.

Two Chinese wheat lines Jieyan 94-1-1 and Siyan 94-1-2 are resistant to all 120 isolates of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici maintained in Weihenstephan, Germany. Monosomic analyses employing the susceptible set of 21 Chinese Spring monosomic lines revealed that the line Jieyan 94-1-1 carries one dominant gene on translocated wheat/rye chromosome 1B/1R and one recessive gene on chromosome 7B, whereas line Siyan 94-1-2 possesses one recessive gene on chromosome 7B and one dominant gene on chromosome 5D. Allelism tests in combination with the use of specific isolates comfirmed that the dominant genes in Jieyan 94-1-1 and Siyan 94-1-2 are Pm8 and Pm2, respectively. The recessive genes present in each of the two lines are shown to be new alleles located on chromosome 7B at the pm 5 locus. The two genes are tentatively designated mljy in Jieyan 94-1-1 and mlsy in Siyan 94-1-2, respectively.

Alleles↗

PubMed2001

Identification of intergenomic translocations involving wheat, Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum chilense chromosomes by FISH.

Intergenomic translocations between wheat, Hordeum chilense and Hordeum vulgare have been obtained in tritordeum background. Advanced lines from the crosses between three disomic chromosome addition lines for chromosome 2Hv, 3Hv, and 4Hv of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS) and hexaploid tritordeum (2n = 6x = 42, AABBHchHch) were analyzed. Multicolor FISH using both genomic DNA from H. chilense and H. vulgare were used to establish the presence and numbers of H. vulgare introgressions into tritordeum. Interspecific H. vulgare/H. chilense and intergeneric wheat/H. vulgare and wheat/H. chilense translocations were identified. Frequencies of plants containing different kinds of intergenomic translocations between chromosome arms are presented. These lines can be useful for introgressing into tritordeum characters of interest from H. vulgare.

Chromosomes↗

PubMed2004

Combined use of linked markers for genotyping the Pm1 locus in common wheat.

Genotyping of 98 wheat cultivars/lines was carried out with molecular markers that are linked to the Pm1 locus: two bi-allelic (dominant) markers: the sequence-tagged site Xsts638-7A and the amplified fragment length polymorphism XE39M58-77-7A; and the multi-allelic simple sequence repeat marker Xgwm344-7A. Employing segregation data recorded in the population Chinese Spring x Virest (Pm1e), genetic mapping revealed that Xgwm344-7A and XE39M58-77-7A were distally linked to Pm1e in the repulsion phase with respective linkage distances of 0.9 cM and 4.8 cM, while Xsts638-7A was found to co-segregate with Pm1e in the coupling phase. The genotyping results of Xsts638-7A and XE39M58-77-7A confirmed disease scoring, except for the accessions of cultivars Omega, Remus and Weihenstephan Stamm M1N. The SSR marker Xgwm344 amplified 15 different fragments ranging from 102 bp to 147 bp, with 15 entries being null-allelic at the 7A and 7B homoeoloci. It was found that wheat lines having resistance alleles at the Pm1 locus mainly show the null allele at the Xgwm344-7A locus. Due to their fast-evolving nature, the use of multi-allelic SSRs for genotype determination may be complicated. However, the combined use of multiple linked marker alleles seems to be a promising approach for genotyping a broad range of plant materials.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress.

Mycorrhizal plants often have greater tolerance to drought than nonmycorrhizal plants. This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on growth, grain yield and mineral acquisition of two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in the field under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Wheat seeds were planted in furrows after treatment with or without the AM fungi Glomus mosseae or G. etunicatum. Roots were sampled at four growth stages (leaf, tillering, heading and grain-filling) to quantify AM fungi. There was negligible AM fungi colonization during winter months following seeding (leaf sampling in February), when soil temperature was low. During the spring, AM fungi colonization increased gradually. Mycorrhizal colonization was higher in well-watered plants colonized with AM fungi isolates than water-stressed plants. Plants inoculated with G. etunicatum generally had higher colonization than plants colonized with G. mosseae under both soil moisture conditions. Biomass and grain yields were higher in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plots irrespective of soil moisture, and G. etunicatum inoculated plants generally had higher biomass and grain yields than those colonized by G. mosseae under either soil moisture condition. The mycorrhizal plants had higher shoot P and Fe concentrations than nonmycorrhizal plants at all samplings regardless of soil moisture conditions. The improved growth, yield and nutrient uptake in wheat plants reported here demonstrate the potential of mycorrhizal inoculation to reduce the effects of drought stress on wheat grown under field conditions in semiarid areas of the world.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1983

Evidence for carbohydrate-deficient forms of the major sialoglycoproteins of human platelets, granulocytes and T lymphocytes in individuals with Tn syndrome.

125I-Helix pomatia and 125I-wheat germ lectins were used as probes to visualise membrane glycoproteins of circulating blood cells from individuals with Tn syndrome. Cells were solubilized in Triton X-100 and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis prior to incubation with iodinated lectins. Normal platelets, granulocytes and T lymphocytes have a single major sialoglycoprotein of mol. wt. 143,000, 115,000 and 115,000 respectively. In Tn platelets, granulocytes and T lymphocytes there was a marked reduction in lectin binding in the region of the sialoglycoproteins but new lectin binding components of lower mol. wt. (125,000, 98,000 and 98,000 respectively) were apparent. It is suggested that these new lectin binding components are the sialoglycoproteins with deficient glycosylation resulting from the known deficiency of beta-3-galactosyltransferase in Tn syndrome.

Blood Platelets↗

PubMed2002

Exploiting EST databases for the development and characterization of gene-derived SSR-markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

A software tool was developed for the identification of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in a barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) EST (expressed sequence tag) database comprising 24,595 sequences. In total, 1,856 SSR-containing sequences were identified. Trimeric SSR repeat motifs appeared to be the most abundant type. A subset of 311 primer pairs flanking SSR loci have been used for screening polymorphisms among six barley cultivars, being parents of three mapping populations. As a result, 76 EST-derived SSR-markers were integrated into a barley genetic consensus map. A correlation between polymorphism and the number of repeats was observed for SSRs built of dimeric up to tetrameric units. 3'-ESTs yielded a higher portion of polymorphic SSRs (64%) than 5'-ESTs did. The estimated PIC (polymorphic information content) value was 0.45 +/- 0.03. Approximately 80% of the SSR-markers amplified DNA fragments in Hordeum bulbosum, followed by rye, wheat (both about 60%) and rice (40%). A subset of 38 EST-derived SSR-markers comprising 114 alleles were used to investigate genetic diversity among 54 barley cultivars. In accordance with a previous, RFLP-based, study, spring and winter cultivars, as well as two- and six-rowed barleys, formed separate clades upon PCoA analysis. The results show that: (1) with the software tool developed, EST databases can be efficiently exploited for the development of cDNA-SSRs, (2) EST-derived SSRs are significantly less polymorphic than those derived from genomic regions, (3) a considerable portion of the developed SSRs can be transferred to related species, and (4) compared to RFLP-markers, cDNA-SSRs yield similar patterns of genetic diversity.

DNA, Plant↗

PubMed2006

Genetic characteristic of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in somatic hybrid wheat lines -- potential application to wheat breeding.

Analysis of 17 derivatives from a somatic fusion between common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and tall wheat grass (Thinopyrum ponticum) showed a diversity of high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) compositions. On the basis of the inheritance of HMW-GS patterns, the derivatives were either (i) bred true over four successive generations, (ii) generated a few novel HMW-GS combinations at each generation, or (iii) showed highly unstable HMW-GS compositions. HMW-GS analysis of F(5) seed and each single seed-generated F(6) progenies further revealed that most of the HMW-GS had genetic stability. The variations of HMW-GS were inferred to occur in early generations and were maintained thereafter. Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) in hybrid lines with high or low bread-making quality, classified into the first pattern, were compared. The result showed that hybrid lines with the uniform HMW-GS patterns also have identical LMW-GS patterns. The Glu-1 quality score was inferred to be relatively significant to the sodium dodecyl dulfate sedimentation value, as well as to correlate with the gluten exponent and contents of dry gluten and proteins. Sexual hybridization between high-quality somatic hybrid progeny II-12 and Chinese Spring (CS) showed that these high-quality HMW-GS genes could entail progenies. There was not subunit variation in the progenies of II-12 x CS. Therefore, sexual hybridization between somatic hybrid line and cultivars can transfer novel high-quality HMW-GS of somatic hybrids and benefit wheat breeding.

Breeding↗

PubMed1983

The relationship of pellagra to corn and the low availability of niacin in cereals.

The poorest inhabitants of an area generally eat the narrowest range of foods, and one staple (which serves as a cheap source of calories) dominates. In turn, the specific type of malnutrition seen in that area depends upon that predominant staple and how it is processed before consumption. Corn, used here in the sense of "Indian corn" or maize, was brought to Europe from America, and over the period 1750-1850 became the typical peasant's staple in many of the areas bordering the Mediterranean. By the end of that period, it had also come to be recognized that pellagra had become a serious, chronic disease in these same countries, flaring up each spring amongst the poorest people living on diets containing much corn and very little animal food (i.e., meat, eggs or dairy products) or wine and being generally in a state of wretchedness. Nothing of the sort was seen in areas where wheat and rice were the staple foods, even when they were highly milled. Most scientists agreed on this association with corn, though not on what was the true cause-and-effect relationship. Research in the present century has shown that pellagra is primarily due to a dietary deficiency of niacin. However, the niacin content of different foods did not tie in well with their pellagra-preventive value. But then it was discovered that a second nutrient, tryptophan, could act as precursor of the vitamin with approximately one sixtieth of the activity of the actual vitamin. The "niacin equivalent" values of foods (calculated from their content of both nutrients) show a much better correlation with their pellagra-preventive value. Thus, mature corn is lower in niacin content than are wheat and rice; also the mixed proteins of corn are lower in their tryptophan content. What is not explained by the calculation of "niacin equivalent" is the general freedom from pellagra of the peasants in Mexico and Central America, where corn has been the staple for millenia and where poverty, the consequent lack of animal foods in the diet, and general misery, have been fully equal to the conditions in Europe. It has been known for 40 years that analytical values for the niacin content of foods depended greatly on the method of extraction used, with the highest values being obtained after treatment with alkali. We have confirmed with rat growth assays that the niacin in corn, wheat and rice is only about one-third available to this species, even after ordinary cooking at neutral pH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1969

Prunin identification, biological activity and quantitative change in comparison to naringenin in dormant peach buds.

Prunin (naringenin 7-glucoside), which was identified in dormant peach buds, was found to act as a growth inhibitor of wheat coleoptile elongation.Quantitative estimation on a fresh weight basis of the flavonoid in peach buds revealed a high level in late summer, a steep decrease in autumn that became more moderate during the winter, with lowest values near bud swell in spring. Two periods of reaccumulation of prunin during October and January fitted 2 periods of arrested growth of the resting bud. A negative correlation was demonstrated between prunin and naringenin levels during August through October. It is proposed that prunin might act as a precursor for naringenin that accumulates in resting buds in autumn. It is suggested that the system glucoside-aglucone-beta glucosidase might have regulatory properties in the dormant bud.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

A strategy for enhancing recombination in proximal regions of chromosomes.

As a rule, recombination in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is low in proximal and high in distal regions of chromosomes. Recombination may be enhanced in proximal regions by using deletion (del) chromosomes deficient for a distal part of a chromosome arm. The chromosome del5BL-11 derived from Chinese Spring (CS) is missing 41% of the distal long arm. This line was made polymorphic by crossing with a stock in which chromosome 5B of CS (5B(CS)) is substituted for chromosome 5B of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides origin (5B(T.dic)). Three recombinant del5BL-11 (del5BL-11(rec)) lines were isolated, all resulting from localized recombination between loci Xbcd926 and XksuH1. In del5BL-11(rec), the centromere to fraction length (FL) 0.53 (C-FL0.53) segment is derived from 5B(T. dic) and the distal region of FL 0.55-0.59 is from 5B(CS). Genetic recombination for the C-FL 0.53 interval was assayed in segregating progenies from 5B(CS)/5B(T.dic) and del5BL-11/del5BL-11(rec) crosses using polymorphic markers and for the FL 0.55-0.59 interval in del5BL-11/del5BL-11(rec) cross from chiasma counts. The pairing data and comparative mapping of normal 5B and del5BL-11 indicated that the increase in recombination was restricted to the FL 0.55-0.59 interval of the del5BL-11 chromosome. No significant increase in recombination in more proximal regions was observed although the order of several markers that cosegregated in the normal 5B map was resolved in the del5BL-11 map. The presented data show that recombination in proximal, usually low-recombination, regions can be increased by placing them close to the chromosome end.

Centromere↗

PubMed2005

Novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat cultivar Chokwang.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive diseases in wheat. This study was to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance and the molecular markers closely linked to the QTL in wheat cultivar Chokwang. The primers of 612 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 12 target-region-amplified polymorphism (TRAP) marker were analyzed between resistant (Chokwang) and susceptible (Clark) parents. One hundred and seventy-two polymorphic markers were used to screen a population of 79 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Chokwang and Clark. One major QTL, Qfhb.ksu-5DL1, was identified on chromosome 5DL. The SSR marker Xbarc 239 was mapped in the QTL region, and also physically located to the bin of 5DL1-0.60-0.74 by using Chinese Spring deletion lines. Another QTL Qfhb.ksu-4BL1was linked to SSR Xbarc 1096 and tentatively mapped on 4BL. A QTL on 3BS, Qfhb.ksu-3BS1, was also detected with marginal significance in this population. Different marker alleles for these QTL were detected between Chokwang and Sumai 3 and its derivatives. These results suggested that Chokwang contains new QTL for FHB resistance that are different from those in Sumai 3. Pyramiding resistance QTL from various sources may enhance FHB resistance in wheat cultivars.

Crosses, Genetic↗

PubMed2002

Dried poultry waste for cows grazing low-quality winter forage.

Two trials conducted in 1996-97 measured BW and body condition score changes of cows fed different sources of degradable intake protein, including dried poultry waste and soybean meal, while grazing low-quality winter forages. In Trial 1, 60 spring-calving cows (5 yr; 555 kg) were used in an individual supplementation trial. Cows were gathered three times a week, sorted into individual pens, and fed their respective supplement. Cows grazed dormant native Sandhills winter range (common pasture) and were assigned to one of six supplemental treatments: 1) no supplement, 2) urea, 3) 22% dried poultry waste + urea, 4) soybean meal, 5) 22% dried poultry waste + soybean meal, or 6) 44% dried poultry waste. All supplements were based on wheat middlings and soybean hulls and were formulated to contain 44% CP. Thirty-six cows were selected randomly (six per treatment) for a 5-d measurement of forage intake from December 16 through December 20, 1996. Cows receiving supplements gained more weight (P < 0.001) and maintained greater body condition (P < 0.001) than unsupplemented cows. Cows receiving urea gained less (P < 0.10) than cows receiving a source of natural protein, but body condition remained similar. No differences were found in daily forage or total organic matter intake (P > 0.10). In Trial 2, cows grazed corn residues. Forty-eight spring-calving cows were group-fed supplements in one of six 4-ha paddocks. Cows received supplements containing either soybean meal or dried poultry waste that were the same as the soybean meal and 44% dried poultry waste supplements fed in Trial 1; gains were not different (P > 0.10). Under the economic conditions that existed at the time of these experiments, the supplement containing dried poultry waste resulted in a savings of $.04 per cow per day and a total savings of $3.20 per cow over an 80-d period. Feeding a supplement containing dried poultry waste resulted in performance similar to that when feeding a more conventional supplement containing soybean meal.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutation line producing three pistils in a floret.

In a normal wheat (Triticum ssp.L.) spike, one floret carries only one pistil that will further develop into one grain after fertilization. The cultivated common wheat (T. aestivum L.) mutation line Three Pistils (TP) carried three pistils in a floret. Although one or two of the pistils died out before seed set in some florets, there were exist many florets that set three seeds. Normally, it was observed that there were one to three seeds in different florets of the same spike. Therefore, this mutation trait could raise considerably the number of grains per spike. The weight of 100 grains in three seeds set florets was lower than that of in one seed set florets. But three seeds set florets were significantly to surpass the one seed set florets in grain(s) weight per floret. Based on these results, the three pistils trait was suggested to be an interesting germplasm resource. Localisation of the gene controlling the three pistils trait was carried out by the method of crossing TP with the Chinese Spring disomic substitutions. F2 population segregation analysis revealed that only the 5B F2 population did not show homogeneity to control population. chi2-test analysis indicated that 5B F2 population, and only this population, was deviated from the Mendelian segregation ratio (3:1). As a conclusion, the gene for three pistils trait was located on chromosome 5B. According to the Recommended rules for gene symbolization in wheat, the name of the dominant gene for three pistils trait in the line TP was suggested as Pis1.

Genes, Plant↗

PubMed1978

Disruptive behavior: a dietary approach.

The effect of particular foods on levels of hyperactivity, uncontrolled laughter, and disruptive behaviors was studied in an 8-year-old autistic boy. The floor of the child's room was taped off into six equal-sized rectangles to measure general activity level. Frequency data were recorded on screaming, biting, scratching, and object throwing. A time-sample technique was used to record data on laughing. Data were gathered during four phases. During an initial 4-day period the child was fed a normal American diet. A 6-day fasting period followed, during which time only spring water was allowed. The third phase lasted 18 days and involved the presentation of individual foods. During the final phase of the study the child was given only foods that had not provoked a reaction in the third phase. Results showed that foods such as wheat, corn, tomatoes, sugar, mushrooms, and dairy products were instrumental in producing behavioral disorders with this child.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1980

Blood plasma magnesium, potassium, glucose, and immunoreactive insulin changes in cows moved abruptly from barn feeding to early spring pasture.

Cations and immunoreactive insulin in plasma were measured in 35 lactating cows moved abruptly to early spring pasture. After change of cows from grass-clover hay to fescue-bluegrass pasture containing 22 to 31 g potassium/kg dry matter, immunoreactive insulin of 5 Holstein cows increased 30% in 5 days and averaged 45% above prepasture concentrations for 40 days. Magnesium averaged 44% below prepasture content of plasma during this period and was correlated negatively with potassium -.17 and immunoreactive insulin -.37. Thirty Herford cows were changed from corn silage and grass-clover hay to wheat-rye pasture containing 3.06% potassium in the dry matter. Each day on pasture, 10 cows each were fed 2.3 kg cornmeal, 10 were given 30 g magnesium oxide by capsule, and 10 were given no supplement. After unsupplemented cows were moved to pasture, immunoreactive insulin rose 51% in 8 days and plasma magnesium fell 24%. Both supplements reduced immunoreactive insulin, but magnesium was maintained higher by magnesium oxide than by cornmeal. Injection of two Holstein cows with insulin (2 IU/kg body weight) reduced plasma concentrations of both potassium and magnesium 20% below that of two cows injected with only physiological saline. Whether elevated plasma insulin may accelerate development of hypomagnesemia in cattle on spring pasture with relatively high potassium content has not been established.

Animal Husbandry↗