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PubMed1989

[Adoptive transfer of immunity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in mice. In vitro restimulation of immune cells before their transfer].

When mesenteric lymph node cells from infected mice were stimulated during an in vitro culture with exoantigens or with a purified protective antigen of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a drop was noted in the number of cells required to transfer protection to new mice. A maximal effect was already obtained after 4 hrs. of culture, but irradiated cells or cells from another mouse strain were unable to mediate this transfer. T cells were more effective than B cells in transferring the protection.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Anti-Brucella immunity transferred by immune serum and that transferred by splenic lymphocytes cannot be added].

Immune serum and spleen cells from mice vaccinated with a cell-wall fraction (PG) from Brucella were previously shown to transfer a good protection to mice against a virulent Brucella challenge. This protection estimated by spleen and liver time-course infection was similar to that afforded by vaccination. In present experiments, DBA/2 mice were first transferred with either immune serum from infected mice, splenic cells from mice intravenously vaccinated with PG fraction 28 days previously, or both immune serum and splenic cells. In this case, the serum was either injected before the challenge, as were the splenic cells, or 2 days after it in order to reduce the lowering effect of the serum on level of initial colonization of the spleen. The transferred mice were then intravenously challenged with the virulent strain B. abortus 544 and liver and spleen counts were performed on groups of five mice weekly up to six weeks. Immune serum and splenic cells from vaccinated mice were again shown to strongly reduce the time-course of splenic infection. However addition of both effects was observed for a short time only two and three weeks post-challenge and only when the serum was injected after the challenge. In contrast, no additive or even an antagonistic effect was observed after the 21st day. Liver infection was not notably modified by both immune serum or splenic cells (except increment of initial colonisation by serum) until the 21st day when both helped reduce the course of infection. However again no additive effect was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Intermembrane protein transfer. Band 3, the erythrocyte anion transporter, transfers in native orientation from human red blood cells into the bilayer of phospholipid vesicles.

Band 3, the erythrocyte anion transporter, has been shown to transfer between human erythrocytes and sonicated vesicles (Newton, A. C., Cook, S. L., and Huestis, W. H. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 6110-6117). Functional band 3 becomes associated with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles incubated with human red blood cells. Proteolytic degradation patterns reveal that the transporter is transferred to the vesicles in native orientation. In erythrocytes, native band 3 is degraded on the exoplasmic membrane face by chymotrypsin and on the cytoplasmic surface by trypsin (Cabantchik, Z. I., and Rothstein, A. (1974) J. Membr. Biol. 15, 227-248; Jennings, M. L., Anderson, M. P., and Monaghan, R. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 9002-9010). Band 3 in intact protein-vesicle complexes is degraded by exogenous chymotrypsin but not by trypsin. In contrast, trypsin entrapped in the lumen of the vesicles proteolyses the vesicle-bound band 3 quantitatively. Band 3 remaining in the membranes of vesicle-treated cells and in cell fragments is not degraded detectably by vesicle-entrapped trypsin. These observations indicate that band 3 is unlikely to transfer between cell and vesicle membranes via a water-soluble form or to adhere nonspecifically to the vesicle surface; the aqueous contents of vesicles and cells (or membrane fragments) are not pooled during cell-vesicle incubations, hence no cell-vesicle fusion occurs; and the band 3 associated with the sonicated vesicle fraction is inserted in the vesicle bilayer in native orientation, with its cytoplasmic segment contacting the aqueous contents of the vesicle lumen.

Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Introducing a downsized, open computer system with asynchronous transfer mode in PACS and its effect on image data transfer.

To assess the effectiveness of the introduction of a downsized, open computer system and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) as a network in a medium-sized picture archiving and communication system (PACS), we conducted experiments on image data transmission. The speed of image transfer, including registration in the computers in the new PACS, was four to eleven times faster than that in our first PACS. However, the introduction of ATM did not contribute significantly to the improvement of speed of image transfer because of the use of Ethernet branches between the gateway and display workstation computers. A star architecture without Ethernet branches may be suitable for PACS using an ATM network.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of cycle outcome for gamete intrafallopian transfer alone and in combination with intrauterine embryo transfer.

As an alternative to embryo cryopreservation, the efficacy of intrauterine transcervical transfer of a small number of embryos resulting from fertilization of supernumerary oocytes obtained during a GIFT cycle (GIFT-ET) was assessed in this investigation. Data from 72 consecutive GIFT (N = 27) and GIFT-ET (N = 45) cycles were retrospectively reviewed. Age and infertility diagnoses were similar among the two groups. Clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and abortion rates per retrieval were not significantly different between the two groups. We conclude that GIFT-ET offers no advantage over GIFT alone and that cryopreservation of all supernumerary embryos with intrauterine transfer in subsequent cycles would maximize pregnancy rates from a single oocyte aspiration and GIFT procedure.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The role of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and tubal embryo transfer (TET) in the treatment of patients with patent tubes associated with male infertility factor.

PURPOSE: The relative effectiveness of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and tubal embryo transfer (TET) combined with superovulation in the treatment of infertile patients with patent tubes were compared. Four hundred fifty consecutive cycles were divided into two periods. During the first period (216 cycles), the only technique employed was GIFT, couples being divided into two groups: group A, couples with normospermic partners (118 cycles); and group B, couples with male infertility factor (98 cycles). During the second period (234 cycles), 140 cycles of GIFT were performed in couples with normospermic partners (group C). TET was utilized in 94 cycles (group D), in the case of couples with male infertility factor. RESULTS: Results demonstrate that the pregnancy rate with GIFT in the case of oligoasthenospermic partners (group B) is significantly lower than that of normospermic partners (groups A and C) (P = 0.0001) and than that with TET in the case of oligoasthenospermic partners (group D) (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The implantation rate is also significantly different between these groups (B vs A, P = 0.0001; B vs C, P = 0.0001; B vs D, P = 0.01).

Embryo Transfer↗

PubMed1990

Early experience with in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer and gamete intrafallopian transfer in a Nigerian hospital.

We present our early experience with in vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) in a Nigerian Hospital. Twenty-one patients were recruited, 11 patients for the IVF-ET program and 10 for the GIFT program. In the IVF program the oocyte recovery rate was 100%, the fertilization rate was 66% and the cleavage rate was 97% but no live pregnancies were achieved. In contrast, one live delivery was achieved with GIFT. These results suggest that both IVT-ET and GIFT are feasible in developing countries.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Codon-induced transfer RNA association. A property of transfer RNA involved in its adaptor function?

It is shown by equilibrium sedimentation that the binding of cognate codons to tRNAPhe (yeast), tRNAPhe (Escherichia coli), tRNALys, tRNAfMet and of the wobble codon UUU to tRNAPhe (yeast) induces dimerization of codon transfer RNA complexes. Analysis of the sedimentation profiles with a quantitative evaluation of the coupling between sedimentation and association equilibrium provides dimerization constants in the range from 1 X 10(4) to 6 X 10(4) M-1. These results on various tRNAs from different organisms suggest that the codon-induced tRNA association is a general phenomenon. Probably the codon-induced tRNA association facilitates the aminoacyl transfer reaction.

Codon↗

PubMed2003

Postprandial variations in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, phospholipid transfer protein activity and plasma cholesterol efflux capacity in normolipidemic men.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Plasma cholesterol efflux capacity is stimulated during postprandial (PP) hypertriglycerdemia. Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) are the key proteins in lipoprotein metabolism and remodelling, but their role during the PP cholesterol efflux process remains indeterminate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a fatty meal intake on plasma CETP and PLTP activities, and the capacity of plasma to promote cholesterol efflux, as well as to evaluate the relationship between these three key mechanisms of the reverse cholesterol transport process. METHODS AND RESULTS: CETP and PLTP activities and the cholesterol efflux capacity of plasma were measured over eight hours following a fatty meal (1000 kcal, 62% fat) in 13 normolipidemic men. CETP activity and the cholesterol efflux capacity of plasma from Fu5AH cells increased after the meal, reaching a maximum after eight hours (respectively 32%, p = 0.06, and 6.5%, p = 0.045), whereas PLTP activity remained unchanged. CETP and PLTP activities did not correlate with plasma cholesterol efflux capacity in the fasting or PP state. Plasma CETP activity in the fasting state positively correlated with the plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels, but no correlation was found with any lipid or apolipoprotein postprandially. The cholesterol efflux capacity of plasma correlated positively with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) components, the best correlation being with the HDL phospholipid fraction in both the fasting and PP states. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that plasma CETP and PLTP activities in healthy normolipidemic subjects are differently regulated in the PP state, and are not correlated with the increased cholesterol efflux capacity of PP plasma. HDL-phospholipid remains the key factor in the regulation of the capacity of plasma to promote Fu5AH cell cholesterol efflux.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Comparison of ribosomal entry and acceptor transfer ribonucleic acid binding sites on Escherichia coli 70S ribosomes. Fluorescence energy transfer measurements from Phe-tRNAPhe to the 3' end of 16S ribonucleic acid.

Distances were measured by nonradiative energy transfer from fluorescent probes specifically located on one of three points of yeast or Escherichia coli Phe-tRNAPhe enzymatically bound to the entry site or to the acceptor site of E. coli 70S ribosomes to energy-accepting probes on the 3' end of the 16S ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the 30S subunit. The Y base in the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe was replaced by proflavin. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was attached to the X base (position 47) of E. coli tRNAPhe. E. coli tRNAPhe which had been photochemically cross-linked between positions 8 and 13 followed by chemical reduction to form a fluorescent probe was also used. Labeled tRNAs were aminoacylated and enzymatically bound to the ribosome in the presence of elongation factor Tu and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (acceptor-site binding) or a nonhydrolyzable analogue (entry-site binding). Nonradiative energy transfer measurements were made of the distances between fluorophores located on the Phe-tRNA and the fluorophore at the 3' end of 16S RNA. Calculations were based on comparison of the fluorescence lifetime of the energy donor, located on the Phe-tRNA, in the absence and presence of an energy acceptor on the 3' end of the 16S RNA. Under both sets of binding conditions, the distances to the 3' end of 16S RNA were found to be the following: cross-linked tRNA, greater than 69 A; Y base of tRNA, greater than 61 A. The distance between the 3' end of 16S RNA and the X base of tRNA was found to be 81 A under acceptor-site binding conditions but greater than 86 A under entry-site binding conditions.

Energy Transfer↗

PubMed1970

Studies of transfer RNA tertiary structure by singlet-singlet energy transfer.

This distance between a base next to the anticodon of tRNA and the 3' CpCpA terminus of the molecule has been estimated by singlet-singlet energy transfer experiments. The energy donor was the Y base of unknown structure found in yeast tRNA(phe). Three different energy acceptors were used: acriflavine, proflavinyl acetic acid hydrazide, and 9-hydrazino acridine. These were attached to the periodate-oxidized 3' end of the tRNA. R(0)'s between 24 and 30 A were calculated for the three chromophore couples by assuming that the relative orientation of donor and acceptor is random. This assumption is supported by the consistency of the experimental results with all three acceptors and by studies of the fluorescence depolarization of Y. The energy transfer observed both by quenching of Y and enhanced activation of the acceptors is quite small, indicating that the anticodon is more than 40 A away from the amino acid accepting terminus. This places severe restrictions on the type of tertiary structure possible for tRNA.

Acridines↗

PubMed1974

Studies of transfer RNA tertiary structure of singlet-singlet energy transfer.

Five species of tRNAs bearing two different fluorescent groups were synthesized. These were suitable for intramolecular distance measurements by singlet-singlet energy transfer. The efficiency of energy transfer was determined from the sensitized emission of the energy acceptor. With the assumption that the relative orientation of donor and acceptor is random, the apparent distances between the 5'-end and the 3'-end, the 4-thiouridine and the 3'-end, the pseudouridine and 3'-end, the pseudouridine and the dihydrouridine in Escherichia coli formyl methionine tRNA, and between the 2-thiouridine (in the anticodon) and the 3'-end in E. coli glutamate tRNA were calculated to be 24 A, 38 A, 55 A, 36 A, and >65 A, respectively.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed1996

Opposite effects of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and phospholipid transfer protein on the size distribution of plasma high density lipoproteins. Physiological relevance in alcoholic patients.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and the phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) in determining the size distribution of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in human plasma. Whereas both purified CETP and PLTP preparations were able to promote the size redistribution of isolated HDL3, CETP favored the emergence of small HDL, while PLTP induced the formation of both small and large conversion products. When the total plasma lipoprotein fractions isolated from nine distinct subjects were incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C with either purified PLTP or purified CETP, significant alterations in the relative proportions of the five distinct plasma HDL subpopulations, i.e., HDL2b (9.71-12.90 nm), HDL2a (8.77-9.71 nm), HDL3a (8.17-8.77 nm), HDL3b (7.76-8.17 nm), and HDL3c (7.21-7. 76 nm) were also observed. PLTP induced a significant increase in the relative abundance of HDL2b (8.66 +/- 2.34% versus 7.87 +/- 1. 83% in controls; p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of HDL3a (32.76 +/- 3.42% versus 37.87 +/- 2.62% in controls; p < 0.05). In contrast, CETP significantly reduced the relative proportion of HDL2a (33.03 +/- 2.53% versus 37.56 +/- 6.43% in controls; p < 0.01) but significantly increased the relative proportion of both HDL3b (21.36 +/- 6.97% versus 15.58 +/- 7.75% in controls; p < 0.01) and HDL3c (3.21 +/- 4.84% versus 1.13 +/- 0.56% in controls; p < 0.05). Finally, in order to assess further the physiological relevance of in vitro observations, CETP activity, PLTP activity, and HDL size distribution were determined in plasmas from 33 alcoholic patients entering a cessation program. Alcohol withdrawal was associated with (i) a significant increase in plasma CETP activity (173.5 +/- 70.5%/h/ml before versus 223.2 +/- 69. 3%/h/ml after alcohol withdrawal, p = 0.0007), (ii) a significant reduction in plasma PLTP activity (473.9 +/- 203.7%/h/ml before versus 312.7 +/- 148.4%/h/ml after alcohol withdrawal, p = 0.0001), and (iii) a significant shift of large HDL2b and HDL2a toward small HDL3b and HDL3c. On the one hand, changes in plasma CETP activity correlated negatively with changes in the proportion of HDL2a (r = -0.597, p = 0.0002) and positively with changes in the proportion of HDL3b (r = 0.457, p = 0.0075). On the other hand, changes in plasma PLTP activity correlated positively with changes in the proportion of HDL2b (r = 0.482, p = 0.0045) and negatively with changes in the proportion of HDL3a (r = -0.418, p = 0.0154). Taken together, data of the present study revealed that plasma PLTP and CETP can exert opposite effects on the size distribution of plasma HDL. PLTP can promote the formation of HDL2b particles at the expense of HDL3a, while CETP can promote the formation of HDL3b particles at the expense of HDL2a.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1999

Establishment of pregnancy after the transfer of nuclear transfer embryos produced from the fusion of argali (Ovis ammon) nuclei into domestic sheep (Ovis aries) enucleated oocytes.

Cloning mammalian species from cell lines of adult animals has been demonstrated. Aside from its importance for cloning multiple copies of genetically valuable livestock, cloning now has the potential to salvage endangered or even extinct species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the bovine and domestic (Ovis aries) ovine oocyte cytoplasm on the nucleus of an established cell line from an endangered argali wild sheep (Ovis ammon) after nuclear transplantation. A fibroblast cell line was established from skin biopsies from an adult argali ram from the People's Republic of China. Early karyotype analysis of cells between 3-6 passages revealed a normal diploid chromosome number of 56. The argali karyotype consisted of 2 pairs of biarmed and 25 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a large acrocentric and minute biarmed Y. Bovine ovaries were collected from a local abattoir, oocytes aspirated, and immediately placed in maturation medium consisting of M-199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 microg/mL streptomycin, 0.5 microg/mL follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 5.0 microg/mL luetinizing hormone (LH) and 1.0 microg/mL estradiol. Ovine (O. aries) oocytes were collected at surgery 25 hours postonset of estrus from the oviducts of superovulated donor animals. All cultures were carried out at 39 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and air. In vitro matured MII bovine oocytes were enucleated 16-20 hours after onset of maturation and ovine oocytes within 2-3 hours after collection. Enucleation was confirmed using Hoechst 33342 and UV light. The donor argali cells were synchronized in G0-G1 phase by culturing in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) plus 0.5% fetal bovine serum for 5-10 days. Fusion of nuclear donor cell to an enucleated oocyte (cytoplast) to produce nuclear transfer (NT) embryos was induced by 2 electric pulses of 1.4 kV/cm for 30 microsc. Fused NT embryos were activated after 24 hours of maturation by exposure to ionomycin (5 microM, 4 minutes) followed by incubation in 6-dimethylaminopurine (0.2 mM, 4 hours) and cultured in microdrops of CR1aa medium. From a total of 166 constructed nuclear donor cell-bovine cytoplasm NT couples, 128 (77%) successfully fused, 100 (78%) developed to 8-16 cell stage, and 2 (1.56%) developed to the blastocyst stage. The presence of argali nuclei in 8-16 cell stage embryo clones was confirmed after observation of Hoechst 33342 stained embryos under UV light and chromosome analysis of metaphase spreads from blastomeres. A total of 127 constructed nuclear donor cell-ovine cytoplasm NT couples were produced, 101 (80%) successfully fused, 81 (80% of fused) developed to the 16- to 32-cell stage. A total of 28 hybrid (argali-sheep) and 21 sheep-sheep NT embryos were transferred into 6 recipients and 4 recipients, respectively. Two of these recipients, 1 carrying argali-sheep and 1 sheep-sheep, were confirmed pregnant at 49 days by ultrasound, but both pregnancies terminated by 59 days. The results of this study demonstrate the possibility of using xenogenic oocytes to produce early-stage embryos and pregnancies from an established fibroblast cell line of an endangered species.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Immunoreactive renin variations during fertile and infertile hyperstimulated cycles with in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer or gamete intra-fallopian transfer.

The concentrations of prorenin (PR) and active renin (AR) were determined sequentially during ovarian hyperstimulated cycles for in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer or gamete intra-Fallopian transfer. AR and PR increased during the early luteal phase and PR was highly correlated with the progesterone concentration. In fertile cycles, AR increased more rapidly after HCG injection and AR and PR levels were significantly higher during the late luteal phase. These results confirm the role of the renin angiotensin system in ovarian physiology.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

The clinical efficacy of gamete intrafallopian transfer by minilaparotomy versus in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical performance of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS: Infertile women were divided into 2 groups: for GIFT, 239 patients (326 cycles) with at least 1 patent tube; and, for IVF-ET, 125 patients (210 cycles) with bilateral tubal occlusion. A specially designed retractor was developed to replace the gametes into an appropriate section of the Fallopian tube accurately and safely. Several parameters, including the pregnancy and delivery rates of each group, were compared. RESULTS: The success rate per trial in the GIFT group was approximately 1.5 times higher than that in the IVF group (pregnancy rate: 44.2% vs. 31.0%, p < 0.01; delivery rate: 33.4% vs. 22.9%, p < 0.01). The pregnancy and delivery rates of GIFT decreased steadily with the number of trials. These apparent decreases were not observed up to the 3rd trial in IVF-ET cases. CONCLUSIONS: GIFT with a minilaparotomy procedure yielded significantly higher success rates than IVF-ET. Accordingly, GIFT is considered to be the first treatment choice in infertility cases with at least 1 patent Fallopian tube.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Health maintenance organizations; exclusion of gamete intrafallopian transfer and zygote intrafallopian transfer as basic health services--HCFA. Notice.

This notice informs the public of the determination by the Administrator of the Health Care Financing Administration that gamete intrafallopian transfer and zygote intrafallopian transfer are unusual, infrequently provided, and not necessary for the protection of individual health. This determination permits Federally qualified health maintenance organizations to exclude these services from the basic health services they must provide to their members.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗

PubMed1999

Acute and chronic effects of a 24-hour intravenous triglyceride emulsion challenge on plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, phospholipid transfer protein, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein activities.

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) are key factors in remodeling of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. We examined the effect of a large, 24 h intravenous fat load on plasma lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) as well as on plasma LCAT, PLTP, and CETP activity levels in 8 healthy men. The effect of concomitant insulin infusion was also studied, with 1 week between the study days. During Lipofundin(R) infusion, plasma triglycerides and FFA strongly increased after 8 and 24 h (P < 0.001), whereas HDL cholesterol decreased (P < 0.01). The increase in triglycerides was mitigated with concomitant insulin infusion (P < 0.05 from without insulin). Plasma LCAT activity increased by 17.7 +/- 7.7% after 8 h (P < 0.001) and by 26.1 +/- 11. 1% after 24 h (P < 0.001), PLTP activity increased by 19.7 +/- 15.6% after 24 h (P < 0.001), but CETP activity remained unchanged. Concomitant insulin infusion blunted the increase in plasma LCAT activity (P < 0.05 from without insulin), but not that in PLTP activity. One week after the first fat load, plasma non-HDL cholesterol (P < 0.02), and triglycerides (P = 0.05) were increased, whereas HDL cholesterol was decreased (P < 0.02). Plasma CETP and PLTP activity levels were increased by 34.8 +/- 30.4% (P < 0.02) and by 15.9 +/- 6.4% (P < 0.02), respectively, but LCAT activity was then unaltered. In summary, plasma LCAT, PLTP, and CETP activity levels are stimulated by a large intravenous fat load, but the time course of their responses and the effects of insulin coadministration are different. Changes in plasma LCAT and PLTP activities may be implicated in HDL and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remodeling under the present experimental conditions.

Carrier Proteins↗