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[Biology of the papillomavirus infections: V. Vaccine developments].

Several genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPV) are recognised as aetiologic factors for cervical cancer, and viral DNA account for more 99% of cases. Thus, prevention of HPV infection by, for example, types 16 and 18, should reduce the world-wide incidence of cervical cancer. Many strategies are being developed for the control of HPV-associated lesions of the uterine cervix: prophylactic vaccines which elicit neutralizing antibodies to prevent HPV infection, and therapeutic vaccines which induce a T-cytotoxic response to early viral oncoproteins. Experimental trials are being conducted to test mucosal immunization with an ideal antigen delivery system. Vaccination strategies elicit a protective antibody response in animal species, but in humans, strategies which are likely to be effective in the control of HPV-associated preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix are still under investigation.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Study on the stability of Japanese encephalitis vaccine--development of freeze-dry dosage form].

In order to prolong shelf-life and improve the quality of the vaccine product, not only an effective stabilizer but also a more proper dosage form has been sought. The stability of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine produced from mouse brain along with a variety of stabilizers and lyophilization protocols was evaluated. Without any stabilizers added, almost 90% of the antigenicity would vanish after freeze-drying process. Comparative studies of various compounds, including carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and medium 199, on both antigenicity preservation and thermostability of the vaccine were carried out. The results indicated that the best reconstituted vaccines were prepared with two stabilizer formulations, sucrose and sucrose/gelatin. They were further examined by accelerated stability test at room and higher temperatures. The sucrose-added lyophilized vaccine can retain its original antigenicity for more than 60 days both at 37 degrees C and 45 degrees C. We conclude the thermostability efficiency of each of the stabilizers tested is as that follows: sucrose > sucrose/gelatin > gelatin/medium > gelatin.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

New approaches to vaccine development: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

Recent advances in immunology and cell biology may make it possible to improve existing vaccines and even, in future, to obtain vaccines against complex organisms, such as parasites.With the use of modern techniques, such as monoclonal antibodies, it is now possible to identify protective epitopes (antigenic determinants that can elicit a protective immune response) and, using chemical or DNA recombinant techniques, obtain these epitopes in the laboratory. Most of these potential vaccines, however, may not be able to stimulate a sufficient immune response. To achieve this, it may be necessary to couple the vaccines to carrier molecules and to inject them together with suitable adjuvants. Better knowledge of how antigens are presented to immunocompetent cells would help in the choice of carrier molecules and adjuvants to be used with future vaccines.

Bacterial Vaccines↗

PubMed1992