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PubMed2003

Characterization of the solid waste stream of the Tohono O'odham nation.

The Tohono O'odham Nation's Solid Waste Management Program (SWMP) and the Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc. (SERI) completed a waste characterization study for the Tohono O'odham Nation (the Nation) to aid in the development of an effective waste management plan. The Nation has recently switched from open dumping and burning of waste to collection in dumpsters and transportation to regulated landfills. The study indicated that members of the Nation produce approximately one-third of the average amount of municipal solid waste produced per person per day in the United States. Far fewer hazardous materials and yard trimmings are found in the waste stream than is the U.S. average. Source reduction options are limited because much of the residential waste comes from packaging materials. Recycling opportunities exist but are hampered by the long distance to markets, which forces the Nation to look at innovative ways of utilizing materials on site. An education program focusing on the traditional O'odham lifestyle has been implemented to help reduce solid waste generation while improving people's health and the environment.

Arizona↗
PubMed1978

Nuclear waste: increasing scale and sociopolitical impacts.

The article argues that insufficient attention has been paid to the operational aspects of the U.S. radioactive waste management system when it grows to the scale necessary to handle wastes produced by a fully deployed plutonium economy. Without such information, many of the unsettling speculations which have become part of the public debate and are summarized herein cannot be clearly addressed. The article then outlines the types of information necessary to begin estimating the costs and consequences of radioactive waste management. Finally, an index of social exposure to radioactive hazard is proposed to improve the basis for policy decisions in this area.

Economics↗
PubMed2005

Study of methanogenesis during bioutilization of plant residuals.

The waste management strategy for the future should meet the benefits of human safety, respect principles of planet ecology, and compatibility with other habitability systems. For these purposes waste management technologies relevant to application of the biodegradation properties of bacteria are of great value. Biological treatment method is based on the biodegradation of organic substances by various microorganisms.The objectives of our study were: to evaluate the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation of vegetable non-edible residual, using artificial inoculum, and to study the peculiarities of biogas, and possibilities of optimizing or reducing the share of methane. The diminution rate of organic gained 76% from initial mass within 9 days of fermentation. The biogas production achieved 46 l/kg of substrate. The microbial studies of biodegradation process revealed the following peculiarities: (i) gradual quantitative increase of Lactobacillus sp. (from 10(3) to 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) per ml); (ii) activation of Clostridia sp. (from 10(2) to 10(4) CFU/ml); and (iii) elimination of aerobic conventional pathogens (Enterobacteriaceae, Protea sp., Staphylococci). Chromatography analysis revealed the constant presence of carbon dioxide (up to 90.9%). The methane content measures revealed traces 0.1-0.4%. However, when we optimized the methane production in "boiling layer" using methanogenic granules, the amount of methane in biogas reached 80-90%. Based on the results obtained the artificial inoculum was created which was capable of initiating biodegradation of vegetable wastes. This inoculum consisted of active sludge adapted to wastes mixed with excretea of insects which consume plant wastes. Using this inoculum the biodegradation process takes less time than that using active sludge. Regulation of methane concentration from traces to 90% may be achieved by adding methane reactor to the plant digester.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2005

Management of incinerator residues in Flanders (Belgium) and in neighbouring countries. A comparison.

This paper covers the Flemish legislative tools concerning the management of bottom ash, fly ash and APC residue from municipal waste incinerators, with respect to their contamination with heavy metals. The situation in Flanders is compared to the one in the Walloon region, The Netherlands, Germany and France. Waste management in the countries considered differs on the level of available management options, of leaching tests and of limit values. To make an indicative comparison of leaching tests and limit values in the different countries, leaching tests were carried out on bottom ash and fly ash, and the results are compared to the relevant limit values for recycling and landfilling of the different countries. The comparison of legislations as well as the leaching results show that discrepancies in waste management between the different regions and countries exist. Recently, European limit values for landfilling became available. European legislation on recycling, however, has not been developed and urgently needs to be considered and drafted as the market for recycling can be expanding rapidly.

Belgium↗
PubMed2004

Utilizing waste products from the food production and processing industries.

Waste in the food industry is characterized by a high ratio of product-specific waste. Not only does this mean that the generation of this waste is unavoidable, but also that the amount and kind of waste produced, which consists primarily of the organic residue of processed raw materials, can scarcely be altered if the quality of the finished product is to remain consistent. The utilization and disposal of product-specific waste is difficult, due to its inadequate biological stability, potentially pathogenic nature, high water content, potential for rapid autoxidation, and high level of enzymatic activity. The diverse types of waste generated by various branches of the food industry can be quantified based on each branches' respective level of production. Moreover; the origins of each type of waste and a tabulated overview of the traditional agricultural methods for reusing the waste are discussed. Additionally, alternative methods of waste management have emerged, which target the most important contents of the waste. In conclusion, new possibilities for the utilization of food industry waste are described.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1994

Urban planning and vector control in Southeast Asian cities.

A large and growing proportion of the population in many Southeast Asian cities live in slums and squatter settlements and they suffer from excessive exposure to insect and rodent vectors which transmit disease from one host to another. In such settlements, the quality of life, which is poor anyway, is made even worse by the high incidence of vector-borne diseases. Vector proliferation in high-density, low-income urban settlements is the consequence of a number of factors, such as lack of adequate housing, water supply, sanitation, drainage, and solid waste management facilities. There is an urgent need to rethink intersectoral and integrated approaches to the design and planning of healthy urban environments, covering such matters as basic infrastructure and services, urban land use planning and waste management, health-promoting housing and architecture, and the control of all other factors that determine human health and well-being. With cooperation between and among the communities, local governments, and nongovernmental organizations as the basis, the installation of low-cost sanitation and drainage systems, the organization of collection services for the disposal of garbage, the provision of house screening and other protective measures, and the removal of breeding sites can greatly reduce the threat of most urban vectors.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Maintaining infection control during restorative procedures.

This report has listed criteria, example products, and pertinent information to aid clinicians in performing infection control procedures using products and techniques with verified efficacy. The goal is to provide optimal protection of clinicians and patients from cross-contamination in the dental environment. Subjects reviewed were face masks, eye protection, gloves, hand antiseptics, uniforms, vaccines, instrument cleaning, sterilization, environmental surface management, and contaminated waste management. The criteria proposed and the products listed were not intended to be all-inclusive or absolute. The omission of a product from this article or from the examples of products that did meet the criteria listed is not intended to disparage the product. No endorsement or approval of any product is made or intended by the author, editors, or publisher. The intent is to provide some direction at this time. Many new products and concepts now in development will bring changes in the future. The products referenced have been evaluated by independent researchers and clinicians in laboratory and clinical-use tests, and data are available upon request to support all recommendations.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2005

Nasreya: a treatment and disposal facility for industrial hazardous waste in Alexandria, Egypt: phase I.

A facility for the treatment and disposal of industrial hazardous waste has been established in Alexandria, Egypt. Phase I of the facility encompassing a secure landfill and solar evaporation ponds is ready to receive waste, and Phase II encompassing physico-chemical treatment, solidification, and interim storage is underway. The facility, the Nasreya Centre, is the first of its kind in Egypt, and represents the nucleus for the integration, improvement and further expansion of different hazardous waste management practices and services in Alexandria. It has been developed within the overall legal framework of the Egyptian Law for the Environment, and is expected to improve prospects for enforcement of the regulatory requirements specified in this law. It has been developed with the overall aim of promoting the establishment of an integrated industrial hazardous waste management system in Alexandria, serving as a demonstration to be replicated elsewhere in Egypt. For Phase I, the Centre only accepts inorganic industrial wastes. In this respect, a waste acceptance policy has been developed, which is expected to be reviewed during Phase II, with an expansion of the waste types accepted.

Egypt↗
PubMed2000

Non-destructive assay methods for the free release of dismantling wastes

The determination of isotope specific activities, and above all, the identification of radioisotopes is an important issue in the waste management of nuclear wastes whatever their origin. Systems based on the detection of the gamma rays emitted by the radionuclides allow the non-destructive assay (NDA) of relatively large volumes of waste. Different NDA systems are commercially available for this purpose. NDA of waste items is subject to the influence of many different physico-chemical characteristics of the sample, most of which are generally not known. In many cases, however, NDA is the only approach that allows measuring these large samples. The unconditional free release of wastes originating from nuclear activities for a great deal relies on NDA systems and procedures for decision-making on free release. The assay of waste of very low activity and even the decision if a radionuclide has been detected or not, is very often difficult. The poor measurement precision, caused by the bad counting statistics, combined with a generally unknown bias of the measurement complicate the interpretation of the results, and accurate measurements are seldom obtained in these cases. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of the efforts made at SCK-CEN to come to a consistent system that allows performing free release measurements, involving a high throughput of large amount of materials, as expected from a dismantling project.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

New low temperature synthetic route to an ammonium zinc arsenate zeolite analogue with an ABW-type structure.

The synthesis and stability of zeolite analogues are of potential interest to the waste management community as waste metals may be used in the framework of these materials. A new synthetic route to an ABW-type ammonium zinc arsenate is proposed. The stability of this material is then examined in an aqueous environment by quantitative X-ray diffraction and leach testing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Waste streams in a crewed space habitat.

A compilation of generation rates and chemical compositions of potential waste streams in a typical crewed space habitat was made in connection with the waste-management aspect of NASA's Physical/Chemical Closed-Loop Life Support Program. Waste composition definitions are needed for the design of waste-processing technologies involved in closing major life support functions in future, long-duration, human space missions. Data for the constituents and chemical formulae of the following waste streams are presented and/or discussed: human urine, feces, hygiene (laundry and shower) water, cleansing agents, trash, humidity condensate, dried sweat, and trace contaminants. Data on dust generation are also presented and discussed.

Dust↗
PubMed1981

Container and waste pile standards for owners and operators of hazardous waste facilities: consolidated permit regulations--Environmental Protection Agency. Amendments to interim final rule.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is today promulgating amendments to the hazardous waste management regulations regarding the management of hazardous waste in containers and piles and associated permit regulations (40 CFR Part 264, Subparts I and L, and Part 122, Subpart B). These amendments better tailor the standards to the particular type of hazard posed by specific situations. The standards for containers are amended to waive the containment system requirements for wastes that do not contain free liquids, provided that the wastes are protected from contact with accumulated liquid. The standards for waste piles are amended to waive the containment system requirements for wastes that do not contain free liquids, provided that the pile is protected from precipitation by a structure and from surface water run-on and wind dispersal of the waste by the structure or some other means. The Agency believes these amendments believes these amendments will not reduce the level of protection of human health and the environment.

Refuse Disposal↗
PubMed2005

Utilization and management of organic wastes in Chinese agriculture: past, present and perspectives.

Recycling and composting of organic materials such as animal waste, crop residues and green manures has a long tradition in China. In the past, the application of organic manures guaranteed a high return of organic materials and plant mineral nutrients and thus maintained soil fertility and crop yield. As a result of rapid economic development coupled with the increasing urbanization and labour costs, the recycling rate of organic materials in Chinese agriculture has dramatically declined during the last two decades, in particular in the more developed eastern and southeastern provinces of China. Improper handling and storage of the organic wastes is causing severe air and water pollution. Because farmers are using increasing amounts of mineral fertilizer, only 47% of the cropland is still receiving organic manure, which accounted for 18% of N, 28% of P and 75% of K in the total nutrient input in 2000. Nowadays, the average proportion of nutrients (N+P+K) supplemented by organic manure in Chinese cropland is only 35% of the total amount of nutrients from both inorganic and organic sources. In China, one of the major causes is the increasing de-coupling of animal and plant production. This is occurring at a time when "re-coupling" is partly being considered in Western countries as a means to improve soil fertility and reduce pollution from animal husbandry. Re-coupling of modern animal and plant production is urgently needed in China. A comprehensive plan to develop intensive animal husbandry while taking into account the environmental impact of liquid and gaseous emissions and the nutrient requirements of the crops as well as the organic carbon requirements of the soil are absolutely necessary. As a consequence of a stronger consideration of ecological aspects in agriculture, a range of environmental standards has been issued and various legal initiatives are being taken in China. Their enforcement should be strictly monitored.

Agriculture↗