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PubMed1992

Neurodevelopmental study of writing disorders in middle childhood.

This study investigated patterns of neurodevelopmental dysfunction in children with writing disorders (WD). Records of children, ages 9 to 15 years, referred to a school problems clinic were examined. Using teacher questionnaire information, including ratings of writing legibility, mechanics, rate, linguistic sophistication, and spelling, 99 cases of WD were found. Sixty-three children without WD served as clinic controls. A cluster analysis revealed four discrete subtypes of WD and two non-WD control clusters. The four WD clusters were found to have different patterns of writing and reading characteristics. Neurodevelopmental tests discriminated among the clusters (F = 2.8, p less than .0001), and an examination of neurodevelopmental performance characteristics among the clusters showed different patterns of strengths and weaknesses. An empirically derived subtyping of WD is proposed: WD with fine motor and linguistic deficits, WD with visual-spatial deficits, WD with attention and memory deficits, and WD with sequencing deficits. This subtyping, if confirmed in a population study, may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Achievement↗

PubMed1996

Optimizing scholarly communication: 30 tips for writing clearly.

OBJECTIVE: To share with potential authors tips for communicating their ideas more clearly in a scholarly manuscript. DESCRIPTION: Communicating scientific, technical, or medical information so that readers can understand its meaning requires logical organization and proper use of language. These 30 tips review basic English grammar and suggest ways authors can clearly and concisely present their material. We admonish authors to avoid common errors such as writing in the passive voice, overusing abbreviations, and emphasizing unimportant facts. CONCLUSION: Attention to matters of writing style enhances clear communication, which must be the prime objective of scientific writing.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

[Determination of the sequencing of sealing and writing with Fourier IR microscopic chemical image system].

Using Fourier-transform IR microscopic chemical image system, combined with surface scan and reflection mode, non-invasive fast identification of the sequencing of writing and sealing was carried out. Results indicate that sealing prior to writing leads to evident characteristic peaks of the ink in the IR spectra, while writing prior to sealing results in clear characteristic peaks of the stamp-pad ink in the IR spectra. The method features speediness, exactness, impersonality, and non-invasion to the sample.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2005

[Writing about oneself and others: men and women in letters to doctor Samuel Hahnemann 1831-1835].

Men and women, who wrote as patients to the founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, discussed much more in their letters than only questions of health and illness: A consideration of one's health leaves at the same time an impression of contemporary social structures and discourses. These impressions can be found in self-descriptions as well as in the presentations of others, as the example of a priest writing about his wife demonstrates. However, one has to differentiate between these two ways of writing, since in the end every kind of writing, even in the case of a request for medical advice, says more about the author himself than the subject described. The analysis of two selected discourses leads to the following conclusions: The individual position within the dominant contemporary gender-order was to a lesser extent determined by subversion or acceptance but rather by various entanglements. In addition to that, looking at the concept of homeopathy one can discover, how self-descriptions and the relation to the own body change in the letters over time. The letters are the forum for processes of self-constitutions-- in the sense of a gendered self.

Correspondence as Topic↗

PubMed1991

Investigation of death through body writing: a case study.

Various surfaces or substrates are often encountered in the examination of questioned writing; however, no writing is more interesting than that found on the human body nor more challenging when the writing in question is linked to a death investigation. The body of an 18-year-old male was brought to the State Crime Laboratory, Little Rock, Arkansas, with a gunshot wound to the head and several messages written on his arms and chest. This paper will discuss the examination of evidence used to determine the manner of death through a cooperative effort between the Medical Examiner's Section and the Questioned Document Section of the Crime Laboratory.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Reading and writing deficit in cases of localized infarction of the left anterior thalamus].

We have observed two cases with marked reading and writing deficits, in which speech and oral comprehension were generally intact. Detailed symptomatological study was performed on these cases, and the lesions were examined organically (X-ray computed tomography [X-ray CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and functionally (positron emission tomography [PET]. In addition to the marked reading and writing deficits, mild naming and memory disorders were found. X-ray CT and MRI revealed that the lesions were limited to the regions fed by the polar and paramedian arteries in the left thalamus. In one case, PET demonstrated a functional disturbance of the left parietal and temporal lobes in addition to the left thalamus. Most previous cases have shown lesions in the anterior portion of the thalamus. It is possible that the reading and writing deficits in these cases may be due to the thalamic lesion itself, but the PET findings strongly suggest that a secondary cortical lesion may be involved in producing the higher cognitive disorders.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Mirror writing in a child].

The authors analysed the causes of mirror writing and its evolution in a girl aged 7-9 years. Among the possible causes they consider changing lateralization of extremities, absence of evident predominance of a hemisphere, acquiring of this writing by exercise through imitation with the left hand of the writing movements performed by the right hand, and the possibility of microtrauma of the central nervous system. It is stressed that the mental development was normal and there were on features of developmental dyslexia.

Child↗

PubMed1979

[Reading and writing disorders in elementary school students with varying achievment].

UNLABELLED: In a group of 391 first and second year pupils, of whom 191 with low and 200 with excellent marks at school the author promoted studies, aimed at establishing reading and writing disorders of the so called dyslexia and dysgraphia type. RESULTS: Serious reading and writing disorders were detected in 14.8 per cent of all pupils in this study, disregarding their marks at school. These disorders were encountered however in 29.3 per cent of the children with low marks and in only 1 per cent of those with excellent marks. The incidence of some morbid states and functional disorders, including disorders of lateralization, was significantly higher in pupils with low marks at school. It is concluded that dyslexia and dysgraphia-type of reading and writing disorders in primary school children are factors exerting unfavourable effect on the marks at school and are likely to be etiologically related to some disturbances of health and disorders of lateralization. This prompts their early detection, with a diligent study of the causative factors and early promotion of adequate therapy and corrective measures.

Achievement↗

PubMed1983

Frontal hemispheric differences in the Bereitschaftspotential associated with writing and drawing.

Twenty right-handed subjects participated in a study investigating the cerebral potentials related to three complex actions: (1) writing one's own signature, (2) drawing a pentagram, and (3) fast meaningless scribbling. The Bereitschaftspotential (BP, readiness potential) started as early as 3 s prior to writing, 2.5 s prior to drawing, but only 1.5 s prior to scribbling. In all three tasks, the BP had its earliest onset over the supplementary motor area (SMA). BP topography was shifted towards the frontal lobes when compared to encephalographic activity reflecting simple finger movements, and was very weak in retro-rolandic leads. The side of the performing hand, as assessed from scribbling, was reflected in a contralateral preponderance of the precentral BP. The maximum BP (about 6 microV) was, in all three tasks, located in FCz (mid fronto-central) overlying the SMA. This location is different from that for simple finger movements, when the maximum is at the vertex. Hemispheric differences were found over the frontal cortex and were characteristic for the verbal and spatial tasks involved: for writing, the BP was significantly larger left frontally than right (even after considering the effect of the performing hand from scribbling), and the difference was largest prior to the onset of movement; for drawing, the BP was larger over the right than over the left frontal lobe, and the difference was largest during the movement.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1982

Deaf children's speaking, writing, and comprehension of sentences.

Sentence tests of speaking, writing, and comprehension were given to 10M and 10F prelingually deaf Ss (mm HTLs: 91 db, mn age: 12.9 yrs). The hypothesis was confirmed that the older deaf population of school children still has difficulty in writing syntactically correct sentences that they can say. This phenomenon was related to the severity of hearing loss. Performance was similar to that of 14 normal-hearing Ss aged 6.1-8.7 yrs. An explanation of the phenomenon in terms of linguistic awareness and Bochner's (1978) linear-sequential hypothesis was advanced. The implications of the phenomenon were discussed for integrating the teaching of speaking, reading, and writing in the classroom.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Reading, writing and drawing disorder due to right brain damage.

The author studies the written language in a series of right-handed patients with a right side cerebral lesion. Reduplications and omission of strokes and of letters are noted on writing. The cause of these disorders is attributed by the author to an impairment of visual and kinesthetic control of the act of writing, and not to a truly aphasic alteration. This impairment is part of a more general deficit, namely a distorted interpretation of spatial data. The author proposes to call this writing disorder afferent dysgraphia.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Letter writing to parents following paediatric outpatient consultation: a survey of parent and GP views.

This study examined the practice of writing to parents following paediatric outpatients consultation (general practitioners (GPs) receive a copy of the letter to parents). One hundred and three questionnaires were sent to both parents and GPs in order to elicit their views. Fifty-one parents responded (RR 50.5%) and 56 GPs (RR 54.4%). All parents were in favour of the idea of specialists writing directly to parents/patients and none of the parents were in favour of the letter being sent to the GP alone. The majority of GPs considered that the letter(s) would improve parental satisfaction (85.7%) and improve compliance with medical advice (83.3%); 83.6% of GPs stated that the copy of the letter to parents was at least as helpful, if not more so, than the usual type of clinic letters they receive. Despite this, GPs expressed mixed feelings about the idea of all specialists writing direct to patients/parents, with 46.3% in favour of the idea and 40.7% against.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1996

New simple ink writing pen system for kymograph recording.

Extraordinarily simple, inexpensive and easily available kymograph ink writing pen system for physiological and pharmacological recordings has been described. The writing part of the pen, consisting of a small porous fibrous writing rod to which a small spongy absorbing cylinder (as an ink container) is added, is attached to one end of a very light plastic strip of which opposite end is connected to a common mechanical lever. The function of the pen was investigated by recording spontaneous frog heart contractions in situ. The pen worked quite well and the recordings were reproducible. The pen can be interesting for researchers working in those physiology and pharmacology laboratories where more sophisticated recorders are not available, and is especially convenient for mass use in students' physiology and pharmacology labs, as alternative for smoked-drum kymograph method.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Journal writing as a complementary therapy for reactive depression: a rehabilitation teaching program.

Brief, recurrent, reactive, or situational depression is a common and costly comorbidity that affects chronically ill patients and their family members. This article describes a program that teaches those individuals how to monitor and cope with symptoms of depression by writing daily in a journal. Twenty patients and family members attended teaching sessions at which videotaped scenes of other patients managing symptoms of depression were shown. After viewing the six scenes, participants wrote about their reactions to each scene and listed the emotions they had experienced that were similar to those shown in the tape. They were then asked to record daily for 4 months their emotions and reactions to situations and to also daily self-rate their levels of energy. They were also provided with a list of recommended activities in which to engage when they were depressed. Two psychiatric nurses evaluated the writings and concluded that the program was influential in helping patients and families overcome many emotionally draining reactions to adverse circumstances.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed2006

Ethical considerations in writing psychological assessment reports.

In this article, the author addresses the ethical questions and decision evaluators associated with the writing of psychological assessment reports. Issues related to confidentiality, clinical judgment, harm, labeling, release of test data, and computer usage are addressed. Specific suggestions on how to deal with ethical concerns when writing reports are discussed, as well as areas in need of further research.

Beneficence↗

PubMed2006

Forensic report writing.

As the area of specialization of forensic psychology broadens its horizons, it will become increasingly more difficult for clinical psychologists to avoid participating in the forensic arena. As a result, clinical psychologists may be asked to write reports about therapeutic intervention or evaluations in divorce, personal injury, competency, abuse, or criminal proceedings. In this article, the author addresses the issues that the clinical psychologist needs to understand in writing reports that may be utilized in forensic settings. How these reports are affected by the American Psychological Association Ethics Code (APA; 2002), the audience receiving the report, the subject matter of the report, and dissemination of the information are all discussed in this article.

Forensic Psychiatry↗

PubMed2004

Writing and publishing case reports: the road to success.

Case reports, by virtue of their simplicity, are ideal for the novice writer. The temptation is to write up anything that is remotely interesting in the hope that you get your name in print. One soon discovers that this is a self-defeating exercise when rejections of a mediocre manuscript come a plenty. Choosing an appropriate case is the difficult first step and getting started remains a challenge for the uninitiated. This article outlines our systematic approach for busy junior doctors to write high-quality and meaningful case reports with relative ease.

Humans↗

PubMed1993

Integrating research and grant writing in an undergraduate dietetics program.

The Council on Research of The American Dietetic Association considers research by dietitians a necessity. A number of authors conclude that the link between research and practice needs to begin with the educational experience. We report on a model for integrating research and grant proposal writing in the undergraduate dietetics curriculum that has been used successfully for 6 years in a coordinated program. Students carry out research projects so that they learn teamwork, read research articles more critically, become more skilled with statistical analysis, and learn how to seek funding for their work. This model could easily be adopted by educational programs. Having such research and writing experience as students may stimulate continued research in the practice setting.

Curriculum↗