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PubMed1990

An external construct validity study of Rorschach personality variables.

This study examined (a) hypothesized relationships between Rorschach variables and self-report test measures relating to nominally similar aspects of personality functioning and (b) interrelationships among Rorschach variables. Sixty-two undergraduates were administered the Rorschach, Barron Ego Strength Scale, Kaplan Self-Derogation Scale, Eagly Self-Esteem Scale, Multiple Affective Adjective Checklist (MAACL), Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and the Rotter Locus of Control Scale. Only a few of the predictions received confirmation: inanimate movement (m) correlated, as expected, with MAACL anxiety and hostility, the egocentricity index (3r + 2)/R (R = total responses) correlated significantly with self-esteem, and human movement with minus form level (M-) correlated (inversely) with ego strength. Among the unpredicted findings were some that appear inconsistent with standard Rorschach interpretation. Rorschach variables human movement (M), and experience actual (EA), generally interpreted as reflecting coping resources, related significantly with self-report measures of poor coping and of dysphoric affect. In general, the Rorschach appears better at identifying weaknesses in the ego rather than strengths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Construct validity of the functional independence measure (FIM): questioning the unidimensionality of the scale and the "value" of FIM scores.

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is one of the most widely used disability and dependence assessment instruments in rehabilitation medicine. As for other similar scales, the expression of results as a unique score raises an important question. Is it legitimate to consider the object being measured (functional independence) as a unidimensional entity? The answer is of major practical importance in justifying the use of the FIM. Having made a critical analysis of the previous validation procedures, the authors then submitted admission FIM items of 127 consecutive patients admitted in a French rehabilitation unit to different multidimensional statistical methods in order to analyse the structure of the FIM. Their findings demonstrate the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon assessed by the scale. This observation raises the question of the relevant use of the FIM total score, currently too widely applied without sufficient precaution, and suggests that preferably subscores should be used.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Construct validity of the marital communication inventory.

The Marital Communication Inventory (MCI) is an extremely popular self-report measure of marital communication that has been used in over 65 dissertations and empirical articles since 1970, including several recent clinical reports that used the MCI as a principal outcome measure. However, contrary to its treatment in the clinical literature as a unidimensional, valid measure of treatment outcome, the MCI appears to be a multidimensional instrument, whose primary dimension may not be a specific style or method of communication. Using a canonical correlation analysis of data from over 200 midwestern wives, we compared MCI subscales with subscales from an abbreviated version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (RI). Results supported the hypothesis that the primary dimension of the MCI is more closely associated with positive regard than with the more specific communication dimensions of either empathy or congruence as measured by the RI. Future clinical research in the improvement of marital communication should use the MCI in a much more careful way in order to provide the most valid outcome data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Construct validity in the Trail Making Test: what makes Part B harder?

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is primarily a test of motor speed and visual attention. In Trail Making, Part A, the subject's task is to quickly draw lines on a page connecting 25 consecutive numbers. In Part B, the subject must draw the lines alternating between numbers and letters. To determine what makes Part B harder than Part A, variations of the standard Trail Making Test were assessed. Forty college students (20 male, 20 female) were given four forms of the Trail Making Test. The results show that Trail Making, Part B with just numbers took longer to complete than the standard Part A with numbers. Part B is 56 cm longer and has more visually interfering stimuli than Part A. These results indicate that Part B is more difficult than Part A not only because it is a more difficult cognitive task, but also because of its increased demands in motor speed and visual search.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Construct validity of various verbal and visual memory tests.

Factor analysis was conducted on attention, information processing, verbal and visual memory scores of 112 patients. Factor structure did not vary as a function of age. The Expanded Paired Associates Test, Verbal Selective Reminding Test, Continuous Recognition Memory Test, and Continuous Visual Memory Test defined a general memory factor. The PASAT, WMS Mental Control, and WAIS-R Digit Span defined an attention/information processing factor. Immediate Visual Reproduction (VR) loaded primarily on visual/nonverbal intelligence, whereas delayed VR loaded primarily with the memory factor. The Trail Making Test, Part B was more closely associated with visual/nonverbal intelligence than with attention/information processing. Serial Digit Learning was more closely associated with attention/information processing than with general memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Accessibility and usability in housing: construct validity and implications for research and practice.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to validate the conceptual definitions of accessibility and usability, and to explore differences between objective accessibility assessments and subjective ratings of usability in different client groups. METHOD: The Housing Enabler and the Usability in My Home instruments were used for 131 persons above 18 years of age, living in ordinary housing and receiving a housing adaptation grant. Covariation between accessibility in four different housing sections and three different usability aspects were explored, for the total sample and for six sub-samples reflecting person-environment-activity transactions or demographic factors. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found in the total sample, among clients aged 75-84, women, clients living alone, as well as among clients with high dependence in personal and instrumental ADL and in outdoor activities. Subjective usability evaluations of activity aspects and physical environmental aspects were correlated to accessibility indoors and outdoors, while personal and social aspects of usability were correlated to outdoor accessibility. CONCLUSIONS: Accessibility and usability are concluded to be different but related concepts. The results indicate that e.g. age, civil status and ADL dependence affect how clients assess aspects of their housing situation. For efficient planning and evaluation of housing adaptations, assessment of housing accessibility, usability, and dependence in ADL is recommended.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Construct validity and dimensional structure of the ASIA motor scale.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The use of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score as an outcome measure requires metrological study. This paper tests the hypothesis that a more accurate representation of motor function is obtained using separate upper and lower extremity scales rather than combining all 20 key muscle ratings into a single ASIA motor score. METHODS: We analyzed archived data from 6116 ASIA motor scale records extracted from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center Database. RESULTS: The hypothesis that separate scales more accurately represent motor function than a single motor scale was supported (chi2(difference) = 2596; df=1; P < 0.0001). Two scales account for 87% of the variance, whereas a single scale accounts for only 82%. Lower extremity function is well represented in both solutions; however, upper extremity function is accurately represented only with the use of 2 separate scales. CONCLUSIONS: The use of components of the ASIA standards for other than classification of spinal cord injury needs study. Several lines of study converge to provide strong support for the existence of 2 distinctive dimensions underlying the ASIA motor scale. The use of a single motor score in spinal cord injury research should be questioned and justified to the extent possible. The use of upper and lower extremity scales will lead to a reduction in measurement error when the motor score is used as an outcome measure. The confirmation of 2 separate dimensions underlying the ASIA motor score will enable more accurate representation of motor function in spinal cord injury research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The reliability and construct validity of the RAQoL: a rheumatoid arthritis-specific quality of life instrument.

The present study was designed to test the psychometric properties of the RAQoL, a rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-specific quality of life (QoL) instrument. All stages of the development were conducted simultaneously in The Netherlands and the UK. The content of the draft measure was derived from qualitative interviews with RA patients in both countries. The final version of the RAQoL has 30 items with a 'yes'/'no' response format and takes approximately 6 min to complete. Both language versions have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability (> 0.9), and good sensitivity to discriminate between groups with various disease activity and severity. Given the excellent psychometric properties of the new instrument, it will prove to be a valuable tool for assessing quality of life in clinical trials and for monitoring patients in routine clinical practice.

Adult↗