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PubMed1999

The relationship among John Henryism, hostility, perceived stress, social support, and blood pressure in African-American college students.

African Americans' rates of hypertension-related morbidity and mortality are several times that of white Americans. A number of behavioral and psychological variables may influence these differences. John Henryism, characterized by active coping to overcome obstacles, is one such variable. Prior research indicates that among highly educated individuals, high levels of John Henryism may be associated with decreased hypertension risk. The purpose of this study was to identify a cohort of well-educated African Americans to establish a baseline examination of the relationships between John Henryism, hostility, perceived stress, social support and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively). Participants completed measures of study variables and resting blood pressures were taken. Results indicated that high family and friendship support were related to reports of lowered levels of stress (P<.001). Family support was associated with decreased risk for elevated DBP (P<.05). A positive association between hostility and DBP was found (P<.01). Perceived stress was negatively associated with SBP (P<.05), but did not have an independent effect on DBP. Similarly, no interactive effects of John Henryism and perceived stress were found on blood pressure. Examination of this cohort over time will reveal the impact of John Henryism and other variables on blood pressure elevations and hypertension.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

The efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of depressive symptoms, hostility, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia.

Depressive symptoms and syndromal depression commonly occur in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is also associated with aggression directed at self and others. For this article, the available literature regarding the efficacy of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and ziprasidone in the treatment of depression, hostility, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia was reviewed. These studies suggest that atypical antipsychotics may exert therapeutic effects on depression and hostility as well as psychosis and that clozapine and olanzapine may reduce suicidality in patients with schizophrenia. These therapeutic actions appear to represent additional advantages of atypical antipsychotics compared with standard agents.

Aggression↗

PubMed1986

Assertiveness deficits and hostility in domestically violent men.

Two types of assertiveness, the ability to refuse a demand or request and the ability to initiate a request or affirmatively express a need, were examined in a clinical sample of domestically violent men (N = 78) in contrast to a nonviolent comparison group (N = 29). No significant difference was found between the groups on refusal behavior. However, a significant difference was found on initiating/request behavior, the violent men evidencing lower scores than their nonviolent counterparts. Significant differences in anger and hostility were also apparent between groups. There was a significant and positive correlation between refusal behavior and overt anger/hostility. A significant and negative correlation was observed between initiating/request behavior and covert anger/hostility. The results support the presence of social skill deficits, which appear to be significantly related to anger and hostility in domestically violent men. The findings also suggest that domestically violent men have a more specific profile of assertiveness deficits than has been previously discussed in the literature.

Anger↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Anxiety, depression, and hostility in mothers of preterm infants.

Anxiety, depression, and hostility in 47 mothers of high-risk preterm infants were tested at the time of infant discharge and when the infant was 9 months old. Mothers of these high-risk preterms were significantly more anxious and depressed before their infant was discharged than when the infant was 9 months old. Before infant discharge, multiparas were significantly more depressed than primiparas. Additionally, mothers whose infants remained in the hospital longer than the mean of 51 days were significantly less depressed at infant discharge than were mothers whose infants had shorter hospital stays. Maternal anxiety, depression, and hostility did not differ based on marital status, maternal education, socioeconomic status, or maternal age at the time of infant discharge or when the infant was 9 months old.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Revalidation of the Saul and Sheppard "Dream Hostility Counts" in a time series of 24 dreams, of which 7 ended in a migraine at awakening].

Our Series of 24 dreams can be used for validating hostility scales. Nocturnal migraine represents an ideal archimedian point (C. G. Jung) from which psychology can reach certainties comparable to those of physics. By Pearsons Phi coefficient psychological findings can be solidly moored to the "non-psychical", the somatic sphere. Revalidation of the Dream-Hostility-Count lead us to a higher degree of significance (p < 0.005 instead of p < 0.01) than that reached by Saul and Sheppard who used hypertensives for a critical group.

Aggression↗

PubMed1977

The effect of descriptive anger expression, insult, and no feedback on interpersonal aggression, hostility, and empathy motivation.

In a test of the hypothesis that descriptive anger expression elicits less subsequent aggression and greater empathy than does aggressive insult, 60 male undergraduates were instructed to set varying levels of shock for an opponent during a series of competitive trials before and after hearing one of four types of taped comment. Results indicated that descriptive anger expression led to a significant decrease in aggression, while no feedback (opponent said nothing) led to an increase in aggression. Insult and no anger feedback resulted in little change in aggressive behavior. In contrast, descriptive anger expression, insult, and no anger feedback produced more residual hostility than did no feedback. Descriptive anger expression Ss appeared to be more motivated by empathy in setting shocks, as compared to the other three groups. Empathy was found to be generally associated with lower shock settings initially and with reductions in shock settings following the opponent's comments. Empathy, however, was not related to Ss' hostility ratings. The results tend to support the clinical utility of descriptive anger expression in improving interpersonal relations.

Aggression↗

PubMed1997

Skin tone, hostility, and blood pressure in young normotensive African Americans.

Several studies have found a positive relationship between darkness of skin tone and blood pressure in African Americans. This has raised speculation about the relative contributions of genetic and/or psychosocial factors in the mediation of this relationship. Using a laboratory stress protocol, we performed cardiovascular reactivity testing with 42 male and 40 female African-American college students after pre-testing them on measures of hostility using four psychometric scales derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Skin tone measures were obtained with a reflectance spectrophotometer. In the combined sample of males and females, we found a weak but statistically significant positive relationship between darker skin tone and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03). However, males were significantly darker than females (p = .005) suggesting that the skin tone and blood pressure relationship is an artifact of gender. No differences in patterns of cardiovascular habituation or levels of hostility were found between dark and light subjects. Discussion of these results focuses on the weak statistical relationship found in this and other studies and the specificity of previous findings based on educational and socioeconomic factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of eating disorders and other dietary/weight groups on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem, and self-directed hostility.

Anorexic and bulimic patients were compared to obese dieters, nonobese dieters, and normal controls on measures of perceived control, assertiveness, self-esteem, self-directed hostility, and psychiatric caseness. The anorexic and bulimic groups both scored significantly differently in the expected direction from the other three groups on all measures. There were no significant differences between the anorexic and bulimic groups and in turn, no significant differences among the obese, nonobese dieters, and normal controls. Results are in keeping with the notion that perceived control, low assertiveness, low self-esteem, and self-directed hostility are characteristics of eating disorder patients that differentiate them from individuals who display dietary/weight features, as well as from normal controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Treatment of idiopathic infertility, cervical mucus hostility, and male infertility: artificial insemination with husband's semen or in vitro fertilization?

Couples with male infertility (n = 86), idiopathic infertility (n = 68), and cervical mucus hostility (n = 48) of a long duration were treated either by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or artificial insemination with husband's semen (AIH). The incidence of pregnancy per cycle in couples in whom the male partner was infertile was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher after IVF, compared with AIH (21% versus 5%, respectively). The differences were most apparent in couples with asthenospermia (47% versus 0%, respectively); no significant difference was found when the infertility was caused by oligospermia only (11% versus 9%, respectively). More patients with idiopathic infertility became pregnant after one cycle with IVF, compared with AIH (20% versus 8%, respectively); but, because of intragroup disparity in size, this difference was not significant. A highly significant difference (P less than 0.01) was found after one attempt with IVF, compared with AIH, in patients with cervical mucus hostility (38% versus 3%, respectively).

Cervix Mucus↗

PubMed2000

Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures.

The authors argue that complementary hostile and benevolent components of sexism exist across cultures. Male dominance creates hostile sexism (HS), but men's dependence on women fosters benevolent sexism (BS)--subjectively positive attitudes that put women on a pedestal but reinforce their subordination. Research with 15,000 men and women in 19 nations showed that (a) HS and BS are coherent constructs that correlate positively across nations, but (b) HS predicts the ascription of negative and BS the ascription of positive traits to women, (c) relative to men, women are more likely to reject HS than BS, especially when overall levels of sexism in a culture are high, and (d) national averages on BS and HS predict gender inequality across nations. These results challenge prevailing notions of prejudice as an antipathy in that BS (an affectionate, patronizing ideology) reflects inequality and is a cross-culturally pervasive complement to HS.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Differential hostility profiles accompany different hemodynamic response patterns.

Cardiovascular reactivity has been proposed as a mechanism by which psychosocial variables may lead lo coronary heart disease. Although reactivity as a generalized response has been linked lo psychological factors, there are specific hemodynamic profiles that underlie blood pressure reactivity. This study characterized subsets of young adults as myocardial or vascular reactors, in response to three laboratory tasks: mental arithmetic, videogame, and anger recall interview. Vascular reactors had higher diastolic blood pressure increases to all tasks, whereas reactor groups were equivalent at rest and on systolic blood pressure responses. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine whether psychological dimensions are uniquely associated with myocardial or vascular reactors' cardiovascular responses, at rest and during acute stressors. For myocardial reactors, resting systolic blood pressure was higher in hostile and suspicious individuals, whereas reactivity was linked to impulsivity. For vascular reactors, low trust, low gregariousness, and high depression were associated with diastolic reactivity to tasks. The predictive validity of hostility, distrust, sociability, and depression for cardiovascular pathology may vary with reactor type.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Psychometric characteristics of the MMPI-2 Cook-Medley Hostility scale.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) Cook-Medley Hostility scale (Ho) has been studied a great deal because of its relation to coronary disease and mortality. However, little research has been conducted with the Ho scale on the revised MMPI (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the MMPI-2 Ho scale. Only nine of the original 50 Ho items were slightly changed in the revision. Ho scores were highly correlated with MMPI-2 scales CYN, K, TPA, and ASP, supporting the interpretation of Ho as a measure of cynicism. High correlations with other MMPI-2 scales also suggested that Ho is related to general psychopathology and negative affectivity. Male Ho scorers were rated by their spouses as hotheaded, bossy, demanding, and argumentative. For women, Ho scale scores were less strongly associated with ratings of overt hostility. Principal components analysis of Ho revealed four underlying dimensions: Cynicism, Hypersensitivity, Aggressive Responding, and Social Avoidance.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Head masters' perception of school-based hostility in Alicante, Spain: a qualitative study].

BACKGROUND: There is growing social concern about school violence but little is known about how this situation is experienced in the schools. The objective of this study was to know the perception that School's head masters have of the school-based hostility, on their causes, how they value current preventive strategies, and their recommendations to develop future preventive interventions. METHODS: We conducted an exploratory study with 14 semistructured interviews of School's head masters. Interviews were conducted at the Schools between May and June 2003 in 1 independent school, 9 state comprehensive schools, and 4 other comprehensive schools within the city of Alicante. RESULTS: The perception of the head masters is that the prevalence of violence is low, more verbal than physical and within gender. They identify lack of punctuality, absenteeism and lack of interest as forms of hostility. As causes they identified age, family problems, school environment, society, media (TV and video-games) and poor language skills. Preventive methods in use were, on one hand, extra-lessons and transversal contents foreseen in the Education Law and common to all schools, and, on the other hand, ideological and pedagogical contents which were specific of some centres. Recommendations focused in demands for increased economic support and skilled human resources. CONCLUSIONS: School-based violence is not perceived as an alarming school issue, nor by its magnitude neither by the immediate causes and students' characteristics to which it is associated. A heavier emphasis is placed on external and environmental causes perceived as much more difficult to confront.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Negative Feelings Exacerbate Hostile Attributions of Intent in Highly Aggressive Boys.

Tested the hypothesis that aggressive boys' tendency to attribute hostile intentions to peers is exacerbated in a negative emotional state. Twenty-nine highly aggressive boys in special education, 12 moderately aggressive boys in regular education, and 16 nonaggressive boys in regular education inferred peers' intentions in 8 vignettes concerning ambiguous provocation by peers. Mild negative emotions were induced by unjust loss of a manipulated computer game. Half the vignettes were completed in this negative emotional state. After completion of all vignettes, the game was played again and won to reinduce positive feelings. Self-ratings of feelings obtained throughout the study showed the manipulations consecutively induced negative and positive feelings. Negative feelings increased hostile attribution of intent in the highly aggressive group. Highly and moderately aggressive boys responded more aggressively than nonaggressive boys.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Laparoscopic debridement of recurrent pancreatic abscesses in the hostile abdomen.

Recurrent necrotizing pancreatitis in the frozen or hostile abdomen remains a challenge. Percutaneous drainage is useful in these cases but often fails if there is significant pancreatic necrosis. We describe a technique for laparoscopic drainage of necrotic pancreas. The preexisting percutaneous drainage tract was sequentially dilated and a working thoracoscope was placed via a Hasson cannula. A pulsatile irrigation system was used to open the cavity for visualization and to wash away obvious necrotic debris. Working sequentially using the irrigation jet flow for debridement and visualization, we opened the entire tract and debrided a majority of the necrotic tissue. A large drainage tube was placed to allow the egress of any residual infection. Three patients to date have been treated with the above technique with no intraoperative complications. All three patients did well initially postoperatively and had adequate drainage. One patient developed a delayed pancreatic pseudocyst. Laparoscopic debridement via percutaneous drainage tract is a useful technique in the hostile abdomen.

Abscess↗

PubMed1975

Hostility and depressive illness.

This study employs a method of classification based on "information measure" taxonomy to investigate an aspect of hostility in nonendogenously depressed, endogenously depressed and nondepressed patients. Results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the three groups as such, but that a patient's self-rating of anger is substantially related to his position on the endogenous-nonendogenous depression dimension. The greater the anger score, the more likely the patient is to present a depressive syndrome of a nonendogenous type. These observations provide support for previous findings in this area and prompt certain tentative theoretical speculations.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1982

The relationship between the Overcontrolled-Hostility Scale and the MMPI 4--3 high-point pair.

Investigated the relationship between the MMPI 4--3 high-point pair and the Overcontrolled-Hostility (O-H) scale in three different populations. Ss were assigned to the 4--3 condition based on the following two criteria: (1) Scales 3 (HY) and 4 (PD) greater than or equal to T-score of 65; (2) Scale 4 (PD) greater than Scale 3 (HY) greater than or equal to all other clinical scales. In the prison sample (N = 200), inmates who achieved the 4--3 high-point pair were found to earn significantly higher scores on the O-H scale relative to a group of age-matched controls. These results were cross-validated successfully in a sample of psychology clinic outpatients (N = 500), where patients were matched on both age and sex. A similar relationship was found between the presence of a 4-3 high-point pair and higher scores on the O-H scale in a state hospital (N = 102) sample, although the results did not reach statistical significance because of the restricted sample size.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Response to interpersonal request styles by dependent and overcontrolled hostility personalities.

Assessed self-reported compliance, anger, and sympathy among two groups of Ss: One identified as dependent (N = 26) and the other high on overcontrolled hostility (N = 25). It was hypothesized that both groups of Ss would report higher levels of compliance than control Ss (N = 23). The 74 Ss read accounts of four different request styles (assertive, aggressive, passive aggressive, and submissive) and reported degrees of compliance, anger, and sympathy. Dependent and overcontrolled Ss were not more complaint, possibly because of the artificiality of the design. However, females responded to the assertive request with more anger and less sympathy than did males, which raises questions about sex differences in the judged appropriateness of the assertive style.

Adult↗