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PubMed1987

[Potentiation of the hypotensive effect of labetalol in hypertensive patients treated to maintain sodium balance in the body].

Hypotensive activity of labetalol therapy alone or in combination with the diuretic agent oxodolin or with low-sodium diet (about 110 mmol/day) and potassium cooking salt substitute "Sanasol" (60% sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium gluconate, magnesium asparaginate, etc.) was studied in 67 patients with second- or third-stage essential hypertension and 14 patients with nephrogenic hypertension. Central hemodynamic changes were assessed by means of radiocardiography and tetrapolar rheography. Combined treatment had better hypotensive effect in moderate and severe hypertension (diastolic arterial BP above 110 mm Hg). The diuretic-labetalol combination made possible a 25-45% reduction in the adrenoblocker dose. The effect of combined hypotensive treatment was similar in patients with different central hemodynamic types. Low-sodium diet with potassium substitute was well tolerated by the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of some selected salts and non-ionic surfactants on the antimicrobial activity of nalidixic acid.

The effect of different concentrations of some selected salts, namely, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, monosodium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium chloride, dibasic sodium phosphate, sodium sulphate, aluminium chloride and sodium citrate on the antimicrobial activity of nalidixic acid was investigated. It was found that all the salts tested, except aluminium chloride and sodium citrate, exert no antimicrobial activity. The effect of 10% non-ionic surface active agents, namely, Myrj 51, 52, 59, Brij 35, 58, 98, Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80 on the antimicrobial activity of nalidixic acid was studied. The results indicated that the activity of nalidixic acid was decreased in the presence of these surfactants. Furthermore, the effect of different concentrations of sodium chloride on the antimicrobial activity of nalidixic acid-surfactants systems was reported.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1978

Some physiological studies on Penicillium expansum Link.

Penicillium expansum Link showed excellent/good growth on all carbohydrates except ribose, lactose, sorbose and sucrose, which induced fair or poor growth. It made excellent growth on mannitol and dulcitol while the rest of the carbon sources were either poorly utilized or not utilized. Sorbose neither inhibited nor promoted growth of the pathogen in the presence of good carbon sources. The pathogen showed fair/poor growth on cystine, phenylalanine, histidine, mono-HCl, histidine di-HCl, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, and urea, while the rest of the nitrogen sources induced excellent/good growth. However, there was no growth on potassium nitrite. Cystine inhibited the growth of the pathogen to some extent in the presence of good amino acids, i.e. serine proline, methionine, arginine mono-HCl, tyrosine and tryptophane, and not at all were inhibited in the presence of the remaining amino acids.

Alcohols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of different cultural conditions on cellulase production by Nectria catalinensis.

The production of the extracellular cellulolytic enzyme system (endoglucanase, exoglucanase and cellobiase) of N. catalinensis was tested with different nitrogen sources, inorganic and organic ones, in liquid culture medium with microcrystalline cellulose. The nitrogen compounds used were: potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, ammonium tartrate, urea, casamino acids, glycine, L-alanine, L-leucine, L-proline, L-lysine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-methionine and L-cysteine. Among these, ammonium nitrate and ammonium tartrate gave the highest yields of cellulases in 20-day-old cultures at a concentration equivalent to 0.75 g N/l in both cases. Optimal temperature for cellulase production, growth and cellulose degradation was 23 degrees C. On the other hand, an initial pH of 6.5 gave the highest yields of endoglucanase and cellobiase. In the same way, at pH 6.5, maximal growth and cellulose degradation were achieved. However, maximal exoglucanase production and glycogen content were reached at pH 7.5.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Mineralization of surfactants by the microbiota of submerged plant detritus.

In wetlands and canopied bodies of water, plant detritus is an important source of carbon and energy. Detrital materials possess a large surface area for sorption of dissolved organics and are colonized by a large and diverse microbiota. To examine the biodegradation of surfactants by these microorganisms, submerged oak leaves were obtained from a laundromat wastewater pond, its overflow, and a pristine control pond. Leaves were cut into disks and incubated in sterile water amended with 50 mug of C-labeled linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), linear alcohol ethoxylate, stearyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, distearyldimethyl ammonium chloride, benzoic acid, or mixed amino acids per liter. Sorption of the test compounds to the detritus and evolution of CO(2) were followed with time. All of the compounds sorbed to the detritus to various degrees, with LAS and stearyltrimethyl ammonium chloride the most sorptive and benzoic acid the least. All compounds were mineralized without a lag. With leaves from the laundromat wastewater pond, half-lives were 12.6 days for LAS, 8.4 days for linear alcohol ethoxylate, 14.2 days for stearyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, 1.0 days for benzoic acid, and 2.7 days for mixed amino acids. Mineralization of LAS and linear alcohol ethoxylate by control pond leaves was slower and exhibited an S-shaped rather than a typical first-order pattern. This study shows that detritus represents a significant site of surfactant removal in detritus-rich systems.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Tumor growth inhibition by ammonium chloride-induced acidosis.

Ammonium chloride-induced metabolic acidosis decreases the growth of various experimental tumors. Spleen exhibits the same effects. There is a sex factor which seems to affect the growth of both tumor and spleen. The observed tumor inhibition appears to be related to a systemic impairment of the anabolic mechanisms. The decrease in tumor calcium suggests that this element may play a role in the tissue growth. The possible implication of cell membrane changes and of a block in glycolysis in the acidosis effects are discussed.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1985

Direct measurement of pH in the rat lens by ion-sensitive microelectrodes.

The resting pH of the rat lens was determined using H+-sensitive liquid membrane microelectrodes and found to be 6.89 when measured in a perifusing solution of pH 7.20. The pH of the rat vitreous humour was also measured and was found to be 7.25. Attempts were made to perturb the lens pH by varying the pH of the perifusate. In the presence of alkaline solutions, the lens was able to maintain its resting pH and membrane potential but, upon perfusion with a more acidic solution, the lenticular pH equilibrated with the pH of the bathing solution and the potential depolarized. The internal pH could be manipulated independently of the external pH by perfusing the lens with Ringer solution containing 20 mM ammonium chloride. The ammonium chloride induced a rapid alkalinization and the return to control solution caused a fall in pH to below the normal resting level. The biphasic pH response to ammonium chloride was accompanied by changes in lens transparency and membrane potential.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1984

Concentration and pH dependent steady-state volume of distribution of methotrexate estimated by a simple physiologically based method.

The effects of plasma concentration and pH on the steady-state volume of distribution, Vss, of methotrexate (MTX) were studied in five conditioned male beagle-mongrel dogs. Steady-state plasma MTX concentrations of approximately 1, 20, and 100 micrograms/ml were targeted for by i.v. bolus doses followed by i.v. infusions. An isotonic solution of sodium bicarbonate or ammonium chloride was simultaneously infused for the purpose of inducing plasma pH change, while the infusion of an isotonic solution of sodium chloride served as a control. Plasma and urine concentrations of MTX were quantitated by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method, and the Vss of MTX was estimated by a recently reported physiologically based method of Chiou and Lam. Statistically significant (p less than 0.05) concentration and plasma pH dependent Vss of MTX were observed. Concentration dependence of Vss was noted in sodium chloride and ammonium chloride infused dogs, but not in bicarbonate treated dogs. There was an average 50.0 and 44.8% increase in Vss at 1 microgram/ml relative to the two higher concentrations (20 and 100 micrograms/ml) for dogs treated with ammonium and sodium chloride, respectively. However, Vss of MTX at the targeted concentrations of 20 and 100 micrograms/ml was relatively constant. Plasma pH dependence of Vss was observed only at the plasma concentration of 1 microgram/ml, and on the average, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride treatments resulted in 50.0 and 31.3% higher Vss, respectively, when compared with the bicarbonate treatment. These phenomena appear to be adequately explained by the reported tissue uptake kinetics of MTX.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Time courses of equilibration for ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate in the Z/3 crystallization plate.

Time courses of equilibration for three salts, sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate have been measured in the Z/3 crystallization plate. It is shown that by varying both the diffusant and the reservoir depth the time taken to equilibrate can be as short as 200 or as long as 1400 h. Thus, the present design of the plate should accommodate a wide variety of desired crystallization kinetics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1970

Induction of enterococcal L-forms by the action of lysozyme.

Suspensions of enterococci were treated with lysozyme in the presence of osmotic stabilizers. The resulting osmotically fragile bodies prepared from Streptococcus faecium strain F24 and S. faecalis strain E1 gave rise to L-forms under optimal osmotic and nutritional conditions for treatment and subsequent growth. The most critical component of the growth medium, to obtain maximum yields, was the nature and concentration of the added salt. The two most effective salts were sodium chloride and ammonium chloride in the range of 2 to 3% (w/v) added to a suitable agar base. Ammonium chloride was more versatile, because it could be used with either sucrose or polyethylene glycol 4000 as the osmotic stabilizer for preparation and dilution of the osmotically fragile bodies. Sodium chloride would not consistently support growth of S. faecium F24 as L-forms when polyethylene glycol 4000 was used as the osmotic stabilizer during lysozyme treatment. Time-course studies of concurrent cell wall removal and L-form induction suggested that maximal induction required only cell wall damage rather than complete wall removal. This method for induction of L-forms from a suspension of enterococci is a significant improvement over other presently known methods.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1976

A short duration renal acidification test.

As earlier investigations of renal acidification capacity were poorly standardized it was considered important to develop a clinically useful method. The ability of the kidneys to acidify urine was studied in 19 normal persons by short ammonium chloride loading. Ammonium chloride was given in a dose of 150 mmol/m2 body surface in one of four different ways: whole tablets, crushed tablets, capsules and in solution. The degree of acidosis developed in each subject was measured in arterialized capillary blood samples. Urine was analysed for pH, titratable acid, ammonium ions (TA and NH4+) and phosphate. The excretion of TA, NH4+ and phosphate increased with the degree of acidosis in blood whilst urine pH decreased. The critical level appeared to lie around a base excess of -6 mmol/l below which all subjects could acidify their urine to a pH below 5.0. For clinical applications a frame of reference with tolerance limits is given for acidification capacity related to the degree of acidosis expressed as base excess.

Acidosis, Renal Tubular↗
PubMed1994

Protective antibodies inhibit reovirus internalization and uncoating by intracellular proteases.

We identified in vitro correlates of in vivo protection mediated by nonneutralizing antibodies specific for reovirus capsid proteins. We defined mechanisms of antibody action by analyzing monoclonal antibody (MAb) effects at sequential steps in reovirus serotype 3 strain Dearing (T3D) infection of L cells. Two types of experiments showed that protective MAbs specific for the outer capsid proteins sigma 3 or mu 1 inhibited T3D infection independent of effects on binding. First, MAbs which had no effect on T3D binding inhibited T3D growth. Second, MAb-coated T3D attached to L cells did not replicate as efficiently as T3D without bound antibody. We therefore defined sigma 3-specific MAb effects on postbinding steps in T3D infection. T3D coated with MAb sigma 3-10G10 exhibited prolonged sensitivity to growth inhibition by ammonium chloride. Since ammonium chloride inhibits endosomal acidification and proteolytic processing of the T3D capsid, this suggested that MAbs inhibit early steps in T3D infection. This was confirmed by direct demonstration that several sigma 3-specific MAbs inhibited proteolytic uncoating of virions by fibroblasts. We identified two mechanisms for antibody-mediated inhibition of virion uncoating: (i) inhibition of internalization of T3D-MAb complexes bound to the cell surface, and (ii) inhibition of intracellular proteolysis of the T3D capsid. Studies using a cell-free system confirmed that sigma 3-specific MAbs directly block proteolytic uncoating of the T3D virion. In addition, we found that sigma 3-specific MAbs block (and therefore define) two distinct steps in proteolytic uncoating of the reovirion. We conclude that antibodies which are protective in vivo inhibit postbinding events in reovirus infection of permissive cells. Protective antibodies act by inhibiting internalization and intracellular proteolytic uncoating of the virion. Analysis of postbinding mechanisms of MAb action may identify targets for vaccine development and antiviral therapy.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1999

Independent and combined effects of L-arginine and diazepam on ammonium chloride-induced convulsions in rats.

The independent and combined effects of L-arginine (840 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.75 mg/kg) pretreatment (30 min) were tested on ammonium chloride (400 mg/kg)-induced convulsions in rats. Ammonia concentrations were determined in blood and brain regions (cerebral cortex, brain stem and cerebellum) 30 min after L-arginine or diazepam treatment. Ammonia concentrations were measured at the time of induction of convulsions by ammonium chloride in L-arginine, diazepam or saline pretreated animals. L-arginine and not diazepam decreased ammonia concentrations in control as well as in ammonium chloride-treated animals. However, both the compounds suppressed convulsions elicited by ammonium chloride. Protection produced concurrently by these agents was much greater than that produced by them independently. It is concluded that convulsions caused by hyperammonemic condition can be suppressed either by preventing a rise in brain ammonia to toxic level or by anticonvulsant agents having a GABA potentiating action. A much greater protection can be achieved if agents having these properties are administered concurrently.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1984

Electric birefringence as a means of studying the effect of anaesthetics on liposomes.

Birefringence can be induced in liposome suspensions using electric fields. The fields interact predominantly with anisotropic electrical polarisabilities which give rise to induced dipole moments. Using pulsed electric fields, the optical and electrical polarisabilities and the geometrical size of the liposomes can be measured simultaneously. These parameters have been found to be very sensitive to the presence of small amounts of fluidising additives of polar and ionic nature. Illustrative data are presented for the influence of the amines ammonium chloride, methyl ammonium chloride and lignocaine and of benzyl alcohol on phosphatidylcholine/serine liposomes. Structural changes in the vesicle membranes were detected, which appeared to correlate with the biological functions, thus indicating that electric birefringence is a rapid and useful method for studying interactive phenomena in lipid membrane systems.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed2002

The influence of short-term anion salt exposure on urine pH and on resistance to experimentally induced hypocalcaemia in cows.

The objective of this experiment was to induce acidification by anion salt supplementation for 2 days or 10 days and to study the prophylactic effects of such supplementation in preventing hypocalcaemia in cows. It was further attempted to monitor the extent to which any effect on the calcium-regulating mechanisms would persist following a 10-day period of acidification with anion salts. Study animals were three untreated control cows and three cows supplemented with ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate in their ration for 2 days or 10 days through the rumen cannula. The basic ration of hay was dominated by Urochloa spp. The pH of the urine of the control cows was around 8.00 throughout the experiment and was considered normal. Anion-supplemented cows produced urine with a daily mean pH between 5.5 and 7.0, possibly due to anion salt exposure. The ability to withstand hypocalcaemic challenges was tested by a standardized intravenous infusion of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA). The calcium regaining time (CRT), expressed as time spent to reach 1.00 mmol/l of ionized calcium during recovery from the EDTA-induced hypocalcaemia, was used to compare cow responses. In the control cows the unexpectedly short CRT, especially during the weekly EDTA tests, could be a result of the repeated induced episodes of hypocalcaemia caused by the EDTA infusions. The improved CRT in the anion-supplemented cows may thus be interpreted as the combined effect of the repeated hypocalcaemic episodes due to EDTA infusions and probably the effect of anion-induced metabolic acidosis on endocrine-regulated calcium homeostatic mechanisms. The effect of anion salt exposure for 10 days on the improvement of calcium-regulating mechanisms was not clear due to the unexpected improvement of CRT that was exhibited by the untreated control cows as well. An on-farm trial of the effect of a 2-day or 10-day anion exposure of dry cows on calcium-regulating mechanisms is suggested.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2004

Effect of anionic salt and highly fermentable carbohydrate supplementations on urine pH and on experimentally induced hypocalcaemia in cows.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of dietary grain on calcium homeostasis. Six rumen-fistulated dairy cows with 3 or more previous lactations and no history of parturient paresis were randomly assigned to a sequence of diets in a crossover study with 4 periods of 10 days each. Dietary treatments were: A control ration consisting of wrap grass silage alone (1), the control ration supplemented with ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate salt solution (2), control ration following a period with supplementation (3) and control ration supplemented with increasing amounts of barley from 4 to 10 kg/cow per day, expected to produce subclinical rumen acidosis (4). Daily intake of the diets was adjusted to 14 kg DM/cow per day. On day 11, the calcium-regulating mechanisms in cows were challenged until recumbency by a standardized intravenous EDTA infusion and cows were left to recover spontaneously. Anion supplementation and the feeding of highly fermentable carbohydrate lowered urine pH below 7.0 due to subclinical acidosis. During spontaneous recovery from EDTA induced hypocalcaemia, the cows more quickly regained a whole blood free calcium concentration of 1.00 mmol/L if they had most recently been supplemented with either anionic salts or with increasing amounts of barley, as compared to the basic ration. It is concluded that so-called slug-feeding or 'steaming up' with highly fermentable carbohydrates before parturition in milk fever susceptible cows enhanced calcium homeostasis similar to the effect seen in cows on anionic diets.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗