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PubMed1995

Personal incentives as determinants of adolescent health behavior: the meaning of behavior.

It has been suggested that prevailing theories do not fully incorporate the less rational, more emotional elements of adolescent health and risk behavior. To address this limitation, the perceived incentives construct from Tappe's Model of Personal Investment is split into intrinsic and extrinsic incentives, with the intrinsic incentives representing personal meanings of adolescent health and risk behaviors. Intrinsic incentives were operationalized using transcripts from focus group interviews for three behavioral domains: sleeping habits, eating habits at lunch and eating habits after school. The ensuing questionnaire was completed by 416 Dutch secondary school students with a mean age of 14 years. Intrinsic incentives, or the personal meaning with which behavior is imbued, predicted health and risk behaviors well in all three behavioral domains. The implications of these results for further research and for the development of health education programs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Establishing a system of complementary school-based surveys to annually assess HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents.

The Division of Adolescent and School Health, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control has responsibility for assisting national, state, and local education agencies to provide effective HIV education for youth. In fall 1987, 14 state and 9 local education agencies that serve areas with the highest cumulative incidence of AIDS cases convened to develop a common set of data items that could provide comparable information about HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents in their respective jurisdictions over time. Surveys were administered during spring 1988 to representative samples of adolescents in each participating state and city. These education agencies will use the results from this complementary system of school-based surveys as a guide in planning HIV education, setting program priorities, allocating resources, and monitoring changes in HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Moderate alcohol during pregnancy: learning and behavior in adolescent rhesus monkeys.

BACKGROUND: Although high-dose prenatal alcohol exposure is related to cognitive and behavioral impairments in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome, there is relatively little research on the effects of moderate drinking during pregnancy. We examined learning, memory, and behavior in adolescent rhesus monkeys prenatally exposed to moderate levels of alcohol, psychological stress, or both alcohol and stress. METHODS: Forty adolescent rhesus monkey subjects were derived from four groups of female rhesus monkeys that (1) consumed alcohol throughout gestation; (2) experienced prenatal stress; (3) experienced prenatal stress and alcohol consumption; or (4) control group (no alcohol, no stress). The subjects were assessed for number of trials required to reach 90% criterion of correct responses on nonmatching-to-sample task (NMS), followed by trials with delays of 30, 60, or 120 sec. Ratings of behavior during testing were made after each session. RESULTS: Subjects exposed to moderate prenatal alcohol required significantly more trials to reach criterion on the acquisition phase of the NMS task but had no difficulty with delays. Prenatally stressed monkeys showed lower response inhibition or less behavioral restraint, whereas prenatal alcohol plus stress monkeys showed higher activity level and stereotypies compared with controls. High scores on neonatal measures of orientation (attending to novel stimuli) and motor maturity and low scores on irritability, activity, stereotypies, and impulsivity during acquisition were correlated with fewer trials to criterion on acquisition of NMS. CONCLUSIONS: NMS trials required to reach criterion and behavior during testing are sensitive to moderate-level prenatal alcohol exposure in monkeys. The most adverse behavioral outcomes (hyperactivity and stereotypies) were associated with prenatal alcohol plus stress, raising concerns that environmental stress might provide the context within which fetal alcohol exposure could promote adverse behavioral outcomes. These effects occurred in the absence of either facial deformities or retarded physical growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

High-risk behavior during adolescence: comments on part I.

Cardinal and Steinberg provide evidence from both laboratory animal and human studies indicating that behavior is controlled by two distinct brain systems, one activational and the other inhibitory. This conceptual framework continues to be a useful integrative framework in developmental neurobiology and psychology. Despite the conceptual framework that posits a two-system control of high-risk behavior, it is notable that the bulk of research related to this topic has focused on one system in isolation from the other. Since the activational and inhibitory systems are constructs that are amenable to investigation using both laboratory animals and human subjects, it seems that a fruitful avenue for future interdisciplinary research would be to ascertain the interactive effect of these systems across the periadolescent period.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of selected theatre rehearsal technique activities with African-American adolescents labeled "behavior disordered".

The extensive literature on the overrepresentation of adolescent African-American male learners in classes for students identified as behavior disordered has essentially not addressed the problems caused by teacher reactions to adolescent conversational language use, the qualitative differences in language choices, or the impact of the conversational choices of adolescents on their educational treatment. This article explores how the dramaturgical perspective of selected Theatre Rehearsal Technique (TRT) activities can be used as learning experiences in communication with this student population. If these students gain quantifiable success in their social communication interactions, reassessment of their special education placement might facilitate their entrance into less restrictive educational environments.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between life satisfaction and violent behaviors among adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To explore relationships between life satisfaction and violent behaviors among 5,032 adolescents. METHODS: Adjusted polychotomous logistic regression analyses and multivariate models were used via SUDAAN with the 1997 CDC YRBS. RESULTS: Carrying a weapon; carrying a gun; carrying a weapon at school; physical fighting; physical fighting at school; physical fighting that required physician treatment; drinking and driving; riding with a drinking driver; having property stolen/damaged at school; feeling unsafe while at, going to or returning from school; and being injured/ threatened with a weapon were associated (p=.05) with reduced life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Measures of life satisfaction as a component of comprehensive assessments of adolescent violence/aggression in field-work, research, and program-evaluation efforts should be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sex under the influence. A diary self-report study of substance use and sexual behavior among adolescent women.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential causal relationship between alcohol and drug use and behavior that increases the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal study conducted at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic and four community-based primary care clinics for adolescents. The participants were 82 female adolescents (age 16-19 years) who agreed to complete diaries recording each coital event. Subjects were participants in a larger study of prevention of reinfections by sexually transmitted organisms. The main outcome measure was condom use at each coital event. Predictor variables were usual pattern of condom use (when substances were not involved) and two event-specific measures: sex partner change and use of alcohol or drugs before intercourse. RESULTS: Average time span of the diaries was 9.2 weeks. Subjects recorded 1,265 coital events. Ninety-three substance-associated coital events were recorded by 22 subjects. Event-specific condom use was associated with usual pattern of condom use, but not with event-specific variables of partner change or substance use before intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support the hypothesis that substance use causes alteration of adolescent women's behavior in a manner that increases risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescents in Zambia.

AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavior were examined among 3,360 adolescents aged 10-19 years old in Zambia, including in-school and out-of-school, rural and urban, and married and unmarried adolescents. The adolescents reported a moderate to high AIDS knowledge; positive attitudes towards prevention; and low to moderate self-efficacy about AIDS prevention. Although these factors were significantly related to adolescents' engagement in high-risk behavior, the results indicated that these variables add only 3% of explained variance beyond the socio-demographic variables, which explains 14% of the variance. Three groups were identified as at most risk for HIV: out-of-school adolescents, adolescents from rural areas, and married adolescents. Prevention programs that emphasize the use of condoms should be implemented for these groups and future studies should evaluate their effectiveness in reducing risk.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Overt behavior of adolescent suicide attempters hospitalized on a general pediatrics floor.

The usefulness of a direct observation assessment in evaluating adolescents hospitalized following a suicide attempt was investigated. Attempters hospitalized for medical stabilization were compared to adolescents hospitalized on the same pediatric floor by use of a modified version of the Hospitalized Adolescent Interaction Scale. Contrary to expectation, the adolescent suicide attempters did not differ significantly from medical patients regarding the activities they engaged in, interactions with others, out-of-bed behavior, or location on the floor. There were, however, significant differences between the two groups regarding affect, with the suicide attempters being rated as having more sullen facial expressions. A modest relationship was found between the self-report of depression and the activity level of the suicide attempters. These results are discussed in relation to behavior and depression during hospitalization and the role of behavior during hospitalization in disposition planning for adolescent suicide attempters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Psychological health and bullying behavior among adolescent prisoners: a study of young and juvenile offenders.

PURPOSE: To explore psychological health and behaviors indicative of direct, indirect and coercive bullying in a sample of adolescent offenders. METHODS: One hundred two juvenile (aged 15-17 years) and 100 young (aged 18-21 years) offenders took part. All completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a revised version of the Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist (DIPC-R). Offenders were classified into one of four categories: "pure bullies" (solely reporting behaviors indicative of bullying others); "bully/victims" (reporting behaviors indicative of bullying others and of being bullied); "pure victims" (only reporting "victim" behaviors); "not-involved" (not reporting any "bully" or "victim" behaviors). The data was analyzed using Kuder-Richardson-20, LOGIT Analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and correlations. RESULTS: Juveniles reported perpetrating and experiencing more bullying behavior than young offenders. Pure victims and bully/victims reported more symptoms associated with somatic concerns, severe depression, anxiety and insomnia in comparison with pure bullies and those not involved. Bully/victims reported more somatic symptoms and pure victims more social dysfunction. The psychological health profiles of pure bullies and those not involved were broadly similar. Indirect, direct and coercive victimization all correlated positively with psychological health. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provides evidence for an association between self-reported psychological health and direct, indirect and coercive bullying behavior among an incarcerated adolescent sample. It also highlights the importance of viewing the "bully/victim" group as a victim group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Considering the factors of gender and body weight in the promotion of healthy behavior among adolescents.

Obesity among adolescents is increasing in both developed and developing countries. However, previous studies have paid little attention to the roles that gender and body weight variables play in health-related behavior. This article examines the effects of these two variables on health-related behavior in Taiwanese adolescents. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used with three body weight categories (underweight, average and overweight) and two gender categories (female and male). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t test, and one-way ANOVA with Scheffe's post hoc test. The results showed that average weight adolescents scored significantly higher than their overweight peers in the three dimensions of social support, health responsibility, and exercise behavior. Average weight adolescents also scored higher than the underweight group in the dimension of health responsibility. Girls scored significantly better than boys in five out of the total six health-related behavior - scoring lower only in the exercise dimension. These findings should sound an alarm for all public health professionals to take heed to what is happening to our youth. School and family health promotion counseling should be encouraged for overweight adolescents to improve their exercise and lifestyle habits. Based on the findings, school health promotion programs should focus on gender differences. Girls, in particular, need encouragement to improve their exercise habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of substance use and delinquent behavior in adolescents from Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States.

This article compares prevalence estimates of substance use and delinquent behavior in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia, two states chosen for their different policy environments around problem behavior. Few comparisons of international differences on rates of multiple problem behavior exist, and most are based on methods that are not matched, raising the question of whether findings are based on methodological differences rather than actual rate differences. The International Youth Development Study used standardized methods to recruit and administer an adaptation of the Communities That Care Youth Survey to representative state samples of fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade students in each state. Rates of delinquent behavior were generally comparable. However, striking differences in substance use were noted, with Victoria students reporting higher rates of alcohol use, alcohol misuse, smoking, and inhalant use, whereas Washington State students reported higher rates of marijuana use. Implications for conducting international comparisons are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tobacco- and alcohol-related behaviors among adolescents attending high schools in Lodi, Milano (City and Province) in the period 2000-2003: results from two multicentric studies].

Tobacco- and alcohol-related behaviors are important public health problems under the sanitary, economic and political point of view; even if the negative consequences of these substances' use and abuse are clear and well recognized, the prevalence of the phenomenon remains however high. Therefore to put in action prevention effective procedures, it is useful to know causes and consequences of the behaviour, but also to be able to quantify them and follow them up. This research is aimed at assessing the spread of tobacco's and alcohol's consumptions among students attending high school in Lodi and Milano (City and Province) during school year 2002-2003 and allows to compare these data with those obtained through a similar study carried out during school year 2000-2001. Data have been collected using a translated and adapted version of the YRBSS questionnaire implemented by CDC to monitor the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among U.S. teens. Tobacco habits appears still high but have not increased in the considered period, while alcohol-related behaviors are growing in popularity and performed by a greater number of adolescents,compared with what happened three years earlier This proves to be particolarly true for girls. Prevention implications are presented on the basis of these results.

Adolescent↗