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PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability and validity of the body image after breast cancer questionnaire.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Body Image After Breast Cancer Questionnaire (BIBCQ) in a series of outpatients with breast cancer. One hundred sixty-four breast cancer patients attending outpatient clinics completed questionnaires at baseline. The patients' BIBCQ scores were compared with their scores on related psychological measures including depression, self-esteem, quality of life, and sexual functioning. Scores on the BIBCQ for women after mastectomy and breast conservation were compared. Select items of the BIBCQ were compared between women with and without breast cancer. Patients received a second questionnaire after a 2 week interval to assess test-retest reliability. Good reliability was found for the six scales (ranging from 0.77 to 0.87). The BIBCQ correlated with similar measures as predicted, but not with a measure of social desirability. The BIBCQ distinguished between women treated with lumpectomy and mastectomy, and between women with breast cancer and a control group, supporting the validity of the BIBCQ. The BIBCQ provides a reliable and valid assessment of the long-term impact of breast cancer on body image. It is suitable for use in research focusing on this issue.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Control issues and body image in panic disorder.

Mean perceived emotional control and body image were compared for 7 subjects with and 6 without panic disorder, all physically healthy. The former had a lower mean on sense of emotional control and showed greater emphasis on the back of the body. These preliminary data encourage replication with a larger group.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Body image concepts differ by age and sex in an Ojibway-Cree community in Canada.

Community-based studies of body image concepts can be useful for developing health interventions to prevent obesity-related diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease in specific populations. First Nations peoples, in particular, face increased obesity-related health problems as a result of acculturative changes in diet and activity. This study examined body shape perception in an Ojibway-Cree community in Northern Ontario, Canada. A set of figure outline drawings ranging from very thin to very obese were used to examine perceived body shape, body shape satisfaction and ideals of healthiness across sex and age groups. Overall, only 16% of the population were satisfied with their current body shape. People with a higher body mass index (BMI) were less satisfied with their bodies and thought they were less healthy than people with a lower BMI. While females had a significantly greater BMI than males, males and females did not differ significantly in perception of current body shape. On the other hand, females desired relatively smaller body shapes than males (P < 0.05). Older people chose significantly larger healthy body shapes than did younger people (P < 0.05). Differences between our results and those reported for Anglo populations indicate that while both groups prefer body shapes smaller than those they have currently, the Ojibway-Cree tend to prefer relatively larger body shapes. Knowledge of age and sex-related patterns of body image concepts in communities can assist in the design of obesity-reducing interventions targeting specific groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image: a psychosocial evaluation of aesthetic and reconstructive surgery candidates.

Psychology should be an important part of a plastic surgery procedure in order to buoy up the patient so that he gains a consequent relief of psychiatric and social problems. It is a fact that reconstructive surgery patients also seek psychological stability and a better appearance that is acceptable to society. While the life satisfaction, self-esteem, and body image of the individual who seeks aesthetic plastic surgery has been a special concern in the plastic surgery literature, data about reconstructive surgery patients are usually lacking. To understand the factors influencing the aim of an individual seeking plastic surgery, this prospective controlled clinical study was designed. We hypothesized that they should have lower life satisfaction and self-esteem and more distorted body images than the "normal" population. Three hundred individuals were included in the study. Both the aesthetic surgery group (AG) and the reconstructive surgery group (RG) consist of 100 (n = 100) subjects. Individuals chosen randomly from the total population seen in the 12-month period were included regardless of the type of procedure, body region, or type of trauma as well as whether or not their wish for surgery was justified by the staff. The third group, the control group (CG), also consists of 100 (n = 100) subjects and was chosen from the "normal" population. All 300 subjects were asked to complete four scales: the Socio-Demographic Questionnaire, Life-Satisfaction Index (LSI), Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), and Body-Image Inventory (BII). Results were collected and compared. The LSI results for the two surgical groups were found to be similar to those for the CG, with the RG demonstrating the lowest level. For the SEI there was a significant difference between the two surgical groups, being in favor of the AG, and a greater difference was noted between the CG and the RG. BII results showed no significant difference among the three groups. As a result, although there may be some, a regular person who seeks an aesthetic procedure should not be considered a psychologically disturbed individual at face value and each case should be evaluated individually in the preoperative consultation. Similarly, individuals who present for reconstructive procedures and wish further aesthetic refinements should be evaluated and treated exactly as pure aesthetic candidates.

Body Image↗
PubMed1992

Body image assessment in anorexia nervosa patients and university students by means of video distortion: a reliability study.

It is well known that anorexia nervosa is characterized by a disturbed body image. The video distortion method is one of the many methods to systematically study the perceptual aspect of this body image. Using a distorted image of her own appearance, the subject is asked to reconstruct the 'exact' measures of her body and to indicate her ideal image. The reliability of this method has been assessed in a study involving 67 anorexic patients and 105 female university students. Test--retest results within the same session and over a one-week interval were sufficiently constant. Nonetheless, for both anorexics and controls, significant differences were found between estimates with a narrowed (thin) image initially and those with a widened (fat) image initially. Both groups underestimate their body measures and only significantly differ on estimates of their ideal image, with anorexics clearly less underestimating their ideal image than students.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Body image distortion in anorexics as a non-sensory phenomenon: a signal detection approach.

Body image in anorexic and normal weight female subjects was investigated with a video TV monitor. Eighteen subjects were presented with a task in which they manipulated their body size to obtain "ideal" and actual images and a task wherein they judged the accuracy of a projected image of their body. There were no differences in estimated actual body size between anorexics and control subjects. For both groups, ideal images were below their actual image. For the second task, a signal detection analysis revealed no sensory sensitivity differences between weight groups. Anorexic subjects were more likely to report an image of themselves as distorted, regardless of whether distortion was present. Both weight groups adopted a strict criterion when they were viewing a heavy image of themselves. The finding that body estimation difference between anorexics and controls is non-sensory are discussed, and ramifications for treatment of anorexia are described.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Body image across the life span in adult women: the role of self-objectification.

This study aimed to investigate women's body image across the entire life span from within the theoretical perspective provided by objectification theory (B. L. Fredrickson & T.-A. Roberts, 1997). In a cross-sectional study, a sample of 322 women ranging in age from 20 to 84 years completed a questionnaire measuring body dissatisfaction, self-objectification, and its proposed consequences. Although body dissatisfaction remained stable across the age range, self-objectification, habitual body monitoring, appearance anxiety, and disordered eating symptomatology all significantly decreased with age. Self-objectification was found to mediate the relationship between age and disordered eating symptomatology. It was concluded that objectification theory helps clarify the processes involved in the changes in body image that occur with age.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image and depressive symptoms as correlates of self-reported versus clinician-reported physiologic function.

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationships between physiologic function, depressive symptoms, and body image among maintenance cardiac rehabilitation participants. Physiologic function was operationalized as both functional status and functional capacity. METHODS: Participants were 72 men (mean age = 67.3 years) all of whom had experienced a traumatic cardiac event (ie, myocardial infarction, valve replacement surgery, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty), and had completed some type of physician-supervised acute cardiac rehabilitation (ie, phase I and phase II). Measures of body image (social physique anxiety and body appearance satisfaction), self-reported functional status, clinician-reported functional capacity (ie, V0(2) and peak power), and depressive symptoms were collected. RESULTS: Hierarchic multiple regression analyses revealed that both functional capacity and functional status explained significant variance in social physique anxiety (R(2) = 0.11, P<.05 and R(2) = 0.18, P<.05, respectively), whereas only functional status was a significant predictor of body appearance satisfaction (R(2) = 0.37, P<.01). Contrary to our hypotheses, depressive symptoms were not significantly related to either psychosocial or physiologic indices of functional well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Both patient perceptions of functional status and clinical measures of functional capacity are important aspects of psychosocial well-being among cardiac patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Association between socioeconomic status, weight, age and gender, and the body image and weight control practices of 6- to 19-year-old children and adolescents.

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES), age, weight and gender on the body image and weight control practices of children and adolescents, and to investigate whether health education about weight issues should target low socioeconomic groups. The study participants were a randomly selected group of school children who completed a questionnaire, and had their height and weight measured. Participants (n = 1131) were aged 6-19 years from 12 schools in New South Wales. SES, age, gender, body weight, body image, skipping breakfast, physical self-esteem, attempts to lose or gain weight, and dietary and weight control advice received from others were examined. Log-linear, chi 2 and MANOVA analyses were used to determine interactions between variables. Low SES children were more likely to be overweight, to skip breakfast, to perceive themselves as 'too thin', to be trying to gain weight and less likely to receive dietary or weight control advice. Physical self-esteem was lowest among overweight girls of middle/upper SES and greatest among boys of low SES, despite the latter being more likely to be overweight. Being overweight does not appear to adversely affect the physical self-esteem of children of low SES, particularly boys. Health educators should examine these issues with young people to help make health education and nutrition education most relevant and appropriate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Body image disturbances in patients with anorexia nervosa 12 years after clinical consultation].

Of 103 patients with anorexia nervosa, 50 women and 5 men were followed-up on the average 11.8 year after clinical presentation with a differentiated method for body awareness according to Askevold. A considerable number of women with body image disturbances, however, largely corresponded to those of a healthy female control group. Both the male anorexia nervosa patients and the healthy male controls had normal findings. Applying to touch-induced stimulus, the body assessment indices only increased in former male anorexia patients but remained the same in female anorexia patients, while they clearly normalized in the sense of a realistic assessment in the two healthy control groups. Surprisingly, there was only little correlation between the visually measured body perception disorder and the self (EDI) and expert assessment (Sianex) at the time of follow-up (exception: the EDI scale 3 [dissatisfaction with one's own body). The global expert rating of body image disturbances at clinical presentation was important as a predictor for the severity of anorexia nervosa after 12 years. The findings were discussed under methodological and clinical aspects.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple sclerosis, body image and sexuality.

Janet Hutchinson explores the concept of body image and sexuality in relation to a female client with bladder dysfunction and multiple sclerosis. She also discusses the psychological and social problems that may arise from these problems.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

[Body image, cognition, behavior and social support of married pregnant adolescents during the third trimester].

In an attempt to compare the body image, cognition, behavior and social support in the third trimester of pregnancy between the pregnant adolescent and pregnant adult in the Tainan area, seventy-five pregnant adolescents during the third trimester were enrolled and matched to seventy-five pregnant adults who were also selected for this study. The results were as follows: The two groups were similar in their body image, cognition, and behavior. The order of sources from which the pregnant adult got information about infant's requirements was books, the neighborhood, friends, their mother, sisters, mother-in-law, and nurses. That for the pregnant adolescents was books, their mother, mother-in-law, neighborhood, friends, sisters, and nurses. The order of the preference for food of the pregnant adult was rice, pizza, sour food, sweet food, noodles, cookies, cola, hamburgers, and chocolates. That for the pregnant adolescents was noodles, sour food, pizza, sweet food, rice, hamburgers, cola, chocolates, and cookies. Both groups suffered from insomnia. However, the sleeping status of the pregnant adolescents was significantly worse than that of the pregnant adults. In both case, economic support came from spouse's income, but it was more obvious that pregnant adolescents relied on their parents' economic support more often than did normal pregnant women, the difference was statistically significant. The pregnant adult had a much higher score on social support than did the pregnant adolescents with a significant difference. Adolescents with unexpected pregnancies have lower social support scores than their adult counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Weight and BMI over 6 years in Korean children: relationships to body image and weight loss efforts.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships among longitudinal weight status, body dissatisfaction, and attitude to weight loss among Korean children from the age of 7-8 to 13-14 years old. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: 351 Korean school children's heights and weights were measured at the ages of 7-8 and 13-14 years old; at the age of 13-14, they completed a questionnaire about body dissatisfaction and weight loss efforts. RESULTS: At the age of 7-8, 15.7% of children were overweight by International Obesity Task Force standards, as compared with 26.2% at the age of 13-14. Of the 55 7- to 8-year-old overweight children, 85.5% were still overweight at the age of 13-14 years old. Greater concerns about body image and stronger desires to be thinner were observed among stable overweight children and among those in whom there had been a rapid increase in BMI over the 6-year study period. Girls favored thinner shapes than did boys, regardless of their weight status or BMI changes. In girls, the level of body dissatisfaction was related only to weight loss desire, regardless of weight status or changes in BMI. In boys, however, weight loss desire was related only to weight loss attempts and was independent of weight status, BMI changes, and level of body dissatisfaction. DISCUSSION: Regardless of weight status, changes in BMI should be considered when dealing with body dissatisfaction and attitudes to weight loss in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of a school-based program designed to improve body image satisfaction, global self-esteem, and eating attitudes and behaviors: a replication study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a life-skills promotion program designed to improve body image satisfaction and global self-esteem, while reducing negative eating attitudes and behaviors and feelings of perfectionism, all of which have been identified as predisposing factors to disordered eating. METHOD: A total of 258 girls with a mean age of 11.8 years (intervention group = 182 and control group = 76) completed questionnaires before, and 1 week after, the six-session school-based program, and again 6 and 12 months later. RESULTS: The intervention was successful in improving body image satisfaction and global self-esteem and in reducing dieting attitude scores at post intervention only. The gains were not maintained at the 12-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: The need to assess the influence of health promotion programs on predisposing risk factors, compared with problem-based outcome measures, is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shedding the layers: exploring the impact of the burn camp experience on adolescent campers' body image.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the impact of the burn camp experience, as it relates to body image, on participating burn-injured adolescents. Focus groups were conducted with 52 burn-injured adolescents at three burn camps in geographically diverse regions of the United States. Data revealed that burn camp is a place where these adolescents feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, a place where they don't have to hide their bodies, and a place where they can learn to integrate their scars into their overall body image in a positive way. Implications of this study include highlighting the contributions that burn camps may provide in helping burn-injured adolescents learn to cope with the devastating disfigurements that often accompany their injuries.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Effect of teaching with mirrors on body image and locus of control in women college ballet dancers.

This preliminary study assessed the effect of mirrors in dance instruction on body image and locus of control of women college ballet dancers. With the same instructor in two beginning ballet classes 8 women were taught using mirrors and 13 women were taught without mirrors. Subjects completed the Cash 69-item Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, and the 40-item Adult Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale during the first and last classes of a 14-wk. semester. Body-areas Satisfaction increased for the nonmirror class yet decreased for the class taught with mirrors. For the nonmirror class, there were significant increases in Appearance Orientation and Externality. Analysis suggested that the use of a mirror in the teaching of ballet may be an element which contributes to the low body-image scores of the 21 women ballet dancers. Replication with a much larger sample is required to draw conclusions.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Body image in gynecologic patients before and after radical surgery].

After radical gynecologic surgery women are faced with therapy-induced changes of their body. Since 1995, the body images of women who undergo pelvic exenteration, Wertheim-Meigs-operation or hysterectomy are assessed preoperatively and four and twelve months postoperatively. The aim of this multidimensional prospective study is to get basic information for effective counselling and support. One year after hysterectomy women state to have a normal body image. Cancer patients feel less attractive, less self-confident and more discontented in sexuality depending on therapy-induced changes of their bodies. These women could profit from problem-related preoperative counselling. Postoperative counselling offers will be helpful to support women in the process of acceptance of bodily changes and in the reorganisation of their sexual life.

Body Image↗