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PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationship between psychogenic symptomatology and intelligence].

Corresponding to variables "leading symptoms in the psychic area" and "psychosomatic diseases in a restricted sense" 493 patients have been divided in four groups. Taking the hypothesis that patients with a different symptomatic show different results in the HAWIE (Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligence-Test for Adults) four groups have been compared corresponding to their HAWIE-scores. It turns out that patients with a psychic leading symptomatic without important somatic disease and patients with psychosomatic illness in a restricted sense without psychic symptoms showed better results compared with other patients in the verbal tests. For this correlations of the higher scores in the verbal part of the intelligence-test with the phenomena that the investigator more often found the diagnosis of a psychic leading symptom or a psychosomatic disease in a restricted sense the following interpretations are considered: 1. The innerpsychic effort connected with different psychogenic disorders is reflected in the cognitive efficiency. 2. The diagnosis of limited psychomatic illness is also a result of the verbal interaction of doctor(s) and patient.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Assessment tools for nutritional status in the elderly.

Nutritional assessment in the elderly consists of many different tests--clinical, biochemical and anthropometric. However, objective markers of nutritional assessment often do not reflect physiologic, physical, cognitive and emotional function. Moreover, nutritional assessment using objective markers is more complicated in the older subject because metabolic changes, among others, affect some of the routine biochemical test results, and the reference values of the anthropometric measures are not always age-adjusted. In addition, it is possible that functional impairment may occur at a subclinical level and precede a measurable alteration in body composition, i.e., there may be clearly defined alterations in muscle function at a time when significant changes in body composition could not be detected. Malnutrition or nutritional deficiency is a continuum that starts with an individual's inadequate intake (that, in fact, does not meet his or her needs) and progresses through a series of functional changes that precede any changes in body composition. At present there is no gold standard for evaluating nutritional status. The relationship between nutritional status and functional capacities apparently is the simplest, but also the most reliable index of malnutrition. The extent of dependency and disability has a considerable impact on nutritional status and vice versa.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Reliability and clinical concepts underlying global judgments in dementia: implications for clinical research.

The Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is a recognized rating scale for global clinical judgments comprising scores for disease severity, change of disease conditions, and a so-called "efficacy index." In this report, the authors subject the CGI to a methodological analysis. Thirty-seven physicians working in psychogeriatric wards were interviewed on 12 patients each with a DSM-III diagnosis of a dementia syndrome. After the physicians made global judgments on the patients with the CGI, "personal" assessment criteria were elicited. The CGI data were correlated in the statistical analysis with the physicians' assessments of the patients on their personal criteria and on "recognized" assessment criteria obtained from DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for dementia syndrome. Interrater reliabilities between physicians and nursing staff as well as retest reliabilities for the CGI criteria were also measured. While the CGI-severity reflects primarily the cognitive aspects of dementia, the CGI global assessment of change of the disease condition was poorly correlated with the assessments based on "personal" or the recognized DSM-III-R criteria. This was also indicated by the result that the reliability scores for CGI-severity were high and did not vary greatly, whereas the reliability scores for CGI change showed wide confidence intervals.

Dementia↗

PubMed2005

There is more to stages of exercise than just exercise.

A central construct of the transtheoretical model is stages of change, which describes progression through five stages that reflect behavioral and cognitive indicators. This article examines the usefulness of the stages of exercise to address various intensities of physical activity. It also documents support for intention, the second construct contained within the stages, which is rarely included in validations.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Neurophysiological correlates of induced discrete emotions in humans: an individual analysis].

The present study addressed EEG pattering during experimentally manipulated emotion. Film clips previously shown to induce happiness,joy, anger, disgust, fear/anxiety, sadness, as well as neutral control films, were presented to 30 university students while a 62-channel EEG was recorded, and a self-reported effect was described. Analyses revealed both emotion-specific and emotion-unspecific EEG pattering for the emotions under study. Induced positive and negative emotions were accompanied by hemispheric activation asymmetries in theta-2, alpha-2, and beta-1 EEG frequency bands. Emotions of joy and disgust induced lateralized a theta-2 power increase in anterior-temporal and frontal regions of the left hemisphere reflecting involvement of cognitive mechanisms in the emotional processing. Negative emotions of disgust and fear/anxiety were characterized by alpha-2 and beta-1 desynchronization of the right temporal-parietal cortex, suggesting its involvement in modulation of the emotion-related arousal.

Cerebral Cortex↗

PubMed1988

Pitfalls in the use of a continuous performance test as a diagnostic tool in attention deficit disorder.

Although automated continuous performance tests (CPT) are gaining popularity as aids to the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder (ADD), little is known of their validity in this context. Our preliminary experience with a commercially available visual CPT indicated that as many as a third of children meeting the DMS-III criteria for ADD may score well enough on this measure to escape detection. We therefore analyzed the results of neuropsychological testing as well as CPT performance in 14 ADD children and six non-ADD children in an effort to determine whether CPT performance might reflect higher level cognitive variables other than attention and/or impulsivity. We found that those ADD children classified as "abnormal" on the basis of the CPT scored significantly below those classified as "normal" on measures of abstract reasoning and logical problem solving, simple verbal reasoning, nonverbal problem solving, and simple arithmetic skills. The non-ADD group contained a high proportion (83%) of subjects with CPT performance outside of the normal range. These data suggest that CPT may yield both false negative and false positive results when used as screening tools for ADD, and we recommend therefore that caution be used in their interpretation.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Headache lateralization and functional cerebral asymmetry: a task-related EEG power spectrum analysis.

Clinical evidence shows that pain, particularly without organic lesions, tends to be more frequent on the left side of the body. Concomitantly, experimental data indicate that differential sensitivity for the right and left side, the pain threshold and tolerance being usually higher in the dominant than in the non-dominant side of the body. Headache laterality was investigated in 188 consecutive chronic headache patients. Headache was lateralized in approximately 50% of the cases, with an overall right predominance (59%). However, when descriptive diagnosis was taken into consideration, lateralized pain was predominant on the left side in psychogenic headache (p less than .01), whereas somatogenic headache was more often right-sited. Since pain lateralization can hardly be explained by peripheral factors, we assumed that reduced efficiency of the non-dominant side in processing several perceptual and cognitive activities could reflect asymmetry in cerebral organization. As differential engagement of the two hemispheres by appropriate tasks can be demonstrated with the EEG, we have studied 13 chronic headache patients with quantitative EEG analysis, compared with a control group of normal subjects (n = 7). The analysis of alpha-asymmetry, during analytical and spatial tasks, revealed that chronic headache patients showed a trend toward a relative activation of the right hemisphere during both tasks, independently of descriptive diagnosis, suggesting that chronic headache might be considered a "psychosomatic continuum". We postulate that pain perception may be biased by the reduced efficiency of the right hemisphere in sensory processing, so that the sensory message may be misinterpreted or amplified as painful by higher centers, even in absence of nociceptive stimuli.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[Identity and the imagination of the personal sphere].

Identity is a sense of self-sameness and continuity in time, and of embeddedness in the environment. The integrity of this sense depends on the reliability of the boundaries of the self, and on the anchorage in object relationships. Investigations with the Personal Sphere Model, a graphic test for object relationships, have shown that the self and its relationships are arranged in spatial constellations, which are characteristics for the individual and remain constant over time. It appears that these constellations are based on cognitive schemes, which reflect spatial images of the self and its environment, and thus of the sense of identity.

Ego↗

PubMed1978

A study of object concept development in institutionalized and home-reared infants.

Institution- and home-reared infants were tested in five areas: language development, object concept development, play, social responsiveness, and social maturity. The sample consisted of 104 infants ranging in age from six months to two years, thus broadly encompassing object concept stages 3 to 6 described by Piaget. The relationship of each of the five functions to IQ and background was examined. This paper describes the specific nature of the object concept function as reflected by the investigation. It was found statistically that object concept scores, as measured by Piagetian tests, were relatively unaffected by the background variable but were significantly related to IQ. The other measures were sensitive to both IQ and background variables. The fact that the object concept score was relatively independent of the background variable suggested that it represents the most stable developing function and provides the most accurate reflection of the cognitive potential of the infant.

Child Development↗

PubMed1994

Comments on the conceptualisation of clinical facts in psychoanalysis.

Perception is an active process involving a complex system of perceptual and cognitive structures. Facts reflect the ways in which we organise the data received by our senses, and this organisation is highly selective. The private theories of psychoanalysis play a major role in the organisation of facts and in their conceptualisation. It is important that there should be more attention to clinical theories and technical frames of reference, and as an illustration of this a clinico-technical conceptualisation which has been found useful is presented in some detail. This makes use of the concepts of the present and past unconsciouses, in this way emphasising the topographical dimension which had come to be under-stressed in Freud's structural theory and in subsequent ego psychology. The past unconscious can be regarded as a sort of 'template' (structures, rules, schemata, etc.) developed in the child in the first few years of life. This contributes to the form of fantasies and behaviour arising in the depths of the present unconscious, in which system such representational content is acted on by defences and other mechanisms to prevent 'child-like' content from disrupting the older individual's equilibrium. The censorship between the present unconscious and consciousness is considered, and the view taken that the primary focus of the analytic work is in relation to this censorship. The links between the analytical aim of making previously unacceptable mental content acceptable to the individual, on the one hand, and the roles of construction and reconstruction, on the other, are discussed in relation to psychoanalytic technique.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Pattern of neuropsychologic dysfunction in inactive systemic lupus erythematosus.

The pattern of neuropsychological dysfunction in patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was examined. Fifty-eight subjects with inactive SLE and 47 healthy controls were administered a standardized neuropsychological test battery. Summary scores reflecting 18 different cognitive processes were derived. Subjects were designated cognitively impaired if three or more summary scores differed significantly from premorbid estimates of cognitive functioning. Cognitive impairment was identified in 43% of subjects with inactive SLE and 19% of healthy controls. Subjects with inactive SLE, as a group, performed significantly worse than healthy controls on measures of auditory verbal memory, visual spatial memory, psychomotor speed, and motor functioning. A significantly greater proportion of subjects with inactive SLE than healthy controls was impaired only on a measure of visual spatial memory. Cognitive impairment in subjects with inactive SLE was associated with increasing age. There were no associations between cognitive impairment and current depressive symptoms or current corticosteroid use. These findings suggest that cognitive dysfunction occurs frequently in inactive SLE. The variability of performance of subjects with inactive SLE is consistent with the heterogeneity of CNS involvement in the disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Hippocampal glutamate concentration predicts cerebral theta oscillations during cognitive processing.

RATIONALE: Brain waves reflect collective behavior of neurons and provide insight into distributed network processing. Frontal and hippocampal theta oscillations (4-7 Hz) were linked to cognitive tasks and animal studies have suggested an involvement of glutamatergic neurotransmission in integrative frontal-hippocampal processing. Human evidence for such relationships is lacking. METHODS: Here, we studied the associations between glutamate concentrations in the hippocampal region, measured by a 3-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and EEG theta activity during an auditory target detection paradigm. RESULTS: A robust relationship between hippocampal glutamate and frontal theta activity during stimulus processing was found. Moreover, frontal theta oscillations were related to response speed. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a functional coupling between the frontal cortex and hippocampal region during stimulus processing and support the idea of the hippocampus as a neural rhythm generator driven by glutamatergic neurotransmission. These preliminary data show, for the first time, a relationship between in vivo measured glutamate and basic cerebral information processing in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Executive dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cognitive and neuroimaging findings.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been associated with a prominent disturbance of executive functions. There is no pathognomic neuropsychological profile for the disorder, however. Nonetheless, results of neuropsychological testing, in concert with other clinical information,provide a more comprehensive and detailed picture of the individual patient's cognitive and emotional strengths and weaknesses than a psychiatric diagnostic interview alone. This approach to the evaluation of ADHD therefore can provide a strong objective basis from which to make patient-specific recommendations for compensatory strategies and treatment. It should be noted, however, that although executive dysfunction in the form of impaired response inhibition remains the most prominent cognitive theory of ADHD, other theories have been put forth that also deserve further investigation. These include a disturbance in delay aversion (referring to intolerance for waiting) and impaired temporal processing, among others [79]. The neural substrates of executive dysfunction in ADHD have begun to be revealed by a growing body of structural and functional neuroimaging research. Although still in its infancy, neuroimaging of ADHD is pointing toward disruption of FSTC circuitry and the cerebellum as being central to the cognitive and motor abnormalities seen in the disorder. Further research using cognitive tasks assessing executive functions in combination with functional imaging techniques will provide further insight into the etiology of the disorder. It is expected that advances in structural and functional neuroimaging will yield valuable information that will facilitate the differential diagnosis of ADHD. Evidence cited suggests that psychostimulant medication can improve executive functions and their underlying FSTC circuitry. Furthermore, a recent study of adults with ADHD found significant improvements in organization skills and other symptoms of ADHD following cognitive remediation targeting several executive and emotional aspects of the disorder [80]. Additional studies investigating the effects of treatment on executive dysfunction and brain integrity in ADHD will be necessary to determine the degree to which the structural and functional brain abnormalities observed are mutable. Finally, because the myriad cognitive, behavioral and emotional symptoms in ADHD likely reflect the interplay of multiple cognitive and psychosocial factors, development of treatments for ADHD likely will require a multi-modal approach.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2001

A neurocognitive account of frontal lobe involvement in orthographic lexical retrieval: an fMRI study.

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between activation induced by an orthographic lexical retrieval (OLR) task and performance across time on the standard clinical version of OLR, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). The number of significantly activated pixels in a frontal lobe region of interest (encompassing middle and inferior frontal gyri) were measured for the left and right cerebral hemispheres in 20 volunteers. A relationship between the pixel count and the total number of words retrieved during the COWAT was found for the left but not the right hemisphere. Further examination of the left-sided relationship showed that the number of pixels in the left middle frontal region of interest correlated significantly with the second, but not the first, 30-s COWAT epoch. By contrast, the first epoch, but not the second, correlated significantly with the pixel count within the left inferior frontal region of interest. These relationships suggest differential involvement of dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in specific cognitive processes fundamental to the production of language. Interindividual variation in activation levels may reflect underlying differences in cognitive processing capacity. This study is the first attempt to examine the relationship between fMRI activation and standard verbal fluency performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Time of day, repeated testing, and interblock interval effects on P300 amplitude.

Time of day, repeated testing, and interblock interval effects on P300 amplitude were investigated. Subjects (N = 50) were tested using a standard oddball paradigm in either morning or afternoon sessions consisting of six test blocks per session. Amplitude of P300 was significantly higher in the morning than in the afternoon for all test blocks. In addition, amplitude of P300 habituated across test blocks from a mean of 9.59 microV on Block 1 to a mean of 4.98 microV on Block 6. Inserting a one-hour interval between Blocks 2 and 3 attenuated the rate of habituation. The results indicate that time of day, repeated testing, and interblock intervals affect P300 amplitude. Amplitude changes due to time of day may reflect circadian variations in cognitive resources indexed by the P300 component, while decrements due to repeated testing may reflect changes in allocation of resources across test sessions.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The n-back as a dual-task: P300 morphology under divided attention.

The n-back task was hypothesized to be a dual task, permitting the imposition of parametrically increasing attentional and working memory demands, while keeping constant the demands of an embedded matching subtask. Visual targets were presented for 200 ms every 2.2 s at pseudorandomly varying positions on a computer screen. Participants were required to remember the most recent 0, 1, 2, or 3 positions and responded with a choice button push to whether the current target position matched the position presented n items previously. P300 peak latency was constant across n-back tasks, reflecting constant perceptual and cognitive demands of the matching subtask. P300 peak amplitude decreased with increasing memory load, reflecting reallocation of attention and processing capacity away from the matching subtask to working memory activity. These data support a dual-task nature of the n-back, which should be considered when employing this paradigm.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Action in development.

It is argued that cognitive development has to be understood in the functional perspective provided by actions. Actions reflect all aspects of cognitive development including the motives of the child, the problems to be solved, and the constraints and possibilities of the child's body and sensorimotor system. Actions are directed into the future and their control is based on knowledge of what is going to happen next. Such knowledge is available because events are governed by rules and regularities. The planning of actions also requires knowledge of the affordances of objects and events. An important aspect of cognitive development is about how the child acquires such knowledge.

Child↗

PubMed1984

The relationship of activity level ratings and cognitive impulsivity to task performance and academic achievement.

The relationship of activity level ratings and cognitive impulsivity were analyzed in relation to performance of second-graders on several cognitive tasks and standardized achievement tests. Vocabulary was a strong and significant covariate on most dependent measures. In general, impulsivity-reflectivity had a far stronger effect on task performance and academic achievement than did activity level ratings, even when comparisons were made for groups with extremes of activity level ratings. The authors urge further research on the task approaches and compensatory strategies of children who are behaviorally hyperactive but cognitively reflective and academically successful.

Achievement↗