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PubMed1996

Lack of acid-resistant trypsin inhibitor in mare's colostrum: short communication.

Mare's colostrum was collected and examined for the presence of trypsin inhibitors. It was found to contain a low level of trypsin inhibitor which could be denatured by 2.5% trichloroacetic acid and, therefore, it clearly differs from the acid-resistant colostral inhibitor of Artiodactyla and Carnivora. This finding is exceptional for a species that concentrates IgG in the colostrum and whose newborn absorbs colostral proteins non-selectively by the gut. It appears that the presence of colostral trypsin inhibitor is not essential for the transmission of maternal immunity via the colostrum and the gut.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from colostrum and milk of subclinically infected cows.

Mycobacterial culture was performed on colostrum, milk, and feces from 126 clinically normal cows of a single herd with high prevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection. Thirty-six (28.6%) cows were determined to be shedding the organism in the feces. Of the 36 fecal Culture positive cows, M paratuberculosis was isolated from the colostrum of 8 (22.2%) and from the milk of 3 (8.3%). Cows that were heavy fecal shedders were more likely to shed the organism in the colostrum than were light fecal shedders.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Fatty acid concentration analysis in colostrum and transitional milk].

OBJECTIVES: We have studied the quantitative differences in the percent fatty acid composition of human milk throughout its maturational process. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed milk, obtained by an electrical milk extractor (EGNELL LACT-E AMEDA), from 24 women at 3 days (colostrum) and 7 (transitional milk) after delivery. A Varian 3300 chromatograph was used for fatty acid evaluation. At 48 hours after delivery, the lipid status of the maternal blood was also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of the mothers was 27.4 +/- 3.7 years, with 54% primiparous and the mean weight of the newborns was 3117.5 +/- 678.6 g. Comparing colostrum with transitional milk showed a statistically significant difference between saturated fatty acids (C8, C13, and C15) and polyunsaturated fats (C18:3 and C20:4). The concentration of C13, C15, C17, C18, C16:1 and C18:1 obtained in colostrum correlated with those in transitional milk. Serum maternal lipid concentrations of cholesterol and LDL influenced milk levels of C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4. On the contrary, we could not demonstrate a similar influence on triglycerides, apoprotein A or B.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Preferential transport into colostrum of Fc fragment derived from serum IgG1 immunoglobulin in the goat.

The selective transport of blood IgG1 into colostrum in ruminant species is not well understood. Therefore, the transport of Fc fragments isolated from serum IgG1 (Fc gamma 1) and IgG2 (Fc gamma 2) in normal and pregnant goats was studied. The animals were injected intravenously with radio-labelled 125I-Fcgamma1 and 131I-Fcgamma2 fragments. The plasma disappearance rate of both fragments showed that at parturition the Fcgamma1 fragment had a higher disappearance rate than Fcgamma2. Over 70 per cent of the inoculated dose of 125I-Fcgamma1 and only 11-12 per cent of 131I-Fcgamma2 could be recovered in the 24 h colostrum. The results indicated that structural differences between the H chains of IgG1 and IgG2 were implicated in the selective transport of IgG1 into colostrum in ruminants.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Inhibition of rat and bovine trypsins and chymotrypsins by soybean, bovine basic pancreatic, and bovine colostrum trypsin inhibitors.

1. Bovine (Bos taurus) trypsin and trypsin activity in rat (Rattus norvegicus) pancreatic extract were inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor and by bovine basic pancreatic and colostrum inhibitors. 2. Bovine alpha-chymotrypsin was inhibited by soybean and bovine basic pancreatic inhibitors but only weakly by colostrum inhibitor. 3. Chymotrypsin activity in rat pancreatic extract was due to at least three different components against all of which the inhibitors were largely ineffective. 4. It is concluded that bovine colostrum inhibitor has a more limited inhibition spectrum than the phylogenetically related basic pancreatic inhibitor which, in turn, is less active against rat than against bovine enzymes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Behaviour of calves at introduction to nurse cows after the colostrum period.

In traditional housing systems for dairy herds, calves are very often placed in single boxes and fed milk from a bucket, which may lead to abnormal behaviour. In organic herds, for whom the aim is optimal animal welfare, there is interest in using suckling systems, where the calves have the opportunity to perform natural social behaviour. The success of introducing a calf to a nurse cow is expected to depend on the calf's suckling experience, as well as the introduction procedure. A two-factorial experiment was carried out with the objective to investigate how calves are best introduced to the nurse cow during (the colostrum period (defined as the first 3 days postpartum). The calf was either with its own mother or fed colostrum from a teat-bucket. The length of the introduction period, where the calf was alone with the nurse cow before being introduced to a larger group of cows and calves, was either 1 or 2 days. The experiment showed that calves who had suckled colostrum from their own mother, suckled the nurse cow more and for longer periods than the teat-bucket fed calves (P=0.0007 on day 1 and P=0.012 on day 2). Mothered calves licked and rubbed their nurse more (16.7 times versus 7.0 times; S.E.M.+/-2.3; P<0.05) and these calves cross-suckled less than teat-bucket fed calves (19.9min versus 54.5min; S.E.M.+/-14.9; P=0.03).

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Serum enzyme changes in newborn calves fed colostrum.

In 10 newborn Holstein calves, which were initially bottle-fed on pooled colostrum, there were transient increases in several serum enzymes. Within a few hours, the mean serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (gammaGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities increased 62.5, 2.4, 2.0, 1.8 and 1.3 fold, respectively. In two other calves given initial feeds of enzyme-free pasteurized milk, there were similar increases in serum enzymes, except serum gammaGT. Correct interpretation of serum enzyme activities in newborn calves must take into account the normal increases which occur after feeding colostrum. Serum gammaGT was the only enzyme to increase markedly as a result of its absorption from colostrum. The other serum enzymes are presumably released from the tissues of the calf. The increased activities of serum CK observed in some newborn calves probably resulted from trauma during birth or increased muscular activity after birth.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

Mineral content of colostrum and mature milk of lactating Nigerian women as influenced by stage of lactation.

380 milk samples (96 colostrum and 284 mature milk samples) collected from 240 lactating Nigerian women within the first 9 months of lactation were analyzed for zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mean levels of zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium in colostrum were 5.83, 0.52, 0.55, 400, and 33 mcg/ml, respectively; the levels for the same minerals in mature milk collected in the 8th and 12th week of lactation were 3.08, 0.29, 0.38, 300, and 31 mcg/ml, respectively. While milk levels of all minerals decreased with increase in lactation age, zinc levels showed the fastest rate of decrease. Milk zinc levels at the 9th month were only 13% of that in colostrum. Similar percentages for copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium were 49, 60, 34, and 74%, respectively. Estimates of intake by solely breastfed infants during the first 6 months showed gross inadequacies when compared with Recommended Daily Allowances. Results suggest the need for early supplementation, especially as zinc deficiencies as well as a high incicdence of iron deficiency anemia has been reported in Nigerian infants.

Africa↗

PubMed2026

Bovine Colostrum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Impair Cancer Cell Proliferation Through Transcriptional Dysregulation.

Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a promising source of molecules with therapeutic potential. Bovine colostrum is particularly enriched in EVs, which carry cargo of proteins involved in immune regulation, development and cellular signalling. Some studies have explored their role as bioactive anti-cancer agents, however, their mechanistic effects remain underexplored. Here, we show that colostrum-derived EVs (Col-EVs) exert anti-proliferative effects in gastrointestinal cancer models, including cell lines and patient-derived organoids, which is independent of apoptosis induction. Using a multi-modal approach combining proteomics, imaging and functional assays, we demonstrate that Col-EVs induce a reversible growth-arrest state, characterized by widespread transcriptional and RNA-processing dysregulation, chromatin compaction, nuclear reorganization and cytoskeletal remodelling. Proteomic analyses reveal that Col-EV treatment disrupts key components of the transcriptional machinery and cell cycle regulatory pathways, effects that are reversible upon EV withdrawal and can be rescued pharmacologically using an EZH2 inhibitor. Col-EVs enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells as well to DNA-targeting chemotherapies such as 5-fluorouracil, indicating their potential as modulatory adjuvants rather than cytotoxic agents. Overall, our findings reveal that Col-EVs can reversibly suppress cancer cell proliferation by reprogramming transcriptional and nuclear architecture, offering a natural, biocompatible strategy for modulating tumour growth and sensitizing cancer cells to conventional therapies.

Extracellular Vesicles↗

PubMed1993

A preparation from bovine colostrum in the treatment of HIV-positive patients with chronic diarrhea.

In a prospective, open, uncontrolled study 25 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with chronic refractory diarrhea and either confirmed cryptosporidiosis (n = 7) or absence of demonstrable pathogenic organisms (n = 18) were treated with a daily oral dose of 10 g of an immunoglobulin preparation from bovine colostrum over a period of 10 days. Among the 7 patients with cryptosporidiosis, this treatment led to complete remission in 3 and partial remission in 2. Among the 18 patients with diarrhea and negative stool culture, complete remission of diarrhea was obtained in 7 and partial remission in 4. In the remaining 2 patients with cryptosporidiosis and the 7 patients with diarrhea but no demonstrable pathogens treatment produced no significant improvement of the diarrhea. Subsequent doubling of the Lactobin dose (2 x 10 g daily) in 8 of the nonresponders led to complete remission in one case and at least partial remission in a further 4 patients. Treatment of refractory diarrhea with 10 g immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum per day constitutes an important therapeutic approach and led to complete (40%) or partial (24%) remission of diarrhea in 64% of the patients described here.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Specificity of O-glycosylation by bovine colostrum UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase using synthetic glycopeptide substrates.

The factors determining glycosylation of mucin type glycoproteins are not well understood. In the present work, we investigated the role of the peptide moiety and of the presence of O-glycan chains on O-glycosylation by UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase (ppGalNAc-T). We used purified ppGalNAc-T from bovine colostrum and a series of synthetic glycopeptide and peptide substrates most of which contained sequences derived from the tandem repeat region of MUC2 mucin. The rate of incorporation of GalNAc into Thr was significantly greater than toward Ser residues. The presence of one or two GalNAc-Thr moieties in the substrate significantly reduced enzyme activity, and this effect was more pronounced when the disaccharide Gal beta 1-3GalNAc was present. Thus the sequential attachment of a second GalNAc residue in the vicinity of a pre-existing GalNAc-Thr or Gal beta 1-3GalNAc-Thr occurs at a slower rate than primary glycosylation of carbohydrate-free peptide. Analysis of products by HPLC showed that the enzyme was selective in glycosylating peptides or glycopeptides with the PTTTPIST sequence in that the preferred primary glycosylation site was the third Thr from the amino-terminal end; secondary glycosylation depended on the site of the primary glycosylation. Negatively but not positively charged amino acids on the carboxy-terminal side of the putative secondary glycosylation site resulted in high activity suggesting charge-charge interactions of substrates with the enzyme. These studies indicate that O-glycosylation by bovine colostrum ppGalNAc-T is a selective process dependent on both the amino acid sequence and prior glycosylation of peptide substrates.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A lipid inhibitor of dengue virus in human colostrum and milk; with a note on the absence of anti-dengue secretory antibody.

Neutralizing activity against dengue virus types 1--4 was observed in milk samples from 5 non-immune and 29 dengue immune women. Anti-dengue activity in milk and colostrum was found only in the lipid component. The inhibitory activity is directed against the virus and not cell surfaces. When immunoglobulin types IgM,IgA, IgG were isolated from colostrum from dengue immune women, no antibody activity was found. Anti-dengue activity in human milk did not decrease over a period of ten months after delivery.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Trans fatty acids. 4. Effects on fatty acid composition of colostrum and milk.

trans Isometric fatty acids of partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) consist of trans 20:1 and trans 22:1 in addition to the trans isomers of 18:1, which are abundant in hydrogenated vegetable oils, such as in partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO). The effects of dietary trans fatty acids in PHFO and PHSBO on the fatty acid composition of milk were studied at 0 (colostrum) and 21 days postpartum in sows. The dietary fats were PHFO (28% trans), or PHSBO (36% trans) and lard. Sunflower seed oil (4%) was added to each diet. The fats were fed from three weeks of age throughout the lactation period of Experiment 1. In Experiment 2 PHFO or "fully" hydrogenated fish oil (HFO) (19% trans), in comparison with coconut oil (CF) (0% trans), was fed with two levels of dietary linoleic acid, 1 and 2.7%, from conception throughout the lactation period. Feeding trans-containing fats led to secretion of trans fatty acids in the milk lipids. Levels of trans 18:1 and trans 20:1 in milk lipids, as percentages of total cis + trans 18:1 and cis + trans 20:1, respectively, were about 60% of that of the dietary fats, with no significant differences between PHFO and PHSBO. The levels were similar for colostrum and milk. Feeding HFO gave relatively less trans 18:1 and trans 20:1 fatty acids in milk lipids than did PHFO and PHSBO. Only low levels of cis + trans 22:1 were found in milk lipids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Triacylglycerol structure of human colostrum and mature milk.

Because triacylglycerol (TAG) structure influences the metabolic fate of its component fatty acids, we have examined human colostrum and mature milk TAG with particular attention to the location of the very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid on the glycerol backbone. The analysis was based on the formation of various diacylglycerol species from human milk TAG upon chemical (Grignard degradation) or enzymatic degradation. The structure of the TAG was subsequently deduced from data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters in the diacylglycerol subfractions. The highly specific TAG structure observed was identical in mature milk and colostrum. The three major fatty acids (oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids) each showed a specific preference for a particular position within milk TAG: oleic acid for the sn-1 position, palmitic acid for the sn-2 position and linoleic acid for the sn-3 position. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids exhibited the same pattern of distribution and they were both found primarily in the sn-3 (50%) and sn-1 (30%) positions. Their longer chain analogs, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, were located in the sn-2 and sn-3 positions. These results show that polyunsaturated fatty acids are distributed within the TAG molecule of human milk in a highly specific fashion, and that in the first month of lactation the maturation of the mammary gland does not affect the milk TAG structure.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1975

The role of immune pig colostrum, serum and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA, in local intestinal immunity against enterotoxic strain in Escherichia coli O55 in germfree piglets.

The protective effect of pig immune colostrum, serum and immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA against the enterotoxic strain of Escherichia coli O55, was studied in newborn germfree piglets. This strain produced accumulation of fluid and dilatation of intestine when injected into the ligated ileal segment of germfree piglets, which is considered to be the typical effect of enterotoxins. Erosion of the intestinal epithelium and penetration of bacteria into the submucosa were also observed. Immune serum, colostrum and all the immunoglobulin classes used produced a local protective effect, IgA being most effective. The mechanism of protection conferred by these immunoglobulins is discussed with respect to the possible pathogenic action of enterotoxic Escherichia coli O55 in the intestinal tract of immunologically virgin germfree piglets.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Glucocorticoid effects on zinc transport into colostrum and milk of lactating cows.

Colostrum Zn concentrations were measured in eight randomly selected Holstein dairy cows. Overall mean Zn concentrations were highest within 12 h postpartum (257 +/- 14 microM, mean +/- SEM), fell to 141 +/- 8 microM by 24 h, and then declined at a linear rate of 30 microM/d during the following 48 h. Zn concentrations at 3 d (82 +/- 5 microM) were not different from 150-d milk samples (72 +/- microM). In a second experiment, 32 early-gestation cows were blocked by stage of lactation into four groups in a randomized block design and injected with 0, 15, 30, or 45 mg of dexamethasone. Milk and blood samples were collected at 0, 12, and 24 h after injection and analyzed for Zn, and for fat, protein, and lactose in milk. Cows administered 0 and 15 mg of dexamethasone showed no difference in milk Zn concentrations compared to pretreatment measurements; however, milk Zn concentrations in cows administered 30- and 45-mg doses increased significantly. Plasma cortisol decreased in the dexamethasone-treated cows. Plasma Zn and milk fat, protein, and lactose did not change. These data indicate that glucocorticoids can mediate Zn uptake and transport by the mammary glands of lactating cows and suggest that the high Zn concentration in colostrum could be a result of the preparturient surge of cortisol.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Oral findings in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and oral lichen planus--a preliminary study on the effects of bovine colostrum-containing oral hygiene products.

Bovine colostrum is rich in antimicrobial substances and growth factors. The purpose of this open study was to examine and compare the interventory effects of daily use of bovine colostrum-containing oral hygiene products (CHP) on oral symptoms and findings in 20 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) and 20 age-matched patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). Objective oral measures and self-assessment of oral symptoms and general health were conducted before and after 90 days' use of CHP. The pSS patients had more systemic diseases, medication intake, oral dryness, poorer general health and lower salivary secretion than the OLP patients, who had the highest plaque index (PI) and the most mucosal soreness. Oral dryness and soreness were correlated to general health. In both patient groups. unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (UWS) had increased, PI and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) were reduced, and general health and oral dryness and soreness had improved after using CHP. A decrease in hyphae was found in candida smears from both groups and in blastospores in OLP smears. A reduction in the extension of the mucosal lesions was observed in 15 OLP patients. Results suggested beneficial effects of intervention with CHP on oral symptoms, general health, UWS, PI, PPD and candidal load in two patient groups--pSS and OLP--representing different oral symptomatology.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Responses of lymphocytes from human colostrum or milk to influenza antigens.

Paired samples of peripheral blood and colostrum or milk were obtained from women 1 to 6 days after delivery. After Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and colostrum or milk lymphocytes (COL) were examined for surface membrane characteristics and in vitro proliferative reactivity. As determined by sheep red blood cell rosetting and by immunoglobulin-coated beads, PBL showed an average of 54% T and 12% B lymphocytes, whereas COL showed 33% T and 22% B rosettes, respectively. Paired samples of PBL and COL were used for lymphocyte transformation with three distinct strains of influenza virus: A/USSR, A/Victoria, and B/Hong Kong. Of COL from nine subjects tested against all three strains of influenza virus, five samples (56%) gave positive responses to at least one. These studies indicate that COL contain cells responsive in vitro to several influenza antigens. Such sensitized cells may provide a mechanism for the transfer of antigen responsiveness and protection from the mother to the neonate.

Antigens, Viral↗