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PubMed1999

Dental caries status and treatment needs of 12-13-year-old children in Sichuan Province, southwestern China.

OBJECTIVE: To update information on the dental caries status of children living in the Southwestern part of China for planning appropriate dental care services and to obtain information on caries level in rural areas. METHOD: All first year students studying in seven secondary schools (two in urban, two in peri-urban and three in rural areas) in Sichuan Province were surveyed. The students were clinically examined in their schools using procedures and diagnostic criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: A total of 1,542 children, 12-13 years of age, were examined of which 660, 519 and 363 were from the urban, peri-urban and rural schools respectively. The prevalence of caries experience was highest in urban children (30%), followed by peri-urban children (21%) and lowest in rural children (13%). The respective DMFT index scores for the urban, peri-urban and rural children were 0.62, 0.38 and 0.18. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The major component of the DMFT index was untreated decay (DT) in all three areas. CONCLUSION: There was a clear trend of increasing prevalence and severity of dental caries in children as the survey sites moved from rural, through peri-urban to urban areas. Thus, estimates of dental caries in Chinese child populations of this age based on surveys conducted in urban areas will probably lead to gross over-estimation as over 80% of the people live in rural areas.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Application of the tracer method in the evaluation of the quality of dental care in 3237 Belgian schoolchildren].

In this paper, we describe the social distribution of levels of quality of the care to dental caries in 3237 Belgian schoolchildren aged 5 to 21. First, one decayed surface in 4 is filled. The index of filled surfaces of privileged children and of those who regularly consult the dentist is 50% higher than in disadvantaged children and in those who consult for cure. Secondly, one filled surface in 3 is threatened. The index of recurrent caries of privileged children is 30% lower than the one of disadvantaged children. A similar difference is observed between the groups defined by their use of dental services. Thirdly, one decayed surface in 25 is missing. The proportion of missing surfaces is not negligible in disadvantaged children and in those who consult the dentist for cure. We conclude that the system of dental care does not favor equity nor maintenance of dental health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Oral health of Brazilian elderly: a systematic review of epidemiologic status and dental care access].

Population aging and declining birth rate have significantly altered the Brazilian age structure pyramid. In parallel with demographic transition, epidemiological transition is altering morbidity-mortality profiles, without adequate health support for the elderly population group. By searching databases, the objective of this study was a systemic literature review from 1986 to 2004 concerning the most prevalent oral problems experienced by elderly Brazilians, aimed at revealing the main obstacles for accessing health services. Mean DMFT index values in this study ranged from 25 to 31. Most articles reported a high percentage of edentulism. The main barriers for access to dental services were poor education, low income, and scarcity of public oral health services. Brazilian elderly oral health is thus precarious, with high edentulism rates, periodontal problems, decayed teeth, and great need for prostheses, reflecting the historical inefficacy of public dental services, limited to serial extractions and emergency services, based on the curative model.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Caries prevalence of 11.5 year-olds between 1989 and 2001 in a province of North-Eastern Greece.

OBJECTIVE & DESIGN: To compare cross-sectional caries prevalence data of 11.5 year old children over a 13 year period (1989-2001) and to evaluate the maximum effect of the applied preventive programme (sealants to 1st molars and 6-year health education) on DMFT values during the last five years. PARTICIPANTS: Using the records of a Public Health Centre (PHC) in NE Greece, a number (153-250) of children aged 11.5-years were selected from each calendar year, constituting 11 study groups (totalling 2,217 children), stratified by area of residency. METHOD: Annual oral health education sessions provided in 1990, a year after the PHC was established. Light-cured fissure sealants were systematically mass introduced in 1996. The same dentist completed all DMFT records in the dental clinic during the children's routine visits. DMFT was analysed using two Poisson and two Binomial models for both data from all years, and for the last five years. The models had as factors: "Time" (year of examination of the study group), "Residency" (semi urban, rural lowland, rural highland), number of "Sealed 1st molars" and "Sealed posterior teeth". RESULTS: All the factors were highly statistically significant (p<0.001). Dental health was found to be good (DMFT=0), improving progressively year by year (range 12-50%). The mean DMFT decreased steadily from 4.5 (in 1989) to 1.81 (in 2001). The Significant Caries index was almost halved (from 8.08 to 4.23). CONCLUSION: An important improvement in the caries status of 11.5 year-olds since 1989 has been demonstrated, irrespective of the residency. The systematic application of fissure sealants to all 1st molars, parallel to the cumulative effect of the 6-year health education programme per child, played a significant role in reducing disparities in disease prevalence, despite the difficulty of improving rates of decline when the caries levels are relatively low.

Binomial Distribution↗

PubMed1990

[Epidemiological analysis of periodontal disease. Analysis of junior high school and high school students].

In this study, we carried out epidemiological surveys on some of the factors that seem to be related to periodontal disease in adolescence, and tried to clarify the cause of periodontal disease in young people. Moreover, the direction needed for effective education of school students in the field of school dental health was discussed. The subjects of this study were 232 junior high school students and 142 high school students. Oral conditions evaluated in terms of the PMA index, the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and the salivary occult bleeding level for periodontal disease, the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) for oral hygiene, and the DMFT index for caries experience. Psychological tests used in this study were the Yatabe-Guilford test (Y-G test), the Cornell Medical Index (CMI), and the Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS). The dental questionnaire developed by Maeda was changed to a simpler form and used to obtain information on personal aspects or parameters such as the ability to recognize one's oral condition, their knowledge of proper dental health, consciousness about and interest in dental health, dental experience and health behavior. The condition of periodontal disease and the OHI-S value tended to improve as the school grade went up, especially among junior high school students. Regarding the personal aspects the subjects who had knowledge of proper dental health, consciousness about and interest in dental health, and health behavior tended to show a lower PMA index; and there were differences in these parameters between junior high school students and high school students. Among junior high school students the results suggested that consciousness about and interest in such factors as gingival bleeding, bad breath and sticky feeling in the mouth caused better dental health behavior. In the psychological aspects, the PMA index value tended to be lower in the low-anxiety group than in the high-anxiety group. From these findings, periodontal disease in adolescence appears to be affected by not only the oral hygiene condition but also personal parameters and psychological factors. In school dental health, therefore, personal health guidance by the teacher in charge who knows the student well is very important in order to improve the periodontal condition, together with the correct examination and evaluation by the school dentists.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Caries prevalence and dental hygiene in a group of school-age children].

The results of a cross-sectional study of the prevalence of caries in a sample of 3,237 children aged 5 to 21 are described in relation to some objectives of the WHO program. The prevalence of caries is high in the sample: 1. 31.5% of the children aged 5 to 6 are free of caries (according to the WHO objectives, 50% of the children aged 5 to 6 should have no caries), 2. the mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMF/T index) in children aged 11 to 12 is 6.6 (The DMF/T should be less than or equal to 3). The frequency of toothbrushing is distributed as follows: 23% of the children brush their teeth once a week or less, 46% brush their teeth once a day, and 31% brush their teeth twice a day or more. The purpose and the frequency of the consultations at the dentist's office have been examined: 15% of the children never consult the dentist, 44% consult the dentist in case of toothache, and 41% go to the dentist's office for screening or control. Only 3.2% of the children use regularly and appropriately fluoride tablets. Since the variance of the results is large, it is difficult to distinguish explaining variables or determinants. However, the data indicate that social groups show differences in DMF indices as well as in the behaviors associated with dental hygiene and prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Impact of treatment provision on the epidemiological recording of root caries.

The estimation of root caries prevalence and the identification of risk factors for decay depend upon the successful identification of carious lesions in epidemiological studies. Root surface restorations can either be placed to manage decay or cervical wear/sensitivity. The handling of data for restorations during epidemiological surveys is critical to the accurate assessment of caries prevalence. The objective of this study was to determine the relative frequency of dentists' placing root surface restorations according to their reason for placement. Data for 696 restorations were recorded from 35 dentists. Forty-five % of restorations were placed because of decay compared with 55% for cervical wear/sensitivity. There were no significant differences in proportion of placement of restoration with age of the patient or between regular and irregular attenders of different ages. Using these data a correction factor was developed for inclusion in the Root Caries Index (RCI) to make allowance for the proportion of restorations placed because of wear/sensitivity. When this correction factor was introduced into an existing data-set for root caries, the RCI was reduced for all groups. This reduction was greatest in regular attenders. When these data were analysed without making allowance for treatment effects, there was a significant difference in RCI between regular and irregular attenders. When the correction factor was applied to these data, this difference was eliminated.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Caries prevalence and salt fluoridation among 9-year-old schoolchildren in Strasbourg, France.

The 9-year-old group (236 children) of an epidemiological study carried out in 1991 in Strasbourg on children aged 6 to 15 years was selected with the aim of determining if the caries prevalence reduction observed could be related to the use of salt fluoridation (FS) introduced in France in 1987. From these 236 children, 143 answered a questionnaire which showed that 36 of them were fluoridated salt users and 107 were not. The dft index was significantly lower in the FS consumers which showed 35.5% dft reduction compared to the non-FS-consuming children. When using the Generalized Linear Model, this reduction was significant (P = 0.03). Although lower in the FS group, the DMFT and DMFS indices showed no statistical significant difference. It appeared that 72.2% of the users took simultaneously fluoride tablets but no dental fluorosis was observed. The use of fluoride tablets had a significant effect on the DMFS (P = 10(-2)). The children who consumed FS used more frequently fluoridated mouthrinses (P = 10(-3)) and had more frequent professional application of fluoridated gel and varnishes than non-consumers (P = 0.02). The DMFS index increased with the number of meals (P = 10(-6)), which was the most significant variable entered into the Generalized Linear Model. The children who brushed their teeth once a day had a DMFS value 2.6 times higher than those who brushed regularly three times a day (P = 10(-3)). The DMFS value was 4.4 times higher among the children who brushed their teeth irregularly when compared with those who brushed three times a day (P = 10(-2)).

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1990

[Fluorine and the dentition].

In order to estimate the influence of fluorine (in drinking-water and air) on the occlusion 372 twelve-year-old children have been examined in four different localities with differing fluorine concentrations of drinking water and air. Apart from the determination of the fluorosis frequency and of the DMFt index, the number of children who do not require any orthodontic treatment according to the WHO recommendation has been determined. The degree of malocclusion has been defined by means of the Eismann-Masztalerz's method. There was observed that the optimal fluorine concentration in drinking water (0.7-0.9 mg/l) decreases the degree of malocclusion except for the crowding of the teeth whereas its concentration above the optimum (4.0-7.0 mg/l) as well as fluorine polluted air are one of the causes of crowding.

Air↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Caries prevalence among 6- to 16-year-old students in Jamaica 12 years after the Introduction of salt fluoridation.

The aim of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to evaluate the caries prevalence among 6- to 16-year-old students in a rural community in Jamaica, where salt fluoridation was introduced in 1987. Data were obtained from dental examinations of 1,558 students in 1999. The mean (SD) dmfs/DMFS values were 7.9 (10.7) for the 6-year-old children, 4.1 (4.9) for the 12-year-old students and 8.2 (8.1) for the 15-year-olds; mean (SD) dmft/DMFT scores were 3.2 (3.5), 2.2 (2.1) and 3.8. (3.3), respectively. An Unmet Restorative Index of 88-99.9% was observed. Opacities due to fluorosis were recorded for 48% of the children examined. The results indicate a reduced caries prevalence for all age groups since salt fluoridation began. However, since various forms of fluoride might have contributed to the reduction, conclusions concerning salt fluoridation as the main factor must be drawn with caution. The effectiveness of salt fluoridation in Jamaica should be re-examined more closely.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Efficacy of prevention of periodontal diseases].

In the present study the results of individual programmes of dental care conducted in a selected population of young adults were shown. The periodontal status was recorded using GPM/T, CPITN, QHI index criteria. In the period of 18 months there was no progression of gingivitis. The severity of gingivitis was clearly reduced, but the percentage distribution was not influenced. The results of the study indicate directions for prevention, diagnosis and therapy. In order to reduce the incidence of the diseases dental care should be concentrated on the motivation and instruction of oral hygiene, plaque control and removal of dental calculus. The findings of the study confirm that a prophylactic programme can prevent more severe gingivitis and marginal periodontitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Dental status and treatment needs among institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway.

Dental status and treatment needs were studied in a random sample comprising 353 mentally subnormal persons. The sample was drawn to represent institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway aged 5-45. The overall dental health was poor, primarily due to inadequate and fragmentary treatment facilities. Whereas the dental condition of children below 15 years of age was acceptable, as measured by the DMFT index, tooth loss increased rapidly with advancing age. Nearly every second dentulous person needed some conservation, and every tenth needed extraction of one or more teeth. One-third of the patients needed treatment requiring general anesthesia. It was concluded that a new system for the investigation of treatment requirements should be developed. This system must be based on diagnostic and social criteria, and should serve as a guideline for the plannning and delivery of dental services to the various subgroups of mentally subnormal persons.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Milk fluoridation: a comparison of dental health in two school communities in England.

OBJECTIVE: To compare levels of caries experience in children attending schools in Wirral that have a fluoridated milk programme with children in a similar community which does not have a fluoridated milk programme. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional study measuring caries experience in first permanent molars. Children were examined on an 'intention to treat' basis and the effect of clustering of children within schools was taken into account. PARTICIPANTS: 690 children in Wirral (test group) and 1,835 children in Sefton (comparison group) were examined for caries experience (DMFT/DT/DFS) in 2003. The mean ages of the children examined in the test and comparison groups were 10.79 and 10.83 years respectively. RESULTS: Mean DMFT/DT/DFS values were 1.01/0.59/1.20 respectively in the test group and 1.46/1.02/1.89 respectively in the comparison group. Multiple linear regression analysis taking clustering of children within schools into account and with the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 as an explanatory variable gave the coefficients and p-values for DMFT/DT/DFS of 0.49 (p < 0.001)/0.43 (p < 0.001)/0.74 (p < 0.001) respectively. CONCLUSION: A difference in children with caries experience of 13% and a difference in children with active decay of 16% was found when a district with a community fluoridated milk programme was compared with a district without a fluoridated milk programme.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Prevalence of root surface caries in 55, 65, and 75-year-old Swedish individuals.

The prevalence and intraoral distribution of decayed and filled root surfaces were evaluated in 55, 65, and 75-yr-old inhabitants of Gothenburg. From randomly selected groups, 88, 72, and 48 dentate persons in the respective age groups participated and as many as 85, 93, and 90% respectively had one or more decayed or filled root surfaces. In the two oldest age groups 32-35% were free from root carious lesions, while 20% had five or more decayed root surfaces. The corresponding figures for the youngest group were 63% and 8%. The prevalence of root surface caries was evaluated using the Root Caries Index (RCI), excluding prosthetic crowns. The mean RCI value increased with age (P less than 0.05, ANOVA on age groups) from 14% to 16% and 22% in the 55, 65, and 75-yr-olds, respectively. The root surfaces of the molars were most frequently affected by caries and fillings, the incisors least frequently. In the maxilla the proximal surfaces were most affected, in the mandible this applied to the buccal surfaces, while the lingual surfaces had the lowest proportion of carious lesions and fillings in both jaws.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Oral health in women with coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Over the last few decades, oral diseases including periodontitis, have been discussed as a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the oral health of age-matched women with or without coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: A total of 143 consecutive women, aged 43 to 79 years, with diagnosed CHD underwent a thorough dental examination including a panoramic radiograph and were compared to 50 women, aged 45 to 77 years without CHD. RESULTS: The number of remaining teeth and pathological periodontal pockets (> or =4 mm) between the groups differed. The women with CHD had 18.9 +/- 8.5 remaining teeth versus 23.4 +/- 6.3 teeth in the control group (P < 0.001). The CHD group had more pathological periodontal pockets compared to the controls, 14.2 +/- 12.4 versus 9.6 +/- 13.3 (P = 0.002), respectively. The mean marginal bone level assessed on radiographs was the same in both groups, while the number of vertical bone defects differed (P = 0.022). Dentures were more frequent in the CHD group than in the controls (27% versus 6%, P = 0.022), as was edentulousness, 10.5% versus 0% (P = 0.017), respectively. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, education, and place of birth showed a relation between the number of periodontal pockets and CHD with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.8 (1.68 to 8.74), and a tendency between dentures and CHD, with an OR of 4.6 (0.99 to 21.28). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that women with CHD have worse oral health than those in a comparable group with no history of CHD.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The oral health of South Asian five-year-old children in deprived areas of Dudley compared with White children of equal deprivation and fluoridation status.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the oral health of five-year-old children from South Asian ethnic groups and compare this with White children of equal deprivation and fluoridation status. DESIGN: An epidemiological survey of five-year-old children in Dudley was carried out as part of the 1996 BASCD co-ordinated programme but with the collection of additional variables (ethnic classification and postcode of residence). CLINICAL SETTING: The examinations were carried out in schools in Dudley, England. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred and fifty-four five-year-old children living in neighbourhoods with an ACORN code F (striving) and attending schools in the fluoridated part of Dudley. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disease levels were measured using the dmft index. Caries was diagnosed at the caries into dentine (d3) threshold using a visual method without radiography or fibre-optic transillumination. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries, particularly untreated caries, was higher in South Asian children. There was no difference in the intensity or pattern of disease between the two groups when comparing those children with disease experience. CONCLUSIONS: Dental caries experience in young children continues to be associated with ethnicity once the data are controlled for deprivation and fluoridation status.

Bangladesh↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oral conditions in children with cerebral palsy.

PURPOSE: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major severe childhood disability and its prevalence is increasing, particularly among premature low-weight newborns. The oral conditions observed demonstrate the need for home and professional care for these individuals. This study aimed to investigate dental caries, plaque index, time of eruption, malocclusion, bruxism and motor oral skills in a group of 62 CP children (study group). METHODS: The results were compared to those obtained for a control group with 67 normal children. Nonparametric statistical tests including the Mann-Whitney test, Fisher's Exact test (P), Chi-square test (chi2), and Cochran's Q test were used according to the nature of the variables studied, with the level of significance set at P<.05. RESULTS: The results showed a significantly higher DMFS index for CP children with permanent dentition of both sexes when compared to normal children. A significantly higher plaque index was also observed in the study group. A high tendency to delayed eruption of permanent molars and significantly higher percentages of malocclusion and bruxism were observed in the study group with permanent dentition. Residual food and mouth breathing have been frequently found in CP children. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier preventive measures for CP patients are required because they are a high-risk group for dental caries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Epidemiological study of caries prevalence in 5-and-12-year-old school children in Flanders].

A caries prevalence survey was carried out among twelve and five-year-old school children in Flanders (Belgium). The aim of the study was an evaluation of the education, prevention and treatment programme organised by the Flemish Working Group on Oral Prevention. The survey covered 3600 5-year old children and as many 12-year old adolescents, selected at random in the five Dutch-speaking provinces of Belgium. Concerning the caries experience of 5-year old children, we noticed a small dmft of 1.65 and a percentage of caries-free of 60%. Regarding the results for the 12-year olds, we recorded a DMFT of 2.72 and 25% caries-free adolescents. Children from non West-European origin scored much higher in dmft but showed a remarkably lower DMFT-index. We can suggest that an increased attention remains necessary for risk groups such as children with a high caries susceptibility, young immigrants and low income families. The dental health education in schools should be kept on-going and even be extended towards adolescents. Because we remarked a very low dental attendance pattern among young children, we really need to convince parents of the importance of early visits to the dentist. We believe that epidemiology is the only basis for a sound and evident prevention strategy.

Belgium↗