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Results for “Developmental Disabilities”

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PubMed2004

Adverse effects of amantadine and oseltamivir used during respiratory outbreaks in a center for developmentally disabled adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antiviral prophylaxis is recommended for the control of institutional influenza A outbreaks. In long-term-care institutions other than nursing homes, neither the seriousness of influenza nor the risks and benefits of antiviral prophylaxis is clearly understood. We studied the severity of illness due to influenza among adults residing in a center for the developmentally disabled and assessed adverse reactions to amantadine and oseltamivir prophylaxis. METHODS: Data were collected from the charts of consenting residents. Complications of upper respiratory tract illness were recorded. Potential adverse events were documented during amantadine and oseltamivir therapy, and during a baseline period with neither medication. RESULTS: The median age of the 287 participants was 46.4 years. Only 15 (5%) were older than 65 years, and 69 (24%) had chronic underlying medical illness placing them at high risk for influenza. Of the 122 residents with an upper respiratory tract infection, 16 (13%) developed pneumonia, 12 (9.8%) were hospitalized, and 5 (4%) died. Twenty-eight (25%) of 112 residents had an adverse neurologic event while receiving amantadine prophylaxis, compared with 3 (2.7%) receiving no antiviral medication and 5 (4.5%) receiving oseltamivir (P < .001). Sixteen percent of the residents discontinued amantadine due to adverse events; in contrast, adverse events were identified in 2.9% of the residents prescribed oseltamivir, and none discontinued therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with a high risk of complications in this population. The rate of adverse neurologic events associated with amantadine was significantly higher than that associated with oseltamivir.

Acetamides↗

PubMed1988

Reducing inappropriate behaviors of developmentally disabled adults using antecedent aerobic dance exercises.

The effects of aerobic dance exercise on inappropriate behaviors of two developmentally disabled adults were observed in a day activities center. The experimental phase, in which the subjects engaged in exercise with seven other individuals on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of each week, was preceded and followed by baseline phases in which subjects did not exercise and in which there were no contingencies in effect for the dependent variables. Exercises consisted of those commonly used in exercise dance classes. Observations occurred during 15 minute periods immediately before and following exercise while subjects engaged in regular classroom activities. Observations also occurred in the same time periods on no-exercise days during all phases. Behaviors observed included inappropriate vocalizations, repetitive movements, and off-task. Results indicate for both subjects a decrease in each of the inappropriate behaviors as a result of exercise.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

AO incompatibility in a small group of developmentally disabled children.

Prevalence of fetal-maternal AO incompatibility was studied in a group of 150 children having developmental delay in the neuropsychological sphere. In a given population the number of A children having O mothers (AO incompatibility) should equal the number of O children having A mothers (OA compatibility). However, in the study group we observed 26 children in the former and 14 children in the latter category. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). The frequency of AO incompatibility in the developmentally disabled population was higher (17.3%) than that in 437 child-mother pairs of the general population (10.1%). It was not possible to demonstrate association of any specific neurological defect with AO incompatibility, although the children born from AO incompatible pregnancies tended to start walking later than the other children of the study group.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1989

The role of the clinical nurse specialist in the assessment and development of social-sexual skills of adults who are developmentally disabled.

Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) functioning in ambulatory settings such as sheltered workshops or other community placements where developmentally disabled persons receive services have an excellent opportunity to use their teaching, counseling and guidance and interaction skills to assist them in gaining competencies that they need to be successful in social/sexual interactions. In this article, preassessment of these skills was performed and an outline of an educational program provided so that CNSs can assume this important teaching and counseling role.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Costs of family care for adults with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities.

"Out-of-pocket" spending by families supporting an adult family member with mental retardation or related developmental disability was characterized and estimated. Annualized nonreimbursed spending among a sample of 99 Chicago-area households was evaluated through survey and telephone interview across 10 categories of routine daily living expenses and disabilities-related services. The average annual out-of-pocket cost was $6,348. Average pre-tax income for the sample households was $37,657. Although wealthier households reported higher levels of spending, the percentage of household income represented by out-of-pocket costs increased significantly as family incomes decreased. Results were discussed in the context of families as a focus for service planning and public policy and the importance of the family to the nation's system of care.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Sequential evaluation of reinforced compliance and graduated request delivery for the treatment of noncompliance in children with developmental disabilities.

Errorless compliance training is a recently developed approach that has been demonstrated to be effective in treating severe oppositional behavior in children. In conjunction with several ancillary techniques, the approach comprises two fundamental components: reinforcement for child compliance and delivery of requests in a four-level hierarchy, from requests that yield high levels of compliance to those that yield low levels. To determine the relative contribution of each component, four children with developmental disabilities and severe oppositional behavior were observationally assessed in baseline and then treated using reinforcement following each instance of compliance to parental requests. Following this first treatment phase, we used the graduated request hierarchy in conjunction with reinforced compliance. Results indicated that use of reinforcement for compliance in isolation was ineffective in bringing about clinically significant improvements in child compliance. The addition of the graduated request hierarchy appeared to be associated with substantial changes in child compliance that maintained in follow-up assessments.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2005

Factors associated with leisure activity among young adults with developmental disabilities.

The framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) was applied to examine the factors associated with childhood impairment and leisure activity. Information on leisure activity was obtained using a structured questionnaire from a population-based cohort of young adults with childhood impairment. The results underscore the differences in leisure lifestyles by impairment type and severity. Activity limitations, educational attainment, and the acquisition of adult social roles were significant predictors of leisure activity. This study emphasizes the importance of improving daily activities, increasing attendance of postsecondary school and opportunities for competitive employment and participation in impairment-related programs to help increase the number and scope of types of leisure activities for young adults with developmental disabilities.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Opportunities for communication in classrooms serving children with developmental disabilities.

Documented the number and types of opportunities for communication provided by teachers in seven classrooms for children with developmental disabilities and by teachers of nonhandicapped preschoolers in a day care center. In the special education settings, less than 14% of the more than 6,000 observation intervals contained an opportunity for communication. Most opportunities involved naming an object or event followed in frequency by opportunities to request, answer, and imitate. Similar results were obtained in the day care center. In the special education classrooms, a strong positive correlation was found between a child's existing communication skills and the number of opportunities received. Results suggest that these teachers did incorporate opportunities for communication into classroom activities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Prevalence of dyskinesia and related movement disorders in a developmentally disabled population.

The prevalences and inter-relationships of five types of movement disorders were evaluated in a large, developmentally disabled (DD) population (n = 1227); prevalence was evaluated with regard to severity, age, gender and antipsychotic-drug (APD) exposure. Dyskinesia was found in 48% of the sample, dystonia in 29%, akathisia in 13%, Parkinsonism in 3% and paroxysms in 4%. Many persons had more than one symptom so that 72% had one or more of the five target symptoms. Although the five movement-disorder categories were not mutually exclusive, analysis supported the individuality of the categories as defined in this study. The prevalences of dyskinesia and Parkinsonism were considerably greater than those in the general population. On the other hand, the prevalence of dyskinesia was similar to that reported for psychiatric and institutionalized geriatric populations. Parkinsonism increased with age and male gender, while dyskinesia increased with age and female gender. APD-exposure was significantly correlated only with akathisia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

A community survey of self-injurious behavior among developmentally disabled children and adolescents.

The extent, nature, and treatment of self-injurious behavior was surveyed among 2,663 developmentally disabled children and adolescents in a large metropolitan school district during the 1984-85 school year. Sixty-nine, or 2.6 percent, of the students exhibited at least one type of self-injurious behavior during the preceding 12 months; 59 percent of these students were males and 41 percent were females. Most of the self-injurious students were either severely or profoundly retarded, and their mean age was 10.2 years. Although almost three-quarters of the students exhibited self-injurious behavior at least daily, only a third were engaged in formal treatment programs for the problem. More than half (53.6 percent) had been restrained during the preceding 12 months for such behavior, and 8.7 percent had received psychotropic medications. The authors believe that the development of effective treatment strategies for self-injurious individuals living in the community may help them avoid institutionalization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Pinworm eradication in community residential settings for people with developmental disabilities.

Pinworm, a common parasitic infestation, can be a chronic nuisance in community and institutional residences for people with developmental disabilities. Asymptomatic human carriage of the parasite and its eggs often prevents eradication from a communal residential setting. The elimination of pinworm from a system of community residential settings through a public health approach was described.

Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilitie↗

PubMed1993

Injuries in young people with developmental disabilities: comparative investigation from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey.

Injury rates among community-based young people with developmental disabilities were compared to controls and to young people with chronic illness and their controls, using data from the 1988 National Health Interview Study. Children with disabilities had higher injury rates than did controls, but children with chronic illness did not. Preschoolers with chronic illness tended to have lower rates of injury. Analyses were also conducted by sex. These injury patterns may be due to both impaired function resulting from disability and overprotection with decreased exposure to risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Practical suggestions for the perioperative care of the developmentally disabled child.

An open, communicative, child-oriented staff that is skilled in dealing with the needs of pediatric surgical patients will have no difficulty making a few adaptations for developmentally disabled children. It is important to know the child's developmental level, coping styles, language development, and ability to understand verbal communication. Parents or caregivers can play an integral role in the development of a successful plan of care for the pediatric patient. Establishing good rapport with these significant individuals allows the nurse to gain insight into the affective behaviors of the child.

Affective Symptoms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Task variation versus task repetition for people with profound developmental disabilities: an assessment of preferences.

An assessment of preferences between task variation and task repetition with four adults with profound developmental disabilities was implemented. After participants were exposed to both task variation and task repetition conditions, they were allowed to choose between them. Results showed that all participants had strong preferences; three preferred task variation and one task repetition. Aspects of the assessment and use of assessment data for planning daily work conditions were discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

Fractures in adults at an institution for the developmentally disabled.

This is a 2-year prospective observational study of fractures occurring in residents of a live in center for developmentally disabled adults that is designed to identify risk factors that predispose to injury in this group. Fifty-eight individuals sustained 67 fractures during the study period. Only 18 of the 67 (27%) fractures were witnessed by the healthcare staff. Most fractures were diagnosed by subtle findings of erythema or swelling or by a change in the patient's behavior. Thirty-three of 332 (10%) community ambulators compared with 25 of 103 (24%) less functional residents incurred fractures. This difference is highly significant. Thirty-one of the 58 (53%) patients who sustained fractures during the study had a history of fracture before the study period. Thus, programs to reduce fractures should focus on residents with previous fractures and those with more severe disabilities.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Transition from school to work of students with developmental disabilities and mental retardation: an Israeli perspective.

The present research was conducted in four special education schools for students with developmental disabilities and mental retardation in the Haifa area. The total number of subjects was 72. There were 45 (63%) males and 27 (37%) females. The mean age was 18.1 years (range: 16-19.5). The mean IQ (WISC) was 66.3 points (range: 40-85). The vocational placement at the end of 6 months after leaving school was recorded for each school graduate. A total of 53 teachers--school principles, counsellors, specialized teachers and speech and occupational therapists--filled out specially designed questionnaires covering three areas: (1) students' work programme experience; (2) teachers' ratings of final year students on: academic studies, social behaviour, independence and vocational skills as well as teachers' recommendations, given towards the end of the final year at the school, for the immediate plan of action for each of the graduating students; (3) teachers' ratings of parental involvement with the educational programme of each student. Background variables included IQ, age and gender. The major finding was that 6 months after graduation, one-third of special school graduates were not working, were not enrolled in any formal programme and were idle at home. The variables that were found to correlate with successful placement were students' prior work experience, teachers' ratings of students achievements and their recommendations for each student, and parental involvement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Buspirone therapy for maladaptive behavior and anxiety in developmentally disabled persons.

The authors used buspirone, a new anxiolytic agent that has a low side effect profile, to treat 14 developmentally disabled individuals who demonstrated anxiety as well as aggressive and self-injurious behaviors. Nine of the 14 individuals responded favorably to the drug. The authors present case reports for 3 of the responders and discuss the clinical implications of buspirone therapy.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1978

Adaptive behavior and Uzgiris-Hunt Scale performance of young, developmentally disabled children.

The relationship between performance on a Piaget-based infant scale and adaptive behavior was assessed for 25 developmentally disabled infants and preschool children. Results indicated a significant relationship between these measures. Canonical analysis suggested the relevance of the Piagetian abilities of object permanence and foresight and the adaptive behavior skills of self-help and social behavior for this relationship. Discussion centered on research implications emerging from these findings.

Child Development↗