PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “ETHICS, PHARMACY”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[The ethical message of the history of medicine as a guideline for modern medicine].

To fulfill its role in the humanization of today's medicine is the correct subjective relationship between doctor and patient, the doctor and society, the teaching of the history of medicine should pay more attention to medicine as an art. This conception carries the ethical message of humanism and humanitarianism towards the patient. The history of medicine as an academic subject focuses mainly on the history of approaches, conceptions, outstanding discoveries in the domain of physiology and anatomy etc. However, I believe that to achieve the aim of humanizing medicine, we should adopt an interdisciplinary approach. Therefore teaching the history of medicine and pharmacy, I try to consider its particular aspects from the philosophical-ethical perspective. In this way the focus of attention shifts to the patient his experience of suffering, his illness and death. What made me choose this perspective was the study of the Polish 19th Century approach to the history and philosophy of medicine, in which the patient and his health was an end in itself.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2004

Drug-seeker lists are dangerous at best, require tight administrative controls.

It is extremely risky to keep lists of people who show up frequently in your ED seeking drugs, and the lists may not accomplish much anyway. If you allow staff or physicians to keep such lists, you should establish tight controls. Lists can pose confidentiality concerns. Never use a list before a patient is properly screened. Take a hard-line approach with obvious drug seekers to diminish repeat visits.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed2002

The professional ethics of medieval pharmacists in the Islamic world.

Most work on Islamic medical ethics has been in relation to the physician, yet physicians are only one category of many health-related professionals. In view of its role as mediator between the layman and medication, pharmacy is of perhaps equal importance. In medieval Islam, there seems to have been a clear differentiation between the physician and the pharmacist. However, most of our sources reflect the physician's point of view. A text which uniquely reflects that of the pharmacist is the thirteenth-century Minhaj al-dukkan by al-Kuhin al-'Attar of Cairo. A comparison between the ethical contents of this book, and of similar works aimed at physicians, can indicate what the differences and similarities were between the "good physician" and the "good pharmacist." Interestingly, the language used to define the "go od" professional is religiously neutral--there is nothing to evince a particular identity, beyond a general monotheism, on the part of the writers.

Ethics, Professional↗
PubMed1986

Ethical, economic, and professional issues in home health care.

Important ethical, economic, and professional issues in home health care (HHC) are identified and discussed. Patient services issues in HHC involve the ethics of providing high-technology feeding therapies to terminally ill patients and the controversies surrounding drug products, such as the appropriate amount of drug to be dispensed, the appropriate individual to compound home-care drug products, acceptable types of product packaging, and the impact of a switch in venders on the drug products supplied to patients. Economic issues include reasonable profit for HHC services, methods used to charge for products and services, payments to physicians for patient referrals, and pharmacies owned and operated by the HHC industry. Pharmacy relations issues center on the influence of nonpharmacists on pharmacy-based HHC services and the effect of HHC services on intraprofessional relations. How pharmacists resolve the many ethical, economic, and professional issues in HHC will determine the quality of services provided to patients, the nature of the working relationships between pharmacists and other health professionals, and the direction that pharmacy HHC services will take in the future.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1996

The role of policy in community pharmacies' response to injection-drug use: results of a nationwide Canadian survey.

The response rate to this survey reflects the salience of the topic and the professional concern about and interest in issues presented by HIV. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has presented pharmacists with one of the greatest challenges to their professional training, ethics, and practice. It further expedites a current re-examination that is occurring among community pharmacies concerning their roles in community health practices. In response to HIV there have been dramatic and unprecedented changes in pharmacy policy and practices. Clearly, some community pharmacies have led the way and influenced policy and practices. In view of the recent introduction of many of these policies and practices, it is likely that change will continue. Survey respondents were, in general, very comfortable with an expanded role involving counseling, health promotion, and disease prevention, consistent with a broader role for community pharmacies in general that has been recently advocated. Community pharmacies serve all areas of the country, in communities large and small; many are open seven days a week, and some provide extended hours of service. Community pharmacies may provide an important complement to community outreach programs as a source of clean needles and syringes for IDUs in most communities, and as an alternative service in some communities where more elaborate programs are not feasible. Safer needle use, as part of a health-promotion approach, is divergent from conventional practice. While major changes have occurred, it appears that there has been some polarization of attitudes and response. The explanation for this is not simple, and further analysis is required to determine the full impact from several ethical perspectives that include professional, business, and public health viewpoints. We have highlighted the role that policy has in moving toward preventive and harm-reduction approaches. From a policy perspective, we have found that support from the federal government, regulatory bodies, and professional associations may be an important catalyst to pharmacists' participation in programs. Further, it does not appear to be possible to implement such policies without professional development and continuing education, and collaboration with the community. Based on data on knowledge and educational need, we believe that our study population's lowest levels of information were in such areas as the role of methadone in HIV prevention and the availability of needle-exchange programs. As with other health-promotion campaigns, additional skills training may be important. Movement forward with expanded preventive and harm-reduction strategies by pharmacies will require careful planning. It is anticipated that change in this area will be incremental in nature, and that it is necessary to introduce programs and services into community pharmacies gradually. Successful implementation will require extensive community development and collaboration with other health professionals, public health officials, police, groups who represent IDUs, and persons living with HIV/AIDS. Careful monitoring and evaluation of these programs will be necessary to enhance their effectiveness.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Living with conflicts-ethical dilemmas and moral distress in the health care system.

During the last decade, the Swedish health care system has undergone fundamental changes. The changes have made health care more complex and ethics has increasingly become a required component of clinical practice. Considering this, it is not surprising that many health care professionals suffer from stress-related disorders. Stress due to ethical dilemmas is usually referred to as "moral distress". The present article derives from Andrew Jameton's development of the concept of moral distress and presents the results of a study that, using focus group method, identifies situations of ethical dilemmas and moral distress among health care providers of different categories. The study includes both hospital clinics and pharmacies. The results show that all categories of staff interviewed express experiences of moral distress; prior research has mostly focused on moral distress experienced by nurses. Second, it was made clear that moral distress does not occur only as a consequence of institutional constraints preventing the health care giver from acting on his/her moral considerations, which is the traditional definition of moral distress. There are situations when the staff members do follow their moral decisions, but in doing so they clash with, e.g. legal regulations. In these cases too, moral distress occurs. Hitherto research on moral distress has focused on the individual health care provider and her subjective moral convictions. Our results show that the study of moral distress must focus more on the context of the ethical dilemmas. Finally, the conclusion of the study is that the work organization must provide better support resources and structures to decrease moral distress. The results point to the need for further education in ethics and a forum for discussing ethically troubling situations experienced in the daily care practice for both hospital and pharmacy staff.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[The role of ethical committees in drug trials performed according to "Good Clinical Practice"].

According to the author, the prerequisites for the more active participation of Hungary in the international clinical drug research are the introduction of GCP and the limitation of the time needed for study approval to 3-4 months. The scientific and ethical aspects of the approval should be separated at each phase of drug development for securing a rapid and clear administrative approach. The first task falls into the domain of the appropriate national agency. In Hungary it is performed by experts whose activity is coordinated by the National Institute of Pharmacy (OGYI). On the other hand, it is the primary and exclusive responsibility of the Ethical Committees to supervise the safety of the trial subjects. The sponsor has to apply for the scientific-governmental approval, while trial permission from the Ethical Committee must be requested by the investigator(s). The latter contacts should be also meticulously documented according the guidelines of GCP. It is recommended that, in line with well-established international principles, all ethical problems related to drug development should be dealt with at local, hospital-based Ethical Committees. Furthermore, the continuous medical-social supervision demanded by GCP can be realised only through the conscientious work of the local committees. Any additional "official loops" will lead only to the prolongation of the trial approval and would result in a confusing bureaucratic process blurring the responsibility of the participants. For the safe functioning of the drug approval process an auditing system based on the cooperation of the Drug Regulatory Agency and the Scientific Ethical Committee of the Ministry of Public Welfare should be put in place urgently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality assessment of economic evaluations in selected pharmacy, medical, and health economics journals.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the quality of economic studies in selected pharmacy, medical, and health economics journals. DATA SOURCES: DICP The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy, New England Journal of Medicine, Medical Care, Journal of the American Medical Association, PharmacoEconomics, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, and Journal of Health Economics using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. Search terms included "economic," "cost," and "cost analysis." STUDY SELECTION: Reviewers appraised abstracts to identify original research published during 1989-1993 comparing costs and outcomes between drugs, treatments, and/or services. Initially, 123 articles met criteria; 16 were inappropriate, 17 were randomized out, and 90 (73%) were used (30/group). DATA EXTRACTION: Quality was assessed using a 13-item checklist. Interrater reliability was 0.91 (p < 0.05) for 9 raters, test-retest reliability was 0.94 (p < 0.001). DATA SYNTHESIS: A 2-way ANOVA, with overall quality scores as a dependent variable with journal type and year as independent variables, was significant (F = 2.79, p = 0.002, r2 = 0.34), with no significant interaction (F = 0.71, p = 0.68) or time effect (F = 0.70, p = 0.60). Journal types differed; pharmacy journals scored significantly lower (chi 2 = 53.89, df = 2, p < 0.001). Items rated adequate (i.e., correct or acceptable) increased over time (chi 2 = 21.18, df = 4, p < 0.001). Ethical issues and study perspective most needed improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Article quality for all journal types increased over time nonsignificantly; health economics journals scored highest, then medical journals, with pharmacy journals significantly lower (and having the highest standard deviation). We recommend that authors and reviewers pay closer attention to study perspective and ethical implications.

Economics, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2006

Measuring moral distress in pharmacy and clinical practice.

This article presents the development, validation and application of an instrument to measure everyday moral distress in different health care settings. The concept of moral distress has been discussed and developed over 20 years. A few instruments have been developed to measure it, predominantly in nursing. The instrument presented here consists of two factors: level of moral distress, and tolerance/openness towards moral dilemmas. It was tested in four medical departments and three pharmacies, where 259 staff members completed a questionnaire. The two factors were found to be reliable. Differences in levels of moral distress were found between pharmacies and clinical departments, and between the youngest and oldest age groups; departmental staff and the youngest group experienced higher levels of moral distress. Departments reported less tolerance/openness towards moral dilemmas than pharmacies. The instrument needs to be tested further, but its strengths are the focus on everyday ethical dilemmas and its usefulness in different health care settings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

[Characteristics of clinical trials in oncology: pharmacist's implication].

French hospital pharmacists have been officially involved in the organization of clinical trials since 1988. New responsibilities included reception of clinical treatment units and nominative dispensation of these drugs. For quality assurance, they organized all the procedures to secure drugs utilization according to good clinical practices and ICH guidelines. The pharmacists can be participate in ethical counselling and training in methodology. For oncology trials, only a few pharmacies are involved because clinical trials for evaluation of cytotoxic drugs have been regulated by very strict standardized procedures since 1960 in accordance with international rules. Using these rules, Phase I studies determine the useful dose for human administration with tolerable toxicities. Phase II studies determine the efficacy in specific cancer localizations. Good response in a particular indication is usually followed by drug approval for Phase III. New clinical and biological end points are arising especially for new non-cytotoxic therapeutic agents. This activity is at the present time limited to inpatient treatments, but with the growing development of outpatient care networks, dispensary pharmacists will come to be more involved in the necessary research and development of new anticancer agents.

Antineoplastic Agents↗