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PubMed1999

Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake.

Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of red pepper (capsaicin) on feeding behaviour and energy intake. In the first study, the effects of dietary red pepper added to high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) meals on subsequent energy and macronutrient intakes were examined in thirteen Japanese female subjects. After the ingestion of a standardized dinner on the previous evening, the subjects ate an experimental breakfast (1883 kJ) of one of the following four types: (1) HF; (2) HF and red pepper (10 g); (3) HC; (4) HC and red pepper. Ad libitum energy and macronutrient intakes were measured at lunch-time. The HC breakfast significantly reduced the desire to eat and hunger after breakfast. The addition of red pepper to the HC breakfast also significantly decreased the desire to eat and hunger before lunch. Differences in diet composition at breakfast time did not affect energy and macronutrient intakes at lunch-time. However, the addition of red pepper to the breakfast significantly decreased protein and fat intakes at lunch-time. In Study 2, the effects of a red-pepper appetizer on subsequent energy and macronutrient intakes were examined in ten Caucasian male subjects. After ingesting a standardized breakfast, the subjects took an experimental appetizer (644 kJ) at lunch-time of one of the following two types: (1) mixed diet and appetizer; (2) mixed diet and red-pepper (6 g) appetizer. The addition of red pepper to the appetizer significantly reduced the cumulative ad libitum energy and carbohydrate intakes during the rest of the lunch and in the snack served several hours later. Moreover, the power spectral analysis of heart rate revealed that this effect of red pepper was associated with an increase in the ratio sympathetic: parasympathetic nervous system activity. These results indicate that the ingestion of red pepper decreases appetite and subsequent protein and fat intakes in Japanese females and energy intake in Caucasian males. Moreover, this effect might be related to an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity in Caucasian males.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

No effect of physiological concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-2 on appetite and energy intake in normal weight subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a GLP-2 infusion on appetite sensations and ad libitum energy intake in healthy, normal weight humans. DESIGN: The experiment was performed in a randomised, blinded, and placebo-controlled crossover design. Placebo or GLP-2 was infused (infusion rate of 25 pmol/kg body wth) for 4.5 h. SUBJECTS: A total of 18 healthy, normal weight young subjects participated; eight women and 10 men. MEASUREMENTS: During the infusion, subjects recorded their appetite sensations every 30 min using visual analogue scales, and blood was sampled frequently. After 2 h of infusion, an ad libitum meal, consisting of sandwiches, was served. RESULTS: The concentration of GLP-2 was significantly higher during the GLP-2 infusion compared with placebo (P<0.0001) and increased further in both conditions in response to the meal. Neither appetite sensations, nor palatability of the test meals, or energy intake were different on the two occasions. Glucose, GLP-1, insulin, and GIP responses were also unaffected by the infusion, whereas glucagon levels were higher during the GLP-2 treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Circulating GLP-2 in physiological concentrations does not seem to play a significant role in human appetite regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Protein and energy intake during weaning: I. Effects on growth.

The growth and food consumption of 30 healthy infants from 4 to 6 months of age have been measured. Two groups were assigned randomly to either a formula with 1.9 g of protein and 72 kcal per 100 ml (F1) or 2.7 g of protein and 69 kcal per 100 ml (F2). A third group of infants were fed breast milk (0.96 g of protein and 65 kcal per 100 ml (HM)). All infants received supplementary food according to the same regimen and were fed ad libitum. The mean protein intake was 1.3, 2.6 and 3.6 g/kg/day in the HM-, F1- and F2-groups respectively. The corresponding mean energy intake was 80, 101 and 94 kcal/kg/day. The formula-fed infants had significantly higher protein and energy intakes when compared to the breast-fed group. No significant differences were found in the rate of growth of crown-heel length, head circumference or in weight gain. The differences in protein intake between the breast- and formula-fed infants without differences in growth indicate that the formulas may provide a protein intake in excess to the needs.

Body Height↗
PubMed2001

Energy intake and fur in summer- and winter-acclimated Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Few studies have directly addressed the impact of fur on seasonal changes in energy intake. The daily food intake of Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) was measured under simulated summer and winter conditions in intact animals and those with varying amounts of pelage removed. Energy intake increased up to 44% above baseline control values for approximately 2-3 wk after complete shaving. Increases in food intake varied with condition and were greater in hamsters housed in short than long day lengths and at low (5 degrees C) than moderate (23 degrees C) ambient temperatures. Removal of 8 cm(2) of dorsal fur, equivalent to 30% of the total dorsal fur surface, increased food intake, but removal of 4 cm(2) had no effect. An 8-cm(2) fur extirpation from the ventral surface did not increase food consumption. Food intake was not influenced differentially by fur removal from above brown adipose tissue hot spots. Fur plays a greater role in energy balance in winter- than summer-acclimated hamsters and conserves energy under a wide range of environmental conditions.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2006

Incorporation of air into a snack food reduces energy intake.

This study investigated how the air content of a familiar snack food affected energy intake and whether varying the method of serving the snack modified intake. We tested two versions of an extruded snack (cheese puffs) that were equal in energy density (5.7 kcal/g), but differed in energy per volume (less-aerated snack: 1.00 kcal/ml; more-aerated snack: 0.45 kcal/ml). In a within-subjects design, 16 women and 12 men consumed the snacks ad libitum in the laboratory during four afternoon sessions. A standard volume (1250 ml) of each snack was served once in a bowl and once in an opaque bag. Results showed significant differences in intake of the two snacks by energy (p=0.0003) and volume (p<0.0001); subjects consumed 21% less weight and energy (70+/-17 kcal) of the more-aerated snack than the less-aerated snack, although they consumed a 73% greater volume of the more-aerated snack (239+/-24 ml). These findings suggest that subjects responded to both the weight and volume of the snack. Despite differences in intake, hunger and fullness ratings did not differ across conditions. The serving method did not significantly affect intake. Results from this study indicate that incorporating air into food provides a strategy to reduce energy intake from energy-dense snacks.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Alteration of lactase and aminopeptidase N expression in porcine enterocytes by energy intake and environment.

The influence of nutrition, environmental temperature and time of feeding on lactase and aminopeptidase N activities in enterocytes of young pigs has been investigated. Animals were kept in the cold (10 degrees C) or warm (35 degrees C) and given either a high or low energy intake. In animals from the cold, lactase activity as determined by scanning microdensitometry was significantly lower at 4 h after a meal than it was in animals from the warm. At 6 h, the activities were similar in all groups, while at 20-24 h after feeding, lactase activity was much greater in those kept at 10 degrees C than in those at 35 degrees C. Level of energy intake had no statistically significant effect and no differences were found with respect to aminopeptidase N. The possibility that these differences in lactase activity are related to thyroid hormone metabolism and energy supply in relation to demand is discussed.

Aminopeptidases↗
PubMed1993

Controlling for total energy intake in regression models for assessing macronutrient effects on disease.

This paper illustrates the relationships between the (i) the standard multivariate method, (ii) the energy-adjusted method and (iii) the energy decomposition method for controlling for total energy intake. The setting is a general regression model which includes linear, logistic and Cox regressions. The discussion is confined to effects of macronutrients and to situations in which total energy intake is associated with disease. Pike, Bernstein & Peters [(1989) Am. J. Epidemiol. 129, 1312-1313] show how the three methods relate to each other and that the choice between them is a matter of taste. Here the relationships are illustrated using Venn-type diagrams. However, the rationale for all current controlling procedures relies on the assumption of external factors acting uniformly over different sources of energy. This assumption should be challenged. Furthermore, if individual macronutrients have independent, possibly even opposite effects on the risk for disease, then adjustment of any one of them will be relative to the effect of the others. This might not be satisfactory. Current methodology does not resolve these problems, and more elaborate data as well as further thought is needed.

Energy Intake↗
PubMed1996

Contribution of dieting to the inverse association between energy intake and body mass index.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of energy and % energy from fat with body mass index (BMI) and determine if self-reported dieting altered observed associations. DESIGN: Dietary intake data based on dietary recalls from four nonconsecutive days over a 1 year period were examined relative to BMI. The relation between energy intake and % energy from fat and BMI was examined by linear regression analysis. SUBJECTS: The sample included 1854 free-living women aged 19-50 years who participated in the 1985-6 Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture. RESULTS: Reported energy intake was inversely associated with BMI (regression coefficient (beta) = -0.001 24, standard error (s.e.) = 0.000 31). Controlling for low energy dieting alone reduced the inverse energy intake-BMI association by approximately 20% (beta = -0.001 00, s.e. = 0.000 31), compared to reductions of 16%, 13% and 10%, respectively, when health status, age and education were added individually to the energy intake-BMI linear regression. Physical activity, smoking status, % energy from fat and report of low fat dieting did not reduce the energy intake-BMI association. Controlling for nondietary factors related to BMI and potentially influencing energy intake reduced the inverse energy intake-BMI association by approximately 22% (beta = -0.000 97, s.e. = 0.00025). Further adjustment for low energy dieting on day 1 reduced the inverse energy intake-BMI association by 40% (beta = -0.000 74, s.e. = 0.000 26), suggesting that intermittent energy restriction was a significant factor in the reduced energy intake reported among overweight women. Percent energy from fat was not associated with BMI (beta = 0.049, s.e. = 0.025, P = 0.055). Exclusion of 37 women reporting poor health status further attenuated the inverse association between energy intake and BMI (beta = -0.000 64), s.e. = 0.000 26), while it strengthened the previously non-significant positive association between % energy from fat and BMI (beta = 0.062; s.e. = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Intermittent energy restriction appeared to be a significant factor in the reduced energy intake reported among overweight women in this sample. Adequate assessment of energy expenditure is required to correctly interpret the association of energy intake to body weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Postoperative energy intake in patients after colorectal cancer surgery.

In a prospective noninterventional study of 75 consecutive patients (mean age 71 +/- 12 years) undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer, standard postoperative energy intake was evaluated. Seventeen patients expended 40%-60% of estimated basal energy during hospitalization, 33 patients 60%-80%, 22 patients 80%-100% and three patients 100%-125%. Weight loss was observed in 67 patients (mean loss 4.7 +/- 4.4%) during hospitalization. Men had a significantly higher mean total calorie deficit (p < 0.001), and mean weight loss percentage (p < 0.01), compared to women. Preoperative nutritional status, nutrition-associated complications and length of hospital stay did not change the nutritional support and intake. Correlation analyses resulted in significant associations between gender and total calorie deficit (rs = 0.41, p < 0.01), postoperative weight loss and total calorie deficit (rs = -0.32, p < 0.01), and between postoperative weight loss and length of stay (rs = 0.27, p < 0.05). We concluded that the patients' energy intake was insufficient compared to estimated basal energy expenditure. These results suggest a need for individualized nutritional care, based on each patient's energy needs and on registration of daily calorie intake, all with the aim of increasing energy intake postoperatively in standard hospital care.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Estrous cycle characteristics of postpubertal gilts approaching anestrus due to limited dietary energy intake.

Twenty-nine Duroc x (Yorkshire x Landrace) gilts, approximately 9 mo of age and each having experienced at least three estrous cycles, were allotted randomly to five dietary treatments. Each treatment provided a different daily intake of metabolizable energy: .25, .5, .75, 1.0 Mcal (severely restrictive [RES]; chosen to cause cessation of estrous cycles) or 3.4 Mcal (control; designed for maintenance of estrous cyclicity). Blood samples were drawn by venipuncture every 3 d and sera were assayed for progesterone (P4) concentration. Estrous cycle length was estimated by defining d 0 as the last day when serum P4 concentrations were < 1 ng/mL before increasing to > 1 ng/mL. Gilts were considered acyclic when serum P4 levels remained < 1 ng/mL for four consecutive samples (9 d). Anestrus occurred after 78.7 +/- 6.1 d in all RES gilts (n = 23) and in one control on d 24. Compared with the control treatment, RES treatments resulted in longer (P < .05) average estrous cycles (21.0 +/- .2 vs 20.2 +/- .3 d) and greater (P < .05) mean serum P4 concentrations (13.7 +/- .4 vs 11.4 +/- .8 ng/mL). There were no differences in P4 or cycle length measurements among RES treatments. Cycle duration and serum P4 concentrations of the final estrous cycle before anestrus were similar to those of previous cycles. It is concluded that severe energy restriction caused elevated serum P4 concentrations. Neither cycle length nor serum P4 concentration was notably altered as gilts neared anestrus.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Effects of dietary energy intake by gilts and heat stress from days 3 to 24 or 30 after mating on embryo survival and nitrogen and energy balance.

Bred gilts were used in two experiments (n = 140) to study the interaction and main effects of dietary energy intake and heat stress on embryo survival and nitrogen (N) and energy balance from d 3 to slaughter on d 30 (Exp. 1) or d 24 (Exp. 2) after mating. In both experiments, the ME treatments were 5.4 or 8.1 Mcal of ME/(gilt.d). Temperatures were either a constant thermoneutral of 23 +/- 1 degrees C or a heat stress regimen, making four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Gilts were allotted directly to one of the treatments on d 3 after mating. In Exp. 1, the 24-h cyclic heat stress regimen consisted of an increase from 25 degrees C at 0800 to 34 degrees C at 1400, 34 degrees C from 1400 to 1700, then a decline to 25 degrees C at 2000, with 25 degrees C until 0800. In Exp. 2, heat stress was constant at 33 +/- 1 degrees C. No energy x temperature treatment interactions occurred (P > .2 to .8) for the variables measured in Exp. 1 and 2. Heat stress reduced (P < .05 or .01) diet and ME intake/day, ME retained/day, and ME/GE compared with the thermoneutral controls in Exp. 1 and 2. Heat stress reduced (P < .05) N digestibility in Exp. 1 and reduced (P < .01) N retained/day and N retention/N intake in Exp. 2. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were increased (P < .01) by heat stress in Exp. 1 and 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Effects of quality of energy intake on growth and metabolic response of enterally fed low-birth-weight infants.

Carbohydrate and fat may vary in their ability to support protein accretion and growth. If so, variations in the source of nonprotein energy might be used to therapeutic advantage in enterally fed low-birth-weight infants. To test the hypothesis that high-carbohydrate diets are more effective than isocaloric high-fat diets in promoting growth and protein accretion, low-birth-weight infants weighing 750-1600 g at birth were randomized in a double blind study to receive one of five formulas differing only in the quantity and quality of nonprotein energy. Groups 1, 2, and control received 130 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1) with 35, 65, and 50% of the nonprotein energy as carbohydrate. Groups 3 and 4 received energy intake of 155 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1) with 35 and 65% of the nonprotein energy as carbohydrate. Protein intake of all groups was 4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1). Growth and metabolic responses were followed weekly, and macronutrient balances including 6-h indirect calorimetry were performed biweekly. Greater rates of weight gain and nitrogen retention were observed at high-carbohydrate intake compared with high-fat intake at both gross energy intakes. Greater rates of energy storage and an increase in skinfold thickness were observed in group 4 (high-energy high-carbohydrate diet) despite higher rates of energy expenditure. These data support the hypothesis that at isocaloric intakes, carbohydrate is more effective than fat in enhancing growth and protein accretion in enterally fed low-birth-weight infants. However, a diet with high-energy and high-carbohydrate content also results in increased fat deposition.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1982

Restricted energy intake and elevated calcium and phosphorus intake for gilts during growth. I. Feedlot performance and foot and leg measurements and scores during growth.

Three groups of 96 crossbred gilts each were weaned at 4 to 5 wk of age (avg wt, 7.2 kg) and assigned to four treatments in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement (ad libitum vs 75% of ad libitum energy intake and 100 vs 150% of NRC-recommended daily Ca and P). The effects on feedlot performance and on foot and leg scores and measurements were examined at approximately 50 and 100 kg body weight. Also, pigs were subjectively scored for overall structural soundness at the same weights. Limit-fed gilts consumed 78.1% as much feed as gilts fed ad libitum. Average daily gain of the limit-fed gilts was 86.7% that of the gilts fed ad libitum (P less than .01), and feed/gain was nonsignificantly improved by 8.4% for limit-fed gilts. The feeding of 150% of NRC-recommended levels of Ca and P resulted in a 5% increase (P less than .05) in daily gain, but daily feed intake and feed/unit of gain were not significantly affected. At the same age, almost all foot and leg measurements were larger for gilts fed ad libitum than for limit-fed gilts. However, when the values were adjusted for body weight, there was little or no measureable effect of energy intake. Elevated Ca and P levels had minimal effects, with only a trend toward larger measurements for gilts fed 150% of NRC-recommended daily Ca and P levels. Foot and leg measurements increased from 50 to 100 kg and were larger for the outside toes than for the inside toes for both front and hind feet. Energy intake and elevated Ca and P levels had little effect on the incidence and severity of toe lesions. The incidence of pad and horn lesions increased over time and was much greater on the outside toes on the front and hind feet. Restricted feeding and increased Ca and P levels did not improve overall structural soundness.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Short-term effects of alcohol consumption on appetite and energy intake.

The relationship between alcohol intake and obesity remains uncertain. Evidence suggesting that alcohol-derived energy may be unregulated points to an inability to maintain appetite, energy balance and, hence, body weight when alcohol is introduced to the diet. This study investigated the short-term effects of alcohol on hunger and energy intake in 20 lean women. On 4 occasions, subjects were given a randomised preload drink ('alcohol', 'no alcohol', 'carbohydrate', 'water') followed by visual analogue scales (VAS) rating hunger and an ad lib test meal. There was no difference in hunger ratings (p > 0.05) nor in the amount of energy consumed during the test meal (F = 1.66, p > 0.05) following any of the 4 preloads. Consumption of the 2 high energy preload drinks ('alcohol', 0.91 MJ; 'CHO', 0.72 MJ) did not result in a compensatory decrease in the amount of energy subsequently eaten (ad lib intake: 'alcohol' = 2.62 MJ, 0.32 SEM; 'no alcohol' = 2.98 MJ, 0.28 SEM; 'CHO' = 2.93 MJ, 0.21 SEM; 'water' = 2.82 MJ, 0.25 SEM), suggesting either no physiological recognition or no regulation of energy consumed within a drink in quantities of less than 1 MJ. The addition of either alcoholic or CHO-containing carbonated beverages into the diet will result, in the short-term, to an overall increase in energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome.

Cross-sectional data on growth outcome, upper-arm measurements and energy intake have been analysed according to the presence or absence of early feeding problems and poor appetite in 40 children (0.9-13 years) with congenital heart disease (CHD). At the time of study, refusal to eat or poor appetite was reported as a significant problem in 19 children and subnormal height and/or weight were recorded in 11 children. The children ate considerably less calories than recommended for healthy children. The cross-sectional analyses showed that children with poor appetite had significantly (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01) lower outcome values of growth and upper-arm measurements than their disabled counterparts with no feeding problems and good appetite. Children with feeding problems also tended to eat less than children without feeding problems. For most parents (65%) feeding of infants and children with CHD involves difficulties, time and anxiety. This study has shown that the parents' experience about feeding problems may be a good predictor for low growth outcome and low voluntary food intake of the child. Whenever feeding problems are reported, nutritional intervention should be offered in order to increase the caloric intake of the child and to develop a sound feeding relationship in the family.

Adolescent↗