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Radioactivity.

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Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1997

Current and potential doses from Arctic seafood consumption.

Current collective and individual dose rates to humans are estimated from the consumption of seafood harvested in the Arctic Seas. Statistical data on catches are used for the dose assessment, as well as observed data (1991-1994) on the radioactivity of marine biota. The actual collective dose rates to the world population are estimated to be: 2.7-4.5 manSv/year due to consumption of seafood from the Barents Sea, and 0.03 manSv/year-due to seafood from the Kara Sea. The contribution of 137Cs to the collective dose rate is about 90%. Current individual dose rates to high-rate consumers are estimated to be: 2.6 x 10(-6) Sv/year due to seafood from the Barents Sea; and 4.2 x 10(-6) Sv/year-due to seafood from the Kara Sea. The future radiological impact of the radioactive waste (RW) disposals in the Kara Sea is simulated for the period over 1000 years, using the regional box model of the Arctic Seas. The model predictions are made for three hypothetical scenarios of long-term radionuclide releases, prepared within the framework of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project. The potential collective dose to world population truncated to 3000 AD is shown to be not higher than 0.13 manSv. The maximum individual dose rates from Arctic seafood consumption are estimated to be about 1.2 x 10(-7) Sv/year. The predicted doses are much smaller than the actual doses due to the current radioactive contamination of the Arctic Seas.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Feasibility of an epidemiologic study of thyroid neoplasia in persons exposed to radionuclides from the Hanford nuclear facility between 1944 and 1956.

Between 1944 and 1956, approximately 19.6 PBq (530,000 Ci) of 131I were released to the atmosphere during Pu reprocessing for nuclear weapons at the Hanford nuclear facility in southeastern Washington state. For these years, we summarized historical records of quarterly 131I atmospheric releases and vegetation concentrations measured in nearby communities. We used these data and other reported environmental measurements to make preliminary estimates of maximum doses to the thyroid for the general public. We also computed the statistical power for an epidemiologic study of thyroid neoplasia in birth cohorts of children born in two counties near Hanford during the years of highest exposure. These estimates suggest that an epidemiologic study would be feasible if the actual average radiation doses in the exposed population were no less than one-tenth the preliminary maximum doses. Our analyses also suggest that it may be more appropriate to stratify the exposed population by cumulative dose in order to examine the relation between radiation exposure and thyroid neoplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Radioactive contamination of the environment and the possible consequences.

To find the optimum solution to the problem of how to protect the environment from pollution by industrial waste, it is necessary, first and foremost, to obtain information on the existing levels of various forms of pollution and the damage caused by them. In this review data are given on all the main sources of contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. The pathways by which these substances reach and affect the human body are discussed, the doses incurred are characterized and the possible consequences of existing levels of exposure are assessed in the light of the latest data on the dose-effect relationship. The wisdom of treating the evaluation of radiation hazards arising from the use of atomic energy not in isolation but as part of a whole complex of ecological factors - including the use of conventional fuels for power generation and transport - is duly noted.

Adult↗