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PubMedDate not supplied

Malaria: its causes, treatment and methods of prevention.

Malaria is a serious tropical disease. Joyce Skeet outlines how infection occurs and the advice that can be given to travellers to avoid contracting the condition. The need for chemoprophylaxis for those travelling to high-risk areas is also identified

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Urban malaria in Yaounde (Cameroon). 2. Entomologic study in 2 suburban districts].

A one year entomological survey was carried out to precise the malaria vectors and the malaria transmission in Yaounde, the Cameroon capital (800,000 inhabitants). The study was done in two districts not yet fully urbanized: Nkol Bikok and Nkol Bisson. The latter is located at the periphery and has a pool. Anopheles gambiae was the only human malaria vector. Its agressivity for man depended on the urbanization of the district. Annual man biting rate was 284 in Nkol Bikok and 1,813 in Nkol Bisson. The densities were maximum in May-June and in October-November, corresponding to the end of the short and long rainy seasons. The presence of A. gambiae was permanent except in August-September in Nkol Bikok. In Nkol Bisson the density was higher in the houses near the pool. The yearly inoculation rate (h) was 14 in Nkol Bikok and 30 in Nkol Bisson. The vectorial transmission was observed in may in Nkol Bikok and during four months (June, August, January, February) in Nkol Bisson. These entomological data showed clearly that malaria transmission actually occurred in Yaounde and that the probability to receive at least one infected anopheline bite per year was very near to 1 for inhabitants unprotected against mosquito bites.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Malaria: what about exposure prophylaxis?].

Malaria would not exist without mosquito bites. The growing resistance to antimalarial drugs has led to an increasing role of personal protection measures. However, insect repellents are not evaluated as medicinal products, and many products available on the market contain active substances that have been poorly evaluated or present in insufficient doses. The efficacy of the most active insect repellents, DEET and icaridin/KBR 3023, like that of medicinal products, is limited by the subject's compliance, bearing in mind that the Anopheles bite is painless and that humans are primarily bothered by the nuisance factor of the mosquito.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Transmission of malaria in the Tesseney area of Eritrea: parasite prevalence in children, and vector density, host preferences, and sporozoite rate.

Malaria transmission was studied from July to September, 2002 in three villages of the Tesseney sub-zone, in the western lowlands of Eritrea. The three methods used for mosquito collection were light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and pit shelter collections. All anopheline mosquitoes that were collected belonged to the Anopheles gambiae complex and they were identified by PCR as the sibling species Anopheles arabiensis (Patton). Apart from An. arabiensis, the only other mosquitoes caught were culicines. The vector population increased greatly for about a month after the start of the rains. The anthropophilic indices obtained from the blood-fed An. arabiensis resting indoors and outdoors were only 20% and 25%, respectively, with most of the other meals on goats. ELISA for P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein revealed only one positive out of 1,026 tested. The malaria prevalence among children <10 years was only 3.3% (all P.falciparum) from 300 slides examined. These low rates seem to reflect recent success in malaria control in Eritrea.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Status of forest onchocerciasis in the Lower Cross River basin, Nigeria: entomologic profile after five years of ivermectin intervention.

In the Lower Cross River basin in Nigeria, no pre-control entomologic profile of Onchocerca volvulus infection in the local Simulium damnosum population was available prior to the initiation of an ivermectin control program in 1995. A longitudinal entomologic study was therefore carried out over a 12-month period (January-December 2001) at the Agbokim waterfalls and Afi River, which are breeding sites of S. damnosum in the river basin. A total of 9,287 adult S. damnosum were caught on human bait; 9,048 (97.43%) were dissected, of which 313 (3.46%) were infected. Annual biting rates (ABRs) of 42,419 and 28,346 bites per persons per year were recorded at the Agbokim Waterfalls and Afi River, respectively. The annual transmission potential (ATP) was 419 infective larvae per person per year at the Agbokim Waterfalls and 427 at the Afi River. Monthly biting rate and monthly transmission potential varied significantly (P < 0.05) at the two sites. Transmission was highly seasonal from April to September, corresponding to the peak biting period of the vector. The high ATP and ABR values are a measure of the mesoendemicity of onchocerciasis in the river basin. There was a significant F(0).05 (1, 10) (P < 0.05) variation in the relative fly abundance from both sites. It was observed that human activities such as farming, fishing, timber cutting, and hunting are done in the early morning and late afternoon, which corresponds to the peak diurnal biting period of the vector. Changes in these practices and attitudes may markedly affect the disease intensity and transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ornithonyssus bacoti infestation and elimination from a mouse colony.

Skin lesions, consisting of nonspecific bites with intense pruritus and excoriation of the skin, were found on personnel working in an animal colony primarily housing mice. The tropical rat mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti, was diagnosed from mites trapped on insect-monitoring sticky traps and collected from mouse cages in the colony. Because these mites do not live on mice but only come to feed when the animals are in their nest, an initial attempt was made to eliminate the mites with a thorough cleaning of the facility. Clidox foam was applied to the entire room with a foaming machine. Then the mice were transferred into the sanitized cages in the cleaned room. The numbers of mites were reduced to the point that they were no longer noticed in the colony, but the mites returned within 2 weeks. The mites were successfully eliminated with the use of permethrin-impregnated cotton balls in the mouse cages for 8 weeks and treatment of the premises. Treatment of the premises included spraying floors and walls of all rooms housing mice and adjacent hallways in the colony with pyrethrin spray by a commercial pest control company. To prevent one room of rabbits from maintaining the infestation, they were treated weekly with an organic pyrethrin dust. Insect sticky traps have remained negative for mites for more than 3 years after treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of permethrin eradicated the tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti) from a colony of mutagenized and transgenic mice.

The tropical rat mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti, was identified in a colony of mutagenized and transgenic mice at a large academic institution. O. bacoti is an obligate, blood-feeding ectoparasite with an extensive host range. Although the source of the infestation was likely feral rodents, none were found in the room housing infested mice. We hypothesize that construction on the floor above the vivarium and compromised ceiling integrity within the animal room provided for vermin entry and subsequent O. bacoti infestation. O. bacoti infestation was eliminated by environmental decontamination with synthetic pyrethroids and weekly application of 7.4% permethrin-impregnated cotton balls to mouse caging for five consecutive weeks. Visual examination of the macroenvironment, microenvironment, and colony for 38 days confirmed the efficacy of treatment. We noted no treatment-related toxicities or effects on colony production.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Evaluation of repellent and anti-feeding effect of garlic oil (Allium sativum) against the bite of phlebotomine sandflies Diptera: Psychodidae].

The repellent and anti-feeding effect of garlic oil was evaluated in laboratory conditions against the bite of Phlebotomus papatasi females. The effectiveness was evaluated by two different laboratory procedures: (i) topical application of garlic oil on five human volunteers, using the "standard cage test", and (ii) feeding sandflies on artificial membranes treated with the compound. Garlic oil showed a significant protection by topical application on the skin of volunteers, being the protection 97% and 40%, respectively at 1% and 0.005% dilution. Garlic oil showed also an anti-feeding effect when tested on the artificial membrane feeding apparatus; the anti-feeding effect was dose dependent, being 100% at 1%. The results of the present study confirm previous observations on the repellent effect of garlic oil against haematophagous arthropods.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1992

Prevention of malaria.

Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide; it is transmitted in over 100 countries, and it is a major cause of serious morbidity and mortality in travelers. Clinicians should inform travelers of their risk, teach them the principles of personal protection, and offer individualized chemoprophylaxis regimens. The increasing prevalence of multiple drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in many parts of the world makes nonpharmacologic methods of malaria prevention important.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Plasmodium gallinaceum: clinical progression, recovery, and resistance to disease in chickens infected via mosquito bite.

Historically, in vivo experiments of Plasmodium gallinaceum in chickens have caused high mortality. Perhaps because of this high mortality, it remains to be demonstrated whether recovered birds will resist a second episode of illness when re-exposed to infected mosquitoes. In the current study, groups of 10 chicks were infected with P. gallinaceum via mosquito bite. Parasitemia and anemia were followed by recovery in all birds, although they had persisting, low levels of parasitized erythrocytes (0.007 +/- 0.019%). Twenty-three days after the initial exposure, 10 recovered chicks were rechallenged with P. gallinaceum via mosquito bite; none of them developed clinical or hematological evidence of malaria, in contrast to matched control birds, which all became diseased (P < 0.001). Unlike previous studies, the current experiment had no mortality in chickens infected with P. gallinaceum by mosquito bite. Recovered birds resisted disease from re-exposure to the same organism. The duration and nature of immunity or premunition remain to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of deforestation on the human-biting rate of Anopheles darlingi, the primary vector of Falciparum malaria in the Peruvian Amazon.

To examine the impact of tropical rain-forest destruction on malaria, we conducted a year-long study of the rates at which the primary malaria vector in the Amazon, Anopheles darlingi, fed on humans in areas with varying degrees of ecological alteration in the Peruvian Amazon. Mosquitoes were collected by human biting catches along the Iquitos-Nauta road at sites selected for type of vegetation and controlled for human presence. Deforested sites had an A. darlingi biting rate that was more than 278 times higher than the rate determined for areas that were predominantly forested. Our results indicate that A. darlingi displays significantly increased human-biting activity in areas that have undergone deforestation and development associated with road development.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience with insecticidal aerosols used to protect children's health centers from attacks of bloodsucking two-winged insects in the environs of Tyumen (2003-2004)].

Field trials of an aerosolic regulated dispersity generator used to protect the areas of children's health centers (CHC) from bloodsucking two-winged insects were performed within the framework of the Tumen Administration's program on human protection from tick-borne encephalitis in the 2003 season. The technological parameters of the generator's operation and the organizational and tactical points of aerosolic treatments were worked on during these trials. The latter demonstrated the high efficiency of the use of insecticidal aerosols for the protection of CHC areas. The elaborated scheme of measures permitted large-scale aerosolic treatments in an area of more than 12,000 m2, by protecting 15 CHCs from attacking of bloodsucking insects. The obtained positive results may be used by specialists in other regions of Siberia.

Aerosols↗