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PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of spontaneous abortion following artificial insemination by donor.

This study examines the frequency of spontaneous abortions in pregnancies achieved by artificial inseminations with donor semen (AID), with special respect to the use of cryopreserved semen and ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate. The abortion rate was found to be similar in AID series using frozen semen to those using fresh semen, nor was the rate increased in composite AID series (both fresh and frozen semen) when compared with the rate of spontaneous abortions in the general population. When clomiphene was used, the abortion rate was increased only in groups of anovulatory and irregularly ovulating women. Those AID series where all women treated are given clomiphene show no increase in abortion rates. The discussion is focused on factors that influence the abortion rate and on possible etiological factors.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2003

Synchronization of Bos indicus x Bos taurus cows for timed artificial insemination using gonadotropin-releasing hormone plus prostaglandin F2alpha in combination with melengestrol acetate.

Nonlactating Bos indicus x Bos taurus cows were used in three herds to determine the efficacy of different PGF2alpha treatments in combination with GnRH and melengestrol acetate (MGA) for a timed artificial insemination protocol. The start of the experiment was designated as d 0, at which time cows were assigned a body condition score and received 100 microg of GnRH. Cows were fed MGA (0.5 x mg x cow(-1) x d(-1)) on d 1 to 7. On d 7, cows received either a single injection of PGF2alpha (Lutalyse sterile solution; 25 mg; n = 297), a single injection of cloprostenol sodium (Estrumate; 500 microg; n = 297), or half the recommended dose of PGF2alpha (12.5 mg; n = 275) on d 7 and 8. On d 10, all cows were artificially inseminated and received 100 microg of GnRH. Pregnancy rates to the timed artificial insemination (39%) were not affected by treatment, herd, or treatment x herd. There was an effect (P < 0.01) of artificial insemination sire on timed artificial insemination pregnancy rate for one herd, but not the other two herds. Herd influenced (P < 0.05) 30-d pregnancy rates, but there were no treatment or treatment x herd effects as 72.3% of the cows became pregnant during the first 30 d of the breeding season. Results indicate that the type of PGF2alpha treatment administered 7 d after GnRH did not influence timed artificial insemination pregnancy rates in nonlactating Bos indicus x Bos taurus cows.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Failure of seminal plasma to enter the uterus and oviducts of the rabbit following artificial insemination.

Twelve adult does in estrus were artificially inseminated with 1 ml of semen from bucks that had received injections of 3H-thymidine 22 to 32 days previously. The ejaculates contained radioactive seminal plasma and unlabeled sperm. The reproductive tracts of the does were removed at selected intervals after insemination, divided into segments of no more than 300 mg, and processed for scintillation counting. Significant levels of radioactivity were never detected in any uterine or oviductal segment. The technique was capable of detecting as little as 1.5 X 10(-4) ml of semen in a segment. These results demonstrate that seminal plasma is not transported from the vagina into the uterus or oviducts in the rabbit, emphasizing the importance of the motility of spermatozoa in their passage to the site of fertilization.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Influence of stage of lactation and milk production on conception rates after timed artificial insemination following Ovsynch.

Conception rates after timed artificial insemination (TAI) are of paramount importance for the success of protocols based on synchronization of ovulation. Stage of lactation and milk production level are known factors that influence dairy cow fertility. It was the objective of this study to analyse the effect of stage of lactation and milk production level on conception rates and pregnancy rates by 200 days in milk (DIM) in dairy cows synchronized with the Ovsynch protocol (Day -10, Day -1: 0.1 mg of D-Phe6-gonadorelin, Day -3: 0.5 mg of cloprostenol, Day 0: AI). A total of 1,288 dairy cows were assigned to two groups and classified in three production levels (high, average, low). Cows of all milk production levels in Group 1 (Simultaneous Ovsynch, SO) were synchronized with the Ovsynch protocol simultaneously for TAI between 73 and 81 DIM. In Group 2 cows with average milk production were synchronized at the same time as Group 1, while low producing cows were synchronized 3 weeks earlier and high producing cows were synchronized 3 weeks later than Group 1, respectively. First service conception rates (FSCRs) were lower (P<0.05) in cows synchronized earlier than in cows of the same production level synchronized later (low production: 14.4% (22/153) versus 34.5% (51/148); high production: 28.2% (40/142) versus 41.4% (53/128)). Milk production level had no significant impact on conception rates after TAI in cows synchronized at the same stage of lactation. At 200 DIM fewer cows with high production level were pregnant than cows with average or low production (P<0.05). This effect was independent of the stage of lactation at the initiation of Ovsynch. Endometritis at a postpartum examination did not influence conception rates after TAI. In conclusion, stage of lactation, but not milk production level, has a major influence on conception rates after TAI. Early AI after Ovsynch is less efficient and therefore its return on investment should be evaluated carefully.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of estrogen formulation and its site of deposition on serum PGFM concentrations, uterine contractility, and time of ovulation in artificially inseminated weaned sows.

At the time of artificial insemination, 48 mixed parity sows were assigned by parity to receive 25 microg estradiol-17beta either in oil deposited onto the vaginal mucosa (E-oil), or dissolved in extended semen (E-semen), or received no estrogen and served as controls. All sows were inseminated transcervically 24 h after detection of estrus. The time of ovulation was determined in 15 sows per treatment by transrectal ultrasonography. Concentrations of prostaglandin F2alpha metabolite (PGFM) were determined in blood samples obtained from eight sows per treatment at 1 h intervals from 1 h pre-treatment until 7 h post-treatment. The remaining eight sows per treatment were fitted with a transducer to allow determination of intrauterine pressure changes during 1 h pre-treatment until 5 h post-treatment. There were no differences among treatments for wean to estrus interval, size of ovarian follicles at the time of treatment or the estrus detection to ovulation interval. In all treatments, plasma PGFM concentrations were increased from 1 h after treatment. However, the increase was greater and of longer duration in the E-oil sows (P=0.03) supporting the suggestion that this formulation and route of administration enhanced uterine PGF2alpha release. Compared to controls, both estradiol treatments were associated with myometrial contractions of increased amplitude and duration, supporting a causal link between estradiol treatment, increased uterine PGF2alpha release, and enhanced myometrial contractility.

Administration, Intravaginal↗

PubMed2000

Live rhesus offspring by artificial insemination using fresh sperm and cryopreserved sperm.

Artificial insemination (AI) and the cryopreservation of sperm with full reproductive capabilities are vital in the armamentarium of infertility clinics and reproductive laboratories. Notwithstanding the fantastic successes with AI and sperm cryopreservation in numerous species, including humans and cattle, these assisted reproductive technologies are less well developed in other species of importance for biomedical research, such as genetically modified mice and nonhuman primates. To that end, AI at high efficiency in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mullata) and the successful cryopreservation of rhesus sperm is presented here, as are the complexities of this primate model due to differences in reproductive tract anatomy and gamete physiology. Cryopreservation had no effect on the ability of sperm to fertilize oocytes in vitro or in vivo. Post-thaw progressive motility was not affected by cryopreservation; however, acrosome integrity was lower for cryopreserved (74.1%) than for fresh sperm (92.7%). Fertilization rates did not differ when fresh (58.1%; n = 32/55) or cryopreserved sperm (63.8%; n = 23/36) were used for in vitro fertilization. Similarly, pregnancy rates did not differ significantly after AI with fresh (57.1%; n = 8/14) or cryopreserved sperm (62.5%; n = 5/8). Seven live rhesus macaques were born following AI with fresh sperm, and three live offspring and two ongoing pregnancies were obtained when cryopreserved sperm were used. Cryopreservation of rhesus sperm as presented here would allow for the cost-effective storage of lineages of nonhuman primates with known genotypes. These results suggest that either national or international centers could be established as repositories to fill the global needs of sperm for nonhuman primate research and to provide the experimental foundation on which to explore and perfect the preservation of sperm from endangered nonhuman primates.

Acrosome Reaction↗

PubMed2006

Pregnancy rates in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows after artificial insemination with sexed sperm.

The effects of artificial insemination (AI) using sexed sperm on pregnancy rates have seldom been studied in lactating dairy cows on commercial dairy farms. We evaluated pregnancy results after AI of 306 lactating dairy cows, of which 157 were inseminated with 2x10(6) frozen/thawed sexed sperm and 149 with 15x10(6) frozen/thawed unsexed sperm. The average pregnancy and calving rates were 21.0% and 20% for the sexed-sperm AIs and 46% and 45% for the unseparated control-sperm AIs respectively (p<0.001). The proportion of female calves derived from sexed-sperm AI was 82% compared with 49% for control AI (p<0.01). The proportion of live and healthy calves in single births was 100% for sexed-sperm AI and 97% for control AI (p>0.05). Our results indicate that AI with low-dose sexed sperm under field conditions in commercial dairy herds without oestrus synchronization results in significantly reduced pregnancy rates compared with normal-dose AI. Improved insemination strategies combined with increased sperm doses are needed before the use of sexed sperm can be of any significant benefit for the dairy and beef industry.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Artificial insemination with frozen epididymal sperm in cats.

Artificial insemination with frozen cauda epididymal sperm was performed in cats. Sperm were transmigrated from the epididymides in 10 male cats. The mean sperm motility and viability were 67% and 82.5%, respectively, and 11.6 x 10(7) sperm were recovered. The mean sperm motility after thawing was 24.0%. Eleven female cats received unilateral intrauterine insemination of 5 x 10(7) sperm, and the conception rate was 27.3% (3/11). This was the first case of conception obtained with frozen epididymal sperm in cats.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Late evening artificial insemination of turkey hens.

Turkey hens were artificially inseminated at three times (0800, 1100, or 2200 hr) under conditions where high or low fertility would be expected. Four trials were conducted and the same two persons collected semen and inseminated the hens in all trials. Each hen was inseminated with .025 cc undiluted semen. There was no significant difference in fertility when hens were inseminated at different times of the day in the first three trials. In a fourth trial, where high fertility was expected, hens inseminated at 0800 hr had lower fertility than those inseminated at 2200 hr. There was no significant difference between inseminating at 0800 or 1100 hr and 1100 or 2200 hr. The results of this study indicate that late evening insemination is not necessary for high fertility.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Strategies to improve the fertility of frozen-thawed boar semen for artificial insemination.

Although cryopreservation of boar semen for artificial insemination (AI) was developed 35 years ago, cryopreservation conditions and AI strategies are still considered sub-optimal. AI with excessive numbers of frozen-thawed sperm (5-6 x 10(9) cells), still does not achieve fertility levels similar to AI using liquid semen because of reduced sperm survival. Frozen-thawed (FT) spermatozoa have therefore not been the preferred option for commercial breeding programmes. However, substantial progress has been made regarding boar sperm cryopreservation. Adjustment of cooling and re-warming rates to biophysical properties of boar spermatozoa, new sperm package systems and the achievement of accurately consistent freezing of large numbers of samples using programmable freezers have contributed to post-thaw survival rates above 50%, a threshold similar to that used for bull AI-semen. Moreover, these post-thaw sperm survival rates are consistent within a large population of boars selected for sperm freezability potential, as occurs with AI-bull sires. When such post-thaw boar semen is deposited intra-utero, acceptable fertility (in terms of farrowing rates and litter size) is obtained. Currently, the most effective application of FT-semen for AI is achieved using deep uterine-AI (DUI) which allows placement of a minimal semen dose (in volume 0.5 to 10 mL and sperm number 0.5 to 1 x 10(9) total spermatozoa) into the anterior 1/3 of one uterine horn, with levels of fertility close to AI with liquid semen. However, owing to their shorter life span, FT-boar spermatozoa require an AI-to-ovulation interval not longer than 4-6 h, making peri-ovulatory AI a pre-requisite to obtain the highest possible fertility. Spontaneous ovulation most often occurs when two-thirds of oestrus has passed. Estimation of the duration of oestrus, taking into account the weaning-to-oestrus interval, is helpful when establishing appropriate AI-schedules. However, as the length of oestrus varies within and between farms, different AI strategies should be established a priori. The development of bio-sensors for spontaneous ovulation will widen the use of AI with frozen-thawed frozen semen.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Detection of cervical bacterial contamination in swine by two methods of swabbing in relation to artificial insemination.

Factors associated with uterine contamination during artificial insemination (AI) are not well defined. A frequently imputed risk factor is vulvar hygiene, although its role has never been assessed objectively. The aim of this study was to identify an objective marker of hygiene during AI and to assess the impact of vulvar hygiene on cervical contamination. In a herd in a depopulation-repopulation process, 68 paired sows of each parity were divided into 2 treatment groups. Before 2 sham AIs, with a 24 hour interval, control sows (CTR) had their vulva cleaned and treatment sows (TRT) had theirs soiled with feces. After the 2nd sham AI, swabbings were taken from the spirette and from the cervix. Bacterial growth was assessed by a semiquantitative method, and aerobic bacterial species identified. The discordance between the paired data was assessed by a McNemar chi-square test. No difference in gram-positive bacterial counts between the 2 groups was found using the cervical swab (P > 0.05). The presence of trace colonies of Escherichia coli were, however, more frequent in TRT (P < 0.05). The spirette showed a greater contamination for mixed flora of bacterial species such as E. coli (P < 0.001) and non-S. suis streptococci (P < 0.05) in TRT sows. A light cervical E. coli growth was more frequent when the vulva had been soiled. Bacterial flora on the spirette following AI may be used as an objective and practical indicator of vulvar hygiene during AI in sows.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Transmission of hepatitis B virus by artificial insemination.

Although the capacity for transmission of hepatitis B infection by semen is well recognized, the potential for transmission by artificial insemination remains theoretical. Currently, screening of semen donors for hepatitis B virus infection is not standard practice. We saw a case of acute viral hepatitis B in a woman following artificial insemination with semen from a donor subsequently found to be positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Both the donor serum and semen contained HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen, and the HBsAg subtype was identical to that of the patient. Documentation of hepatitis B virus transmission by artificial insemination indicates that HBsAg screening of semen donors should be routine practice.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Marital break-up among couples raising families by artificial insemination by donor.

The separation rate for Norwegian women who had given birth to children after artificial insemination by donor (AID, n = 227) was compared with the separation rate among all Norwegian women that met certain demographic criteria for equality (controls, n = 6,689). The criteria included identical year of maternal birth, similar age at marriage, and equally long period between marriage and birth of the first child. Mean duration of marriage at first delivery was 7.4 years, and mean age of the first child was 3.6 years at registration of the data. The incidence of marital break-up in the AID group was 1.8%, as compared with 3.0% to 3.7% in the control group. The difference is not significant (P approximately 0.15). The authors conclude that the separation rate in AID families does not differ significantly from the observed separation rate in a demographically matched population. The study highlights the importance of selecting a proper control group before statements of the magnitude of separations in AID families are made.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Male sterility and artificial insemination using donor semen. Our experience].

There has been a considerable increase in the demand for artificial insemination with donor semen (A.I.D.) in Italy during the past 5 years. This study describes the 4 year experience of an infertility practice which maintains a frozen bank as its primary source of A.I.D. The overall pregnancy rate was 52.27%. There is a significant difference in pregnancies in various age groups. Our pregnancy rate was 72.2% for those women under 31 and 31.5% for those over 31.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ureaplasma urealyticum in semen for artificial insemination: its effect on conception and semen analysis parameters.

Semen specimens from 24 donors in an artificial insemination program--selected for women whose infertile status was determined to be male factor-related and for whom no female factor could be determined--were cultured for the presence of Ureaplasma urealyticum. A life table statistical analysis indicated that conception did not occur sooner in the U. urealyticum-negative group (n = 14) compared with those women inseminated with the U. urealyticum-containing semen (n = 10). In addition, no significant differences were detected in semen analysis count, grade, or motility between semen with or without U. urealyticum. We found no differences in the occurrence of fetal morbidity or mortality in ten conceptions between the women impregnated with Ureaplasma-positive (n = 14) and Ureaplasma-negative (n = 6) semen. Thus, our study does not support the role of U. urealyticum as a cause of male factor-related infertility or early pregnancy loss.

Actuarial Analysis↗

PubMed1980

Factors affecting donor artificial insemination success rates.

Pregnancy was achieved at least once by 75 of 100 women treated with artificial insemination donor (AID). In all, 94 gestations were recorded, with a mean time to achieve pregnancy of 3.3 cycles. Success rates were studied relative to ovulatory function, cervical mucus parameters, previous reproductive history, and following pelvic surgery. A life-table analysis of conception according to actual inseminations performed during each cycle gave a 61% conception rate within 6 months, including patients who discontinued therapy after only one treatment cycle. Clomiphene citrate was used freely for ovulation induction. These patients took longer to conceive (5.5 cycles), but had an abortion rate similar to that of the general group. An effect of cervical mucus on the time necessary to initiate pregnancy was not demonstrated. Six of seven patients who had undergone reparative surgery for restoration or promotion of fertility conceived. The highest number of conceptions with double AID was found on cycle days 13 and 15.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Influence of semen and donor factors on the success rate of artificial insemination with frozen semen.

Influence of some semen and donor factors on the success rate of artificial insemination by frozen donor semen (AID) was examined. The percentage of insemination cycles resulting in pregnancy was significantly higher for women who became pregnant within six cycles (33%) when compared with all the women in the AID programme (14%). Therefore the influence of semen and donor characteristics on the fertilizing capacity of frozen semen was studied in women who became pregnant within the first six cycles of insemination in order to minimize any influence of non-semen effects such as recipient and insemination factors. Donors less than 20 years of age appear to have a better chance of obtaining a pregnancy. Semen stored for less than six months in liquid nitrogen had a similar proportion of insemination cycles resulting in pregnancy compared with semen stored for longer than six months. Conventional semen values were not correlated with fertility, and none of these values could be used accurately to predict the fertilizing capacity of frozen semen.

Female↗

PubMed1994

Plasma cortisol response in dairy cows to vaginoscopy, genital palpation per rectum and artificial insemination.

Response of plasma cortisol concentrations after vaginoscopic examination, palpation of the genital organs per rectum and artificial insemination were investigated in six Holstein-Friesian cows weighing between 510 to 620 kg. Blood samples were collected by indwelling jugular catheter. The experiment was begun at 09:00 hours on the day when cows came into estrus. Blood samples were collected from 30 minutes before to 60 minutes after each treatment at intervals of 5 to 10 minutes. Cows were initially blood-sampled for 90 minutes at the same intervals without giving any treatment and then were subjected to vaginoscopy for 1.5 minutes, palpation of the uterus and ovaries per rectum for 4 minutes and artificial insemination by the recto-vaginal method for 5 minutes. No significant increase in plasma cortisol was shown in cows in estrus following vaginoscopy. Palpation per rectum as well as artificial insemination caused a significant increase in plasma cortisol (P < 0.01) 5 to 10 minutes after the initiation of treatments in cows in estrus. There was a tendency for cows in the luteal phase to show higher plasma cortisol levels after the vaginoscopy than cows in estrus. Adrenal response to palpation per rectum in cows in the luteal phase was similar to that in cows in estrus. Thus, in cows in estrus, palpation per rectum as well as artificial insemination may be potential stressors for cows, causing an increase in plasma cortisol levels. However, the pathophysiological importance of the rise in plasma cortisol levels is not known.

Animals↗