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Results for “INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE”

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PubMed1979

[Massage of the bulb and intraocular pressure after goniotrepanation (author's transl)].

Intraocular pressure should be controlled via applanation tonometry, beginning with the fourth day after goniotrepanation, for a period of about three weeks, for early detection of postoperative pressure increases which can occur occasionally, so that they may be treated by digital massage of the bulb. This can be effective even in later post-operative pressure increases and support the effect of additional pressure-lowering treatment.

Eye↗

PubMed2003

Changes in intraocular pressure during prolonged (7-day) head-down tilt bedrest.

PURPOSE: To determine the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) due to postural changes in young healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intraocular pressure was measured using a calibrated Pulsair noncontact tonometer in both eyes of 25 female volunteers in a sitting position and after 1, 3, and 10 minutes in a supine position. In the second part of the experiment (a 7-day -6 degrees head-down tilt [HDT]), IOP (at 8 am, 12 am and 6 pm) and corneal thickness (12 am) were monitored in 8 female volunteers before, during, and after the HDT period. Blood pressure, hematocrit, plasma volume and osmolality, and plasma catecholamines concentrations were also measured. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was significantly higher in the supine position (16.1 +/- 3.6 mm Hg) than in the sitting position, with a mean pressure difference of 2.23 +/- 2.9 mm Hg after 1 minute, 0.9 +/- 3 mm Hg after 3 minutes, and 1.9 +/- 3.8 mm Hg after 10 minutes in a supine position (P < 0.001). During the period of HDT, IOP values decreased significantly on the fifth day (13.3 +/- 1.6 mm Hg, P = 0.03) and the seventh day (12.7 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, P = 0.02) when compared with IOP in the supine position (14.26 +/- 2 mm Hg). The corneal thickness increased significantly (P < 0.0001) at day 5 (549.25 +/- 48.7 microm) and day 7 (540.31 +/- 46.9 microm) compared with baseline (532.45 +/- 38.6 microm). Two days after the end of the HDT bedrest, the mean supine IOP significantly increased (14.1 +/- 1.8 mm Hg, P = 0.003) and corneal thickness was similar to that found at baseline. The mean decrease of IOP was positively correlated with that of the plasma volume (-10%, r = 0.61, P = 0.02) and negatively correlated with the mean rise of hematocrit (r = -0.5, P = 0.07), variables that are considered to be indirect measures of plasma dehydration. CONCLUSIONS: During a 7-day HDT bedrest experiment in healthy women, eyes seemed to compensate the moderate rise of IOP described between a sitting and a supine position, and exhibited a slight and progressive average decrease of 1.3 mm Hg. These physiological modifications could be related to an ocular dehydration or to systemic cardiovascular and hormonal variations during bedrest.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The correlations between Central Corneal Thickness and age, gender, intraocular pressure and refractive error of aged 12-60 years old in rural Thai community.

OBJECTIVES: To study the normal Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) and investigate the correlation between CCT and age, gender intraocular pressure and refractive error MATERIAL AND METHOD: Population of age 12-60 years old were interviewed with standard questionnaire. Refractive error was measured and graded according to spherical equivalent power. Then intraocular pressure and central cornea thickness were measured by applanation tonometer and ultrasonic pachymeter, respectively. The data were analyzed using T-test, correlation and multivariate linear regression to identify mean CCT and correlation between age, gender, intraocular pressure, and refractive error. RESULTS: A total of 467 participants were enrolled into the study. One hundred and eighty-six (39.8%) were males and 281 (60.2%) were females. The average CCT was 535.2 +/- 29.9 microm. The mean CCT of right and left eyes were 535.3 +/- 30.4 microm, and 535.1 +/- 29.5 microm, respectively. The multivariate linear regression indicated that increasing in age would decrease the CCT 0.28 microm and an increasing of intraocular pressure would increase the CCT 1.4 microm statistically significance. CONCLUSION: The CCT was independently related to the refractive error and gender Greater CCT was associated with higher intraocular pressure. Conversely, thinner cornea was correlated with older age group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The effects of dopamine, haloperidol and bromocriptine on intraocular pressure.

In a double-blind randomised, prospective single dose study, we measured intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter, systemic blood pressure and heart rate in 43 ocular normotensive subjects before (baseline) and 2, 4, and 6 hours after topical instillation of the following drugs: dopamine 2% (n = 11), a dopamine receptor blocking drug, haloperidol 0.5% (n = 11), a dopamine receptor stimulating drug, bromocriptine 0.05% (n = 11) and 0.1% (n = 10). In the groups receiving dopamine or haloperidol, there were no significant differences in IOP compared with baseline values (p > 0.01). But, a significant decrease in IOP compared with the baseline values was found in both bromocriptine groups (p < 0.001). With the 0.05% and 0.1% concentrations, maximum reductions in intraocular pressure were 22.0% +/- 5.8% and 28.4% +/- 9.8%, respectively. No significant differences in mean pupil diameter, systemic blood pressure and heart rate were detected in all of these groups. In addition, in the group receiving bromocriptine 0.1%, there was no change in serum prolactin levels. These results suggest that topically administered bromocriptine has satisfactory intraocular pressure lowering capacity without serious ocular or systemic side effects. Consequently we conclude that, an ophthalmic formulation of bromocriptine may have substantial clinical potential for the treatment of glaucoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The effect of Healon and timolol on early postoperative intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens.

In a prospective, randomized, masked study the effect of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) and timolol on the acute intraocular pressure rise after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens were evaluated. Intraocular pressure was measured preoperatively and 3-6 h and 24 h postoperatively. When no timolol was used, a significant rise in intraocular pressure was observed at 3-6 h, whether or not Healon was aspirated. Timolol reduced the intraocular pressure rise, especially during the first 3-6 h after surgery. When timolol was not applied at the end of surgery, IOP exceeded 30 mmHg in 28% 3-6 h postoperatively, compared to only 4% when timolol was applied.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Comparative intraocular pressure measurements with the pneumatonograph and Goldmann tonometer.

Comparative intraocular pressure measurements made with the pneumatonograph and the Goldmann tonometer showed close agreement with a statistically higher mean pressure when using the pneumatonograph. Significant changes in mean pressure differences between the two instruments were seen upon changing the pneumatonograph calibration and with change in the order of testing (which instrument was used initially). However, transient biologic changes in an individual eye producing minute-to-minute fluctuations in intraocular pressure may be equal to or larger than differences in measurement between instruments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The effect of intracameral ethacrynic acid on the intraocular pressure of living monkeys.

Previous studies have shown that the sulfhydryl-reactive ethacrynic acid increases outflow facility in living monkeys when perfused via the anterior chamber. To study its potential clinical use further, living monkeys were intracamerally injected with 10 microliters of ethacrynic acid, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 7.5 mmol/l. The fellow control eye was injected with 10 microliters of diluent. The status of the anterior segment was monitored by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and the intraocular pressure was measured by pneumatonometry with the monkeys anesthetized with ketamine. The anterior segment of living monkeys tolerated injections up to 3.0-mmol/l ethacrynic acid without marked adverse effects. One of 13 monkey eyes injected with 3.0-mmol/l ethacrynic acid demonstrated mild reversible segmental corneal edema. The greatest mean intraocular pressure reduction in the 3.0- to 3.75-mmol/l group occurred at six hours, with the experimental intraocular pressure decreasing 2.9 mm Hg compared to a mean intraocular pressure increase of 0.1 mm Hg in the control group (n = 19). Concentrations of ethacrynic acid less than 3.0 mmol/l did not provide reliable reduction of intraocular pressure, whereas concentrations greater than 3.75 mmol/l caused a greater incidence and severity of corneal edema. We believe that the intracameral injection of ethacrynic acid can reliably and safely reduce intraocular pressure in living monkey eyes, and that this drug deserves further investigation as a potential antiglaucomatous agent.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure.

The effects of atracurium on intraocular pressure (IOP) were compared with those of pancuronium in 20 patients less than 45 years-of-age requiring surgery for trauma of one eye. After a standard premedication and the application of topical analgesia to the upper airway, anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone i.v. and the trachea was intubated without the use of neuromuscular blockade. Following 20 min of steady state anaesthesia during which measurements of IOP, arterial pressure, heart rate, FIO2, FE'CO2 and CVP were recorded, one group of patients received atracurium 0.45 mg kg-1 and the other pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1. The observations were repeated for a further 15 min before surgery commenced. Neither atracurium nor pancuronium produced any change in IOP. Atracurium was associated with greater cardiovascular stability than pancuronium.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Experimental study on local cooling of the eyeball in ocular surgery (4). The local cooling effect on uveal blood circulation, intraocular pressure, and intravitreous pressure].

The effects of local cooling on the uveal blood circulation, intraocular pressure, and intravitreous pressure were evaluated. Saline solutions maintained at 10 degrees C and 35 degrees C were dripped on the rabbit ocular surface. After 5-minute dripping of 10 degrees C saline solution, the temperature decreased by 10.6 degrees C at the ciliary body, 7.7 degrees C at the choroid and 2.9 degrees C at the central region of the vitreous. Hydrogen clearance with electrolytically generated hydrogen gas was employed to measure the tissue blood flow, which fell to 82.9% of normo-thermal value at the ciliary body and 86.3% at the choroid. The intravitreous pressure dropped by 2.8 mmHg. After 30-minute dripping of 10 degrees C saline solution, the intraocular pressure dropped by 3.0 mmHg. We consider that the reduction of intraocular and intravitreous pressure during local cooling of the ocular surface is related to decrease in the uveal blood flow.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Increased intraocular pressure induced by corticosteroids.

Twelve patients who were highly responsive to topically administered betamethasone were subjected to various corticosteroid preparations (four times daily for four weeks). Each patient was tested in the same eye with fluorometholone, tetrahydrotriamcinolone, medrysone, and betamethasone and the potential to elvate intraocular pressure was determined. The response of intraocular pressure to all the corticosteroids was dose-related and a highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of betamethasone and the magnitude of intraocular pressure response. The order of potential of corticosteroids to elevate IOP was betamethasone 0.1%, betamethasone 0.05%, tetrahydrotriamcinolone 1.25%, betamethasone 0.02%, fluorometholone 0.1%, medrysone 1.0%, and betamethasone 0.01%. Tetrahydrotriamcinolone 0.25% and fluorometholone 0.05 and 0.01% failed to elevate intraocular pressure significantly.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1986

Effect of digital massage on intraocular pressure and ocular and optic nerve blood flow.

The effect of digital massage on intraocular pressure and ocular and optic nerve blood flow was studied in anaesthetized rabbits. Digital massage was performed for 15 min, with pressure release for 15 seconds after each 45 seconds of massage. Blood flow was measured in the iris, ciliary processes, choroid, retina, and optic nerve using (85Sr)-labelled microspheres. Blood flow was determined during massage, 2 min after, or 15 min after massage. Intraocular pressure was measured before, immediately after, and in one group, 15 min after massage. Immediately after digital massage, intraocular pressure was significantly lower, but 15 min after it was not significantly reduced. At both 2 min and 15 min after digital massage, compared to during massage, blood flow was significantly higher in all tissues studied.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Relationship between age and intraocular pressure: the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

This study aimed to assess the influence of age on intraocular pressure(IOP) in a general population. The Blue Mountains Eye Study assessed 3654 residents aged 49+ years during 1992-1994. Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry. Subjects with glaucoma, those currently on glaucoma medications and those with a history of cataract surgery were excluded. The IOP was reliably measured in 3260 subjects. Mean IOP was 16.0 mmHg with no significant difference found between men and women (P < 0.89). In univariate analyses, age was positively associated with IOP (P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was strongly positively associated with IOP (P < 0.001). After adjusting for SBP, there was a trend for IOP to decrease with increasing age(P < 0.051). After further adjusting for other potential confounders (diabetes, glaucoma family history and myopia), age was no longer significantly associated with intraocular pressure (P < 0.29). In summary,no evidence was found of an independent age affect on IOP.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

The effect of lidocaine on succinylcholine-induced rise in intraocular pressure.

The effect of lidocaine on the increase of intraocular pressure induced by succinylcholine was studied in patients 6 to 85 years of age. Three groups of patients were studied. One group of eight patients received lidocaine 1 mg.kg-1 before succinylcholine and a control group of ten patients did not have lidocaine. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 5 mg.kg-1 and maintained with nitrous oxide 50 per cent with oxygen and halothane 1.0-1.5 per cent. The tracheae of all patients were intubated. Lidocaine in doses of 1.0 to 2.0 mg.kg-1 did not prevent transient rise in intraocular pressure following administration of succinylcholine and tracheal intubation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Diurnal intraocular pressure in juvenile open-angle glaucoma.

Outpatient diurnal intraocular pressures were obtained on 10 patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma at approximately 6 hour intervals. There were 8 males and 2 females with an age range of 19 to 38 years. All glaucomatous medications were stopped 24 hours before recording the tensions. The peak intraocular pressure was recorded at the 6 PM interval in 6 of the 10 patients. Three patients recorded their highest pressures at the 12 AM (midnight) interval. Extraordinarily wide angles were observed in all cases and myopia was a common refractive error. Although the family history was not known in 3 patients, there was a positive family history of glaucoma in 7 of the 10 patients, which suggests an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Endogenous hormonal changes and circadian elevation of intraocular pressure.

A unique circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure (IOP) occurs in laboratory rabbits housed in a light-dark environment. The IOP is low in the light and high in the dark. In 32 rabbits studied, the IOP was 18.7 +/- 0.3 mm Hg (mean +/- the standard error of the mean) at 2 hr before the onset of dark and 24.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg at 2 hr into the dark. The changes in endogenous hormones corresponding to this elevation of IOP were studied. Concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (Epi), corticosterone, and melatonin in the plasma and NE and melatonin in the aqueous humor were determined. Changes in plasma catecholamines were variable and statistically insignificant. A decrease of plasma corticosterone and an increase of plasma melatonin in the dark were observed. Norepinephrine and melatonin levels in the aqueous humor increased in the dark. In ten rabbits with unilateral transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk, the elevation of IOP was absent only in the decentralized eye. The changes in plasma NE, Epi, and melatonin levels from the light to the dark phase were insignificant. The plasma corticosterone level decreased. In the dark phase, aqueous humor NE level in the decentralized eye was significantly lower than that in the intact eye. Melatonin levels in these two eyes were indifferent. In 22 rabbits housed in a constant dark environment, aqueous humor NE concentration increased corresponding to the circadian elevation of IOP. The authors conclude that the activation of ocular sympathetic nerves is directly related to the circadian elevation of IOP.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effects of topically instilled drugs on intraocular pressure in rabbits.

The effect of the ocular instillation of some drugs on the intraocular pressure of non-anaesthetized rabbits was studied, using the Schiötz tonometer. The risk of systemic absorption of drugs follwoing ocular instillation was evaluated by 1. measuring the spreading of effects from the treated eye to the contralateral one and 2. studying the effects on blood pressure or on blood pressure responses to noradrenaline. The results showed that trazodone, epinephrine and acetazolamide produced hypotension on the treated eye; there was no spreading of effects to the contralateral one. These data could suggest that the primary site of action of these drugs is the eye. Naphazoline reduced the intraocular pressure both on the treated eye and, with a constant delay, on the contralateral one. This was interpreted as a combination of a local action and systemic absorption. The effects of chlorpromazien were more complex. This drug produced hypertension and a strong irritation on the treated eye as well as a hypotensive effect on the contralateral one. The rise in intraocular pressure was probably caused by irritation; the hypotensive effect by systemic absorption. The following drugs were inactive: amphetamine, chlorothiazide and pilocarpine.

Acetazolamide↗

PubMed1988

Accuracy and precision of the Tono-Pen in measuring intraocular pressure after keratoplasty and epikeratophakia and in scarred corneas.

Intraocular pressure measurements with the Goldmann and Schiotz tonometers are unreliable when the cornea is irregular due to disease or surgery. The Tono-Pen (Oculab, Glendale, Calif) is an electronic applanation tonometer based on the same principle as the MacKay-Marg tonometer. We measured intraocular pressure in 37 eyes with irregular corneas, in 50 eyes that had recently undergone penetrating keratoplasty, in 16 eyes that had undergone epikeratophakia, and in 12 eyes with normal corneas with both the MacKay-Marg and Tono-Pen tonometers. The same two instruments were used, and the sequence of measurement was randomized. Analysis of variance demonstrated no significant difference between measurements obtained with the two tonometers in any of the groups. The data suggest that the Tono-Pen is as accurate as the MacKay-Marg tonometer in those situations where the Goldmann tonometer is inaccurate.

Cicatrix↗

PubMed1988

[Brain death and intraocular pressure].

The article reports on the changing behaviour of the intraocular pressure of 20 patients who had a severe head injury. Eight patients survived; in this group intraocular pressure was always normal. Twelve patients developed brain death, and in contrast to the group of survivors all of them had intraocular hypotension. Papilloedema was never seen in funduscopic examinations; however, we found signs of fundus ischaemia in most patients who had died of brain death.

Adolescent↗