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PubMed1978

Cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis associated with intestinal lymphoma.

A case of lymphocytic lymphoma of the small intestine was associated with cryoglobulinemia and amyloidosis. The neoplastic lymphoid cell demonstrated surface IgG membrane markers by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The cryoglobulins were characterized as monoclonal IgG3 proteins with lambda light chains. Amyloidosis of the small intestine and regional lymph nodes was found in association with lymphatic infiltration of these organs, suggesting the production of amyloid in situ.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Immunohistochemical characterization of Burkitt's lymphoma.

Cytoplasmic immunoglobulins and muramidase (lysozyme) were demonstrated in formalin-fixed tissues by an immunoperoxidase procedure in 3 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma. The Burkitt cells were strongly positive with the full panel of monospecific antisera against human immunoglobulin components (kappa and lambda light chains, gamma, alpha and micron heavy chains). The 'starry-sky' macrophages were weakly positive with antimuramidase antiserum and strongly positive with the antisera against immunoglobulins, thus demonstrating their phagocytic and histiocytic nature. The reasons for the polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins are discussed.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1977

Normal values for free light chains in serum different age groups.

The concentration of free light chains from the immunoglobulins was measured in twelve paired sera from mothers and newborns and from 149 sera from normal individuals in various age groups. Variations in concentration during life are correlated to the variations in the concentration of 'regular' immunoglobulins. A concentration of light chains in cord blood of 35% of mean normal adult level (MNA) together with a rapid passage of light chains across the placenta is interpreted as indicating catabolization of maternal light chains in the fetus. This is further supported by the finding of a lower concentration of light chains in maternal serum than in normal adult serum. The investigation shows that the concentration of light chains falls rapidly from 35 to 24% of MNA during the first few days of life. From the first week of life the concentration of light chains increases and low normal adult values are attained by one year of age. Except for difference in concentration, the elution pattern for light chains from Sephadex G-100 columns was similar for normal, adult and cord blood. The relationship between kappa and lambda chains--the K/L ratio--is 1.2 for normal and maternal serum and 1.0 for cord serum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Determination of the subclasses of monoclonal human immunoglobulins G and of the light chain type with the aid of specific antisera].

Sera of 86 patients suffering from G-myeloma were studied for the purpose of determination of subclasses of monoclone IgG. Investigations were carried out by means of antisera to subclasses IgG by the double diffusion method in gel after Ouchterlony. The following distribution of myeloma Ig was revealed: G1--70%, G2--17%, G3--11%,and G4--2%. In typing of the light igG chains by the method of immunoelectrophoresis, using antisera to the light chains of immunoglobulins of the chi and lambda type it was found that IgG1 chi was encountered more frequently than IgG1 lambda (3:1 ratio). The amount of the sera with the IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 was insufficient for the reliable conclusion of their distribution by the type of light chains.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid, associated with follicular colonization and stromal deposition of polytypic immunoglobulins and major histocompatibility antigens. Possible categorization in MALT lymphoma.

A 78-year-old woman complaining of a neck mass underwent right hemithyroidectomy. The 7 x 6 cm thyroid tumor consisted predominantly of mildly atypical, epithelial membrane antigen-positive plasma cells and scattered lymphoid follicles. Features of follicular colonization (plasma cell infiltration into germinal centers) were noted. Numerous CD45RO-positive reactive T cells and a smaller number of CD20-positive blast-like B cells were also distributed among the plasma cell infiltrate. IgG, kappa-type monoclonality with J-chain reactivity was identified in the plasma cells, including those in the lymphoid follicles. The association of pre-existing lymphocytic thyroiditis was confirmed histologically in the non-tumorous thyroid tissue. The tumor exhibited deposition of reticulin fiber-rich, amorphous eosinophilic substances, provoking pronounced foreign body reactions. The deposit, polytypically immunoreactive for immunoglobulin gamma-, mu-, kappa- and lambda-chains, beta 2-microglobulin and HLA-DR, was scarcely reactive upon amyloid staining, and consisted ultrastructurally of electron-dense, non-fibrillar material and entrapped collagen fibers. Multiple myeloma was ruled out by laboratory, histologic and clinical examinations. The possible categorization of this extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thyroid within low-grade B cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Monoclonal plasma cell population in the uterus.

The case of a 28-year-old female patient is presented. Heavy infiltration with plasma cells of uterine tissue removed by surgical currettage following an aborted pregnancy was detected by cytological and histological examination. Subsequent immunohistochemical studies revealed the monoclonal nature of these cells: intracellular immunoglobulin contained gamma- and lambda-chains exclusively. Since careful clinical examination produced no evidence in favor of multiple myeloma, these findings were tentatively interpreted to be compatible with the diagnosis of solitary plasmocytoma of the uterus.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1979

[Rule of antibody structure. Primary structure of a human monoclonal IgAl-immunoglobulin (myeloma protein Tro). VI. Amino acid sequence of the L-chain, lambda-type, subgroup II].

The primary structure of the L-chain of an IgA1-immunoglobulin (Myeloma protein Tro) has been determined by means of cleavage with trypsin and, if necessary, with alpha-chymotrypsin. The tryptic peptides of the variable part were characterized by amino acid analysis, Dansyl-Edman degradation and cleavage with carboxypeptidase; the peptides of the constant part were identified by amino acid analyses and determination of its N- and C-terminal residues. The sequence of the remaining amino acids and the arrangement of the peptides were established in homology to known structures. The protein comprises 216 amino acids. The homology of the variable part clearly characterizes it as belonging to subgroup II of lambda-chains. In positions 27a, b and c, there are the subgroup-specific additional residues and in position 96 is the characteristic deletion. The constant part of the chain is Kern- and Oz- which indicates that it has serine in position 154 and arginine in position 191.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

A recombinant human Fab expressed in Escherichia coli neutralizes rabies virus.

A recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (MAb-57) Fab was prepared by cloning the heavy (Fd)- and light-chain domains into the same bacterial expression vector. To construct the recombinant Fab, mRNA was extracted from MAb-57-producing hybridoma cells, reverse transcribed, and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using oligonucleotides specific for immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain DNA sequences. PCR-amplified Fd-chain cDNA was fused, in frame, between a bacterial leader peptide (PelB) at the amino terminus and a 10-amino-acid peptide tag at the carboxy terminus. The PCR-amplified lambda-chain cDNA was also fused to the PelB leader peptide. The immunoglobulin Fab was then expressed as a dicistronic message in bacteria by using the isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible lactose promotor (lacZ). DNA sequencing was used to define the gamma-chain isotype (immunoglobulin G1) and VH (VHI) chain and VL (V lambda II) chain gene usage. The recombinant Fab (rFab57) specifically bound the rabies virus coat glycoprotein, while the Fd and lambda chains, when expressed individually, did not. The binding specificity of rFab57 was indistinguishable from that of the intact MAb in direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; however, the dissociation constant of rFab57 for rabies virus protein G was approximately 1 log10 U lower than that of complete MAb-57 in competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A fluorescent-focus inhibition assay showed that bacterially expressed rFab was capable of neutralizing rabies virus strain CVS-11. We conclude that a human Fab expressed in bacteria maintains its specificity and biologic activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Morphological classification of malignant lymphomas: ultrastructural, cytochemical and immunological results.

Except for tumors clearly producing immunoglobulin (e.g. plasma-cytoma), the different classes of malignant lymphomas do not correlate with a constant surface immunoglobulin pattern. Beside a prevailing IgM-surface type in a high number of different lymphoma classes even T-like or O-cells occur in most tumor types provided they are studied in a sufficient number. The possibility of dedifferentiation of immunologic cell qualities has to be envisaged. In this context intracellular lambda-chain crystals occurring in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia may provide a morphological hallmark of anaplastic deterioration of immunoglobulin synthesis. - The ambiguous significance of PAS-positive inclusions and virus-like microtubular complexes in lymphoma cells is discussed. - In conclusion the recent discovery of hairy cell leukaemia provides a good example of the value of nomenclatures based on empiricism rather than on short-lived theories.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1975

Hairy cell leukemia: functional, immunologic, kinetic, and ultrastructural characterization.

A diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia was made by optic microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning microscopy, and histochemistry of the abnormal blood cells. In vivo these cells were found to have a half-time in the blood of approximately 150 hr. In vitro they had the capacity to adhere firmly to plastic, making it possible to obtain a pure population of hairy cells. Neither T-rosette formation nor phytohemagglutinin (PHA) transformation could be demonstrated in these cells. On the other hand, the presence of immunoglobulins on the surface of the hairy cells (HC) by immunofluorescence, and the synthesis and secretion by these cells of IgM type lambda-chains shown by radioimmunodiffusion, were in favor of their B-type lymphocyte origin. Similarities to chronic lymphocytic leukemia were apparent.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1992

[Development of multicomponent immunoassay and micro-localization analysis by laser-photoacoustic and microscopic image analyzer].

Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has a potential to be developed as a sensitive and solid-phase analytical method and was applied to enzyme immunoassay. The test sample for immunoassay was prepared by adsorbing multi-component immunoglobulins on a nitrocellulose membrane filter. Human lambda- and kappa-chains, which are used as a principal indication of malignant lymphoreticular disease, and immunoglobulin G were used as model proteins, and PAS immunoassay was applied to the individual detection of these three proteins in the urine. Furthermore, in order to develop a sensitive analysis for particular biological components in tissues or cells, laser photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and video intensified microscopy (VIM) were developed. PAM was shown to be applicable to the detection and quantification of human lambda-chain in a micro-region of the tissue sections of the human fetal spleen and pancreas. VIM was applied to the detection of stimulation-response processes in a cell. By using neutrophils which are stimulated by many substances and produce active oxidants as the results, dynamic changes in the stimulation-response process in a living cell were visualized as fluorescence or chemiluminescence images by the VIM system.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Human colostral cells. I. Separation and characterization.

Analyses of the cells present in human colostrum obtained from fifty-four healthy donors during the first four days of lactation revealed that there were 3.3 x 10(6) (range 1.1 x 10(5)--1.2 x 10(7)) cells per ml of colostrum. Based on histochemical examinations, it was found that this population consisted of 30--47% macrophages, 40--60% polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 5.2--8.9% lymphocytes, and 1.3--2.8% colostral corpuscles; epithelial cells were rarely encountered. The identity of various cell types was confirmed by Wright's stain and by a series of histochemical techniques which disclosed the presence of non-specific esterase, peroxidase, and lipids. For further characterization, the different types of cells were separated by various methods, such as Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation, isokinetic centrifugation on a linear Ficoll gradient, adherence to glass or plastic, and phagocytosis of carbonyl iron. Immunohistochemical staining with FITC- and/or TRITC-labelled reagents to IgA, IgM, IgG, K- and lambda-chains, secretory component, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin were applied to unseparated as well as separated colostral cells. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (staining for peroxidase) as well as macrophages and colostral corpuscles (staining for non-specific esterase) exhibited numerous intracellular vesicles that contained lipids as well as various combinations of milk proteins. Lymphoid cells did not stain with any of these reagents and plasma cells were not detected among the colostral cells. Individual phagocytic cells contained immunoglobulins of the IgA and IgM classes, both K and lambda light chains, secretory component, lactoferrin, and alpha-lactalbumin. The coincidental appearance of these proteins in single, phagocytic cells but not in lymphoid cells indicate that the cells acquired these proteins by ingestion from the environment. Markers commonly used for the identification of B lymphocytes (surface immunoglobulins) and T lymphocytes (receptors for sheep red blood cells) were unreliable for the analysis of colostral cells (unless accompanied by subsequent morphological characterization) because strong fluorescence was observed on the surface of many non-lymphoid cells and because numerous macrophages and colostral corpuscles formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Lymphocytes, often found in association with colostral macrophages or corpuscles, were classified as T cells.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1992

Complementary DNA sequence of human amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light-chain precursors.

The primary structure of three amyloid precursor light chains was deduced from the sequence of complementary DNA (cDNA) from bone marrow cells from patients affected with classical lambda (patient Air) or kappa (patient Arn) amyloidosis and from a patient (Aub) in whom lambda amyloid deposits were unusual by their perimembranous location in the kidney glomerulus. All three RNAs were of normal size, as estimated by Northern blotting, and encoded normal-sized light chains. The deduced light-chain sequence from patient Arn was related to the V kappa 1 subgroup, and included ten residues that had not been previously reported at these positions, only one of which (Leu-21) was located in a beta-sheet (4-2). The unusual presence of Asn-70 determined a potential N-glycosylation site. The sequence of the light chain from patient Air belonged to the V lambda 1 subgroup, and included three unusually located amino acid residues, one of which had already been reported in an amyloidogenic lambda-chain. The sequence of the light chain from patient Aub was related to the V lambda 3 subgroup, and contained five amino acid residues that had not previously been described at the corresponding positions; two of them (His-36 and Ser-77) were located in beta-sheets (3-1 and 4-3 respectively). This sequence was also peculiar because of the presence of numerous acidic residues in the complementarity-determining regions. Such unusual primary structures might be responsible for the amyloidogenic properties of these light-chain precursors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Molecular characterization of a human anti-Rh(D) antibody with a DH segment encoded by a germ-line sequence.

The lambda-light-chain and lambda-heavy-chain variable-region genes of an anti-Rh(D) (Rh, Rhesus; D, heavy-chain diversity region) human monoclonal antibody secreted by lymphocytes transformed by the Epstein-Barr virus have been cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison of the anti-Rh(D)mAb lambda-chain variable region with those of the other available human lambda chains revealed that it belonged to the human V lambda I (V lambda, variable region of lambda chain) subgroup. The greatest sequence similarity (80%) was observed with that of another anti-Rh antibody lambda-chain directed against the Rh(c) antigen. For the VH (VH, variable region of heavy chain) sequence, the highest similarity (86%) was observed with the germline VHG3 gene which belongs to the VHI subgroup. The expressed DH sequence of the anti-Rh(D) antibody is also of germline origin and complementarity-determining region 3 is thus produced by VH-DH and DH-JH (J, joining region) joining without recombination of multiple DH gene segments.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Protein L. A bacterial Ig-binding protein that activates human basophils and mast cells.

Peptostreptococcus magnus strain 312 (10(6) to 10(8)/ml), which synthesizes a protein capable of binding to kappa L chains of human Ig (protein L), stimulated the release of histamine from human basophils in vitro. P. magnus strain 644, which does not synthesize protein L, did not induce histamine secretion. Soluble protein L (3 x 10(-2) to 3 micrograms/ml) induced histamine release from human basophils. The characteristics of the release reaction were similar to those of rabbit IgG anti-Fc fragment of human IgE (anti-IgE): it was Ca2(+)- and temperature-dependent, optimal release occurring at 37 degrees C in the presence of 1.0 mM extracellular Ca2+. There was an excellent correlation (r = 0.82; p less than 0.001) between the maximal percent histamine release induced by protein L and that induced by anti-IgE, as well as between protein L and protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (r = 0.52; p less than 0.01). Preincubation of basophils with either protein L or anti-IgE resulted in complete cross-desensitization to a subsequent challenge with the heterologous stimulus. IgE purified from myeloma patients PS and PP (lambda-chains) blocked anti-IgE-induced histamine release but failed to block the histamine releasing activity of protein L. In contrast, IgE purified from myeloma patient ADZ (kappa-chains) blocked both anti-IgE- and protein L-induced releases, whereas human polyclonal IgG selectively blocked protein L-induced secretion. Protein L acted as a complete secretagogue, i.e., it activated basophils to release sulfidopeptide leukotriene C4 as well as histamine. Protein L (10(-1) to 3 micrograms/ml) also induced the release of preformed (histamine) and de novo synthesized mediators (leukotriene C4 and/or PGD2) from mast cells isolated from lung parenchyma and skin tissues. Intradermal injections of protein L (0.01 to 10 micrograms/ml) in nonallergic subjects caused a dose-dependent wheal-and-flare reaction. Protein L activates human basophils and mast cells in vitro and in vivo presumably by interacting with kappa L chains of the IgE isotype.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte↗
PubMed1991

Serologic and chemical differentiation of human lambda III light chain variable regions.

Human lambda L chains of a major V lambda subgroup, V lambda III, have been differentiated serologically and chemically into three V lambda III sub-subgroups designated V lambda IIIa, V lambda IIIb, and V lambda IIIc. Antisera prepared against lambda III Bence Jones proteins were obtained that recognized distinctive V lambda III-related epitopes expressed by monoclonal lambda III L chains. After appropriate absorption, these reagents were rendered specific for three distinct populations of lambda III proteins--lambda IIIa, lambda IIIb, and lambda IIIc. The antisera were used in comparative immunodiffusion analyses of 28 monoclonal lambda III L chains, 10 of which were classified as lambda IIIa, 4 as lambda IIIb, and 14 as lambda IIIc. The isotypic nature of the three lambda III sub-subgroups was demonstrated serologically through analyses of lambda-chains derived from the serum IgG molecules of normal individuals. The amino acid sequences of five serologically classified lambda III chains, which included members of the three V lambda III sub-subgroups, had been previously determined. This information, in addition to our establishment of the complete (or virtually complete) V region sequence of 15 and the partial sequence of eight other lambda IIIa, lambda IIIb, and lambda IIIc proteins, made it possible to correlate chemical data with serologic classification. Proteins within each of the three serologically-classified lambda III sub-subgroups typically possessed a high degree (approximately 83%) of intra-sub-subgroup sequence homology that included both framework and complementarity determining region residues. Furthermore, within the framework and complementarity determining regions, sub-subgroup-specific residues were identified. Taken together, these data reveal that the human V lambda III genome consists of (at least) three distinct V lambda IIIa, V lambda IIIb, and V lambda IIIc germline genes that encode for lambda IIIa, lambda IIIb, and lambda IIIc L chains, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins in COS cells transfected with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain cDNA.

The mechanism by which endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins are induced by the accumulation of incompletely assembled or malfolded proteins in the ER is poorly understood. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (BiP), one of the ER stress proteins, has often been detected in stable complexes with these accumulated proteins. We have transfected COS cells with an immunoglobulin (Ig) mu heavy chain expression plasmid. Expressed mu-chain accumulated in the cells and formed stable complexes with BiP. As a result, the synthesis of three ER stress proteins, BiP, the 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94/ERp99), and ERp72, was increased as were their mRNA levels. In addition, the degradation rate of BiP was increased, possibly because of its interaction with mu-chain. Cotransfection of the mu-chain plasmid with an Ig lambda light chain expression plasmid resulted in the appearance of mu-chain in the media in a covalent complex with lambda-chain. An intracellular consequence of this was a reduction in the levels of BiP.mu-chain complex, and a diminished stimulation in the synthesis of the ER stress proteins. These results suggest that the BiP.mu-chain complex in the ER may be involved in the signaling pathway for the induction of ER stress proteins and may represent one regulatory mechanism operating in differentiating B-lymphocytes.

Cell Line↗