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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Emergence of modularity in genotype-phenotype mappings.

A novel evolutionary method that allows us to study the emergence of modularity for genotype-phenotype mapping in the course of Darwinian evolution is described. The method is based on composite epigenotypes with two parts: a binary genotype; and a mapping of genes onto phenotype characters. For such generalized epigenotypes the modularity is determined in the following intuitive way: The genes are divided into two subgroups; simultaneously with this decomposition there is defined an accompanying decomposition of the set of phenotype characters. We expect that for epigenotypes with modular structures the genes from one group will be mapped onto characters from the same group, that is, that the appearance of crosslink mappings will be maximally suppressed. A fundamental question for all of evolutionary biology (and also for evolutionary algorithms and connectionist cognitive science) is the mechanism of evolutionary emergence of modular structures. The presented explanatory model is an implementation of the assumption that variation in genotype is produced on a faster time scale than variation in the genotype-phenotype mapped part. Moreover, the evaluation of the epigenotype in the evolutionary algorithm is based on directly selectable properties (corresponding to the decomposition of the set of phenotype characters). The modularity of genotype-phenotype mapping emerges in the simulations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Recruiting future neuroscientists: what asking the recruits can teach us.

Many different strategies are used to recruit students into scientific research careers, including neuroscience research. These strategies are rarely based on knowledge about students; instead, activities are selected based on their ease of implementation. The goal of the LEARN Project is to encourage high school students into mental health science research using the theme of learning and memory. One intervention the authors developed is five Web-based biographies introducing students to contemporary neuroscientist role models studying learning and memory. To guide the design of this intervention, the authors created a survey to determine where students obtain career information and who and what influences their career selection. In a convenience sample of 124 students, the authors found that almost all students use the Internet for information about careers, in addition to consulting family members and teachers. Students' career selections are influenced most by family members, teachers, and people already in the field. The most important factors students look for in their future career are money, fun, and a good match between current interests and future careers. The data affirm the value of outreach efforts that go beyond students to include a broader audience of parents and teachers who play a critical role in career selection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The development of a mandatory medical thesis in an urban medical school.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe the development of a primary care medical student's thesis. DESCRIPTION: In 1995, as part of its primary care clerkship, the Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (Drew University), College of Medicine created a curriculum requiring medical students to develop, design, and implement a research project during their 2-year longitudinal clinical experience. For this study, we reviewed all student research projects generated between 1995 and 2004. EVALUATION: Among the 112 research projects, topics covered included internal medicine (29.5%), obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN; 22%), psychosocial issues (20.5%), pediatrics (9%), public health/epidemiology (8%), medical education (8%), and surgery (3%). Mentors included faculty from internal medicine (16%), dean's office (16%), pediatrics (13%), family medicine (11%), non-Drew faculty (10%), OBGYN (9%), psychiatry (9%), surgery (9%), emergency medicine (4%), and pathology/radiology departments (3%). The students' survey showed that 83% agreed that the mentors were valuable, 72% admitted that their knowledge about the research process was improved, about 50% indicated that they were more competitive during residency application, and 80% claimed that they obtained satisfaction from accomplishing a goal. CONCLUSION: Students are able to conduct and present a primary care research project as a requirement of their medical training. Most students find the experience beneficial and positive.

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Evidence of effectiveness: how much can we extrapolate from existing studies?

Drug development can be a science of extrapolation if the use of a drug exposure-response relationship is embraced and implemented through mechanistically oriented pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling analysis and clinical trial simulation. The traditional requirement of at least 2 adequate and well-controlled phase III studies by the US Food and Drug Administration for drug approval can be waived in certain situations, substantially reducing the resources and time. In this article, the authors introduce a real drug development case where the chance for this exemption was maximized by actively using PK-PD modeling followed by clinical trial simulation, resulting in faster and more economical introduction of a new dosage regimen to patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

What they didn't teach me in paramedic school.

Medicine is an art based on scientific principles. It's important for paramedics to understand this so they can keep up with changes and advances. We must acknowledge that care we believe to be proper today may be considered inappropriate treatment tomorrow. For this reason, we need to understand that the medical knowledge we gained in paramedic education is not sufficient. Reading journals and staying current with medical science is as much a part of our job as running calls. Many people are already implementing some of the changes suggested here and are constantly improving prehospital care in their respective areas. Sadly, they are not the norm. The EMS community needs to work together to make it the norm. The updating of the paramedic curriculum is an important opportunity in this regard. Ultimately, the responsibility for making paramedicine a respected medical specialty is our own. We need to understand that we must demand this commitment of ourselves and our systems. We cannot expect anyone else to do the job for us. We must take the time to gain the knowledge we need to build our profession into this ideal model.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-graduate medical education in training health care managers].

Contemplations over the training of a modern healthcare manager are reflected in the article; the key organizational and methodological aspects of such training are analyzed; program-based measures related with personnel management are defined; training modules on training the healthcare personnel are designated; the experience and promising trends, as implemented in the above sphere by Semashko's Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, as well as new program "Head Doctor of the 21st Century", offered by the department of academic educational programs of the People's Economy Academy of the Government of the Russian Federation, are discussed.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[In-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation].

Between 0,7-3% of pediatric patients may require resuscitation during hospital stay. The physicians of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the C.O.U. Anesthesia and Intensive Care-Baroncini developed a plan for the management of pediatric emergencies inside the Department of Pediatric Medical and Surgical Sciences. The plan consisted of: the drawing up of a PI 34-Procedure; the preparation and implementation of a training course for doctors and nurses; the purchase of 12 emergency-trolleys according to the Broselow Pediatric Resuscitation Measuring Tape and the implementation of a specific system for the emergency-call. Precise duty for anesthesiologists and intensivists is the emergency- planning and management, in order to diffuse the medical knowledge needed to assist patients requiring vital functions support. The management of the intra-hospital pediatric emergencies is strictly dependent on the training of the staff, based on a specific support algorithm, and specific equipment for the different ages.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2004

Clinical simulation and foundation skills: an integrated multidisciplinary approach to teaching.

Faced with the challenge of restructuring a preclinical curriculum to provide a stronger background in general dentistry, a clinical simulation program that emphasizes critical thinking in clinical decision-making was developed and implemented at New York University College of Dentistry. The program offers an integrated program in clinical sciences focused on the faculty-defined outcomes for a general dentist. The curriculum was developed using outcomes that must be met before full patient care privileges are extended. The curriculum is centered around a series of patients with differing profiles of risk, disease, and treatment needs. Students are required to think globally, collect data that leads to an accurate assessment of the patient's risk, plan prevention and health promotion, and define a treatment plan. The student then demonstrates proficiency in executing treatment, evaluates the results, and speculates about the long-term impact of the treatment provided. Student and faculty evaluations are discussed as well as the strengths and shortcomings of the curriculum.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CDC's family and intimate violence prevention team: basing programs on science.

Women are frequent targets of both physical and sexual assault not only by strangers, but by partners and acquaintances as well. The public health approach to violence, including violence against women, focuses on prevention rather than treatment and is science based. Its steps include defining the problem, identifying causes, developing and testing interventions, and then implementing interventions and measuring their effectiveness. The Family and Intimate Violence Prevention Team in the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses the public health approach to address the prevention of violence against women. We describe here some of the team's major activities and show how these activities will add to the scientific database on violence against women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

NIEHS/AACR Task Force on the Advancement of Minorities in Science: Vision for a Model Program.

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health and the American Association for Cancer Research initiated the "NIEHS/AACR Task Force on the Advancement of Minorities in Science" to address the issues of recruitment, participation, retention, and advancement of historically underrepresented minorities in the biomedical sciences. The goal of the Task Force was to establish a model program, national in scope and significance, to increase the number of historically underrepresented minorities who earn a doctorate and excel professionally in the biomedical sciences. To this end, the model program will: seek to promote systemic change in educational institutions from precollege through graduate school; introduce effective models of diversity training for faculty and students from precollege through university; promote collaborative learning, leadership skills, and team building in science; focus on the professional development of teachers; depend on the commitment and collaboration of financial and philosophical partners for its implementation. This document represents the vision for the model program, developed by an eight-member subcommittee charged with representing and documenting the concerns and opinions of the Task Force as a whole.

Education↗
PubMed2005

Future directions for depicting credibility in health care web sites.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the paper was to determine appropriate terminology, criteria, implementation, and develop a theoretical framework by which credibility in health care web sites can be depicted. Future research directions for evaluating credibility in health care web sites was also discussed. METHOD: A comprehensive literature review of published articles, policy papers, and grey literature using relevant search terms was conducted. Sources for articles reviewed included MEDLINE (from 1966 to present), PsycINFO (from 1840 to present), ERIC (from 1966 to present), and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) databases. The Web of Science citation service was continuously searched using a subscription service from 2002 to 2004. The search engine Google was also implemented. RESULTS: A common term, credibility, was purposed for use in this context. A comprehensive set of credibility criteria, presented within a theoretical framework was also developed. Implementation by means of a browser-based graphic icon was purposed. CONCLUSIONS: Relevancy and readiness of the purposed common terminology, criteria, and implementation within the theoretical framework must be further researched. More knowledge of consumers' behaviour regarding use of online health content and collaboration with others when implementing such information should be considered in future research.

Canada↗
PubMed2001

Fieldwork education: The future of occupational therapy depends on it.

Fieldwork continues to be the cornerstone of preparation for entry-level occupational therapy clinicians. During the past five years the Canadian healthcare system has experienced decreases in federal funding, organizational changes such as the movement to programme management, and increased focus on community-based needs. Two fieldwork projects were tested at a large health sciences facility, to meet the challenge of providing effective fieldwork experiences that build on current educational methodologies while still responding to changing realities in healthcare practice. The academic programme with which the health sciences facility is affiliated has developed a strong focus on self-directed learning, using problem-based and small group learning formats. The development, implementation and evaluation of the two fieldwork projects is described. Discussion focuses on the processes needed to facilitate innovative, flexible fieldwork models.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Renewed medical education in Linkoping. Problem-based learning, basic science and public health intensified].

A complete undergraduate medical programme in Linköping started 1986. The curriculum was innovative applying problem-based learning, community-orientation, and multi-professional training. After almost 20 years, a revision is implemented to vitalise the original educational principles. A curriculum committee coordinates seven multi-disciplinary theme-groups, mainly based on organ systems, responsible for planning and implementation of their parts during the whole curriculum. Critical appraisal, professional development, and population health are strengthened. Problem based learning is improved by using web-based scenarios and information technology. Phase I (2 semesters) focuses on basic concepts in basic science in relevant contexts, and Phase II (3 semesters) on normal structure, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment. Phase III starts with a semester for a student research project and an elective period. The following five semesters deal with clinical medicine in hospitals and health centres with clerkships in four week periods changing with two week theoretical blocks related to the themes.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1998

Science and alcohol policy at the local level: a respectful partnership.

This paper describes the working exchange between scientists who designed a three-community prevention trial in the United States (1990-95) to reduce alcohol-involved injuries at the community level, and community organizers and local policy-makers in the experimental sites. We found that researchers brought scientific knowledge of potentially effective alcohol policies but had no experience with the local culture, priorities or processes; conversely, community organizers understood the local situation but were not knowledgeable about prevention strategies which, based on prior evidence, could work. We also found that communities are interested in science to aid the selection of local alcohol policies, but scientists do not understand local dynamics well enough to direct the implementation of these policies. This case study showed that both groups must respect each other and seek ways to work together for the mutually desired outcome of effective local prevention.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Assessing medical students' clinical sciences knowledge in France: a collaboration between the NBME and a consortium of French medical schools.

PURPOSE: The French government, as part of medical education reforms, has affirmed that an examination program for national residency selection will be implemented by 2004. The purpose of this study was to develop a French multiple-choice (MC) examination using the National Board of Medical Examiners' (NBME) expertise and materials. METHOD: The Evaluation Standardisée du Second Cycle (ESSC), a four-hour clinical sciences examination, was administered in January 2002 to 285 medical students at four university test sites in France. The ESSC had 200 translated and adapted MC items selected from the Comprehensive Clinical Sciences Examination (CCSE), an NBME subject test. RESULTS: Less than 10% of the ESSC items were rejected as inappropriate to French practice. Also, the distributions of ESSC item characteristics were similar to those reported with the CCSE. The ESSC also appeared to be very well targeted to examinees' proficiencies and yielded a reliability coefficient of.91. However, because of a higher word count, the ESSC did show evidence of speededness. Regarding overall performance, the mean proficiency estimate for French examinees was about 0.4 SD below that of a CCSE population. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong evidence for the usefulness of the model adopted in this first collaborative effort between the NBME and a consortium of French medical schools. Overall, the performance of French students was comparable to that of CCSE students, which was encouraging given the differences in motivation and the speeded nature of the French test. A second phase with the participation of larger numbers of French medical schools and students is being planned.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1990

A professional preparation course on AIDS/HIV infection.

This paper describes the conceptualization, development, planning, and implementation of a new professional preparation course entitled "AIDS/HIV Education: Issues and Strategies." The 15-week, campuswide course was offered through the Dept. of Health Science Education at the University of Florida during spring semester 1990. Though universities have been identified as providers of preservice education for future teachers and health professionals, current activities often have been deemed inadequate to meet the needs of those charged with providing AIDS/HIV education. This course was implemented to address an array of issues related to HIV education, ranging from epidemiological and biomedical information and educational strategies to examination of personal and ethical issues surrounding the disease. Delivery of a successful course and student reaction are discussed, along with recommendations for programs considering similar educational efforts. A detailed planned information packet is available from the authors.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗