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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Breast-feeding and feeding practices of infants in a developing country: a national survey in Lebanon.

OBJECTIVE: Breast-feeding (BF) provides the ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants. The prevalence of BF in Lebanon shows mixed results. The present study was the first large-scale, extensive survey on BF parameters in Lebanon that aimed to explore demographic, socio-economic and other fundamental issues associated with the initiation and duration of BF by Lebanese mothers. DESIGN: The survey was cross-sectional in design and administered over 10 months. SETTING: Information on all variables was collected from mothers at health centres. SUBJECTS: Two-stage sampling was conducted to select participants. A total of 1,000 participants were randomly selected. A consent form was provided to each participant. Data were collected from 830 of these. RESULTS: Almost all mothers were Lebanese, married and had given birth in a hospital. About a third stated that breast milk was the first food introduced after birth. Although 55.9% started breast-feeding their newborns within a few hours after birth, and 18.3% within half an hour, 21.2% replied that they initiated BF a few days after birth. Only 4.6% of the mothers replied that they never breast-fed their infant. Timing of initiation of BF was associated with the type of delivery (vaginal/Caesarean section) and hospital-related factors (rooming-in, night feedings and frequency of mother-infant interaction). Of the mothers who breast-fed exclusively beyond 6 months, 86.7% had initiated BF a few hours following delivery, while only 13.3% had initiated BF a few days later. Compared with the exceptionally high proportion of BF initiation, exclusivity of BF was low, dropping to 52.4% at 1 month. Exclusivity of BF was also associated with place of residence (urban/rural) and negatively associated with educational level of the mother. Duration of BF was inversely associated with the use of pain killers during delivery and maternal education. Rural mothers and those who practised exclusive BF maintained BF for a longer duration. CONCLUSION: Initiation rates of BF are very high in Lebanon but rates of exclusive BF are low and duration of BF is short. Future research targeting the factors associated with BF, with particular emphasis on exclusivity, is needed. For the 95.4% of mothers who initiated BF, an ecological perspective on intervention aimed at women and their social support system is required to improve duration and exclusivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Retinopathy of prematurity in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease.

We undertook a study of premature infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease to determine whether these infants develop retinopathy of prematurity despite a persistent hypoxemic state. Using the computerized registry of the neonatal intensive care unit of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn, we identified six premature infants (less than 37 weeks' gestational age, with birth weights of 1100 to 2050 g) with cyanotic congenital heart disease who survived the neonatal period and underwent ophthalmologic evaluation. Review of their charts revealed that three of six infants developed retinopathy of prematurity (two had grade 1 and one had grade 3 disease), but none required treatment. Our data support the findings of other investigators that elevated arterial oxygen tension is not the sole factor leading to the development of retinopathy of prematurity. Premature infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease can develop retinopathy of prematurity despite persistent hypoxemia. Cyanotic premature infants should be screened for retinopathy of prematurity with the same thoroughness as other premature infants.

Blood Gas Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of kangaroo care and standard care: behavioral organization, development, and temperament in healthy, low-birth-weight infants through 1 year.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Kangaroo Care (KC) for healthy, low-birth-weight (LBW) infants can promote better behavioral and developmental outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: In this historical control study, 26 infants in the KC group (GA: 34.3+/-2.5 weeks, BW: 1833.9+/-167.6 g) and 27 infants in the comparison group who received the standard medical-nursing care (34.6+/-2.3 weeks, 1850.9+/-156.7 g) were analyzed by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) at 40 weeks of postmenstrual age, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Carey's Infant Temperament Questionnaire (ITQ) at 6 and 12 months corrected ages. RESULTS: KC infants had significantly higher NBAS scores in Orientation, State Regulation, and Supplementary items; lower Intensity scores and higher Mood scores at 6 months on the ITQ; and higher Bayley Scales score at 12 months. CONCLUSION: KC effectively promoted neonatal behavioral organization and enhanced developmental outcome over the first year of life for LBW infants.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1979

[Quantification of environmentally influenced differences in physical and mental development of infants by a phenomenologic-mathematical separation of the body length growth into growth spurts (author's transl)].

Retardation phenomena in the physical development--especially in the increase of body length--of infants taken care of in social institutions (day-nursery, week-nursery, residential nursery) in relation to those growing up in the family will be represented in a quantitative-analytical form on the basis of a phenomenologic-mathematical model. This kind of modelling consists in the separation into 7 successive growth periods (growth spurts) of the whole growth process during the time interval from conception until the age of 3 years. For the time interval from birth until the end of 3 years we have 4 such growth spurts. The second one (fifth in the former numbering) determines mainly the growth during the 2nd year of the individual's life and makes evident the delay in the mean increase of body length of infants taken care of in social institutions, which is most evident for children who grow up in a residential nursery. The quantitative statements derived from the mathematical model concerning the physical development will be confronted with the known facts concerning the retardation in the mental-psychial development--especially in the ontogenesis of speech--of the same groups of children. There is an astonishingly close accordance of the values of time delays in reaching the levels of the physical and of the psychical development. The model may help to perceive and to diagnose the complex of causes responsible for these retardation phenomena from a social-medical and biological point of view. On the other hand this may also give a critizism and assessment of the real relevance of the biomathematical separation of the growth process into single growth spurts practiced here.

Body Height↗
PubMed1998

Correlations between intestinal parasitosis, physical growth, and psychomotor development among infants and children from rural Nicaragua.

The correlations between malnutrition, parasitosis (especially helminth infections), and child development are complex, and studies of these interrelationships will allow health agencies to maximize screening and intervention strategies for developing countries. We examined these correlations in a cross-sectional program in Carazo State, Nicaragua. Nine hundred sixty-one children in two age strata (ages 0-24 months and ages 2-10 years) from one urban and three rural communities were screened for intestinal parasites (direct smear and ZnSO4 flotation), malnutrition, and developmental delays. Nutritional status was determined as weight-for-age (WFA), weight-for-height (WFH), and height-for-age (HFA). Developmental status (normal, suspect) was determined for the four subtests of the Denver II Screening Test. The prevalence of malnutrition was 14.6% (WFA), 8.4% (WFH), and 36.3% (HFA). Parasitosis was more prevalent in children less than 24 months of age with low HFA, whereas in older children low WFA was more closely associated with parasitic infections. Ascaris and Trichuris were more prevalent in malnourished children. On the Denver II, suspect test results in all four categories (language, social, gross motor, and fine motor) were associated with low WFA, and suspect language tests were associated with both intestinal parasites (P = 0.0003) and Ascaris infection in particular (P = 0.044). Developmental disabilities are a significant and frequently undetected health problem in developing countries, and malnutrition associated with intestinal helminth infections may be an important contributory factor for these disabilities.

Body Height↗
PubMed1992

A study of mucosal gut immunity in infants who develop Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis.

The aim of this study was twofold. First, to establish quantitatively the distribution of the immunoglobulin-containing (plasma) cells, T and B lymphocytes in the lamina propria of the rectal mucosa of normal neonates and neonates with Hirschsprung's disease (HD). Second, to review the neonates with HD to determine any differences in these cell populations between those who subsequently developed Hirschsprung's enterocolitis (HEC) and those who did not. Two conclusions can be drawn from the results of our study of rectal mucosal immune defenses. First, neonates with HD have no deficiencies in these defenses when compared with normal neonates. Second, neonates with HD who subsequently develop HEC have no premorbid deficiency in these defenses. It was noted that the pan-T cell count in the infants who went on to develop HEC appeared to be increased, although this did not reach statistical significance. The use of fresh or frozen material would permit a more detailed analysis of the separate T cell subsets.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Grating acuity and visual field development of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

The grating acuity and visual fields were assessed of 48 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) who had no periventricular leukomalacia or grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, and no stage 3 or greater retinopathy of prematurity. Infants were tested at four, eight, 11, 17 and 24 months corrected age, and their results were compared with those of 81 healthy preterm infants and 54 with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) that did not result in BPD. The BPD group showed no significant difference in acuity development compared with the healthy preterm and HMD groups. Infants with BPD had significantly smaller visual fields than either control group at 11 months; visual field development was similar for all groups at all other test ages. The authors conclude that infants with BPD who have no significant ocular or neurological complications show normal grating acuity and visual field development during the first two years of life.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMed2006

Formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA): a critical review of the research.

PURPOSE: To summarize results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating growth, cognitive, neurological, and visual development of term infants supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). DESIGN AND METHODS: The Boyack and Lookinland Methodological Quality Index (MQI) was used to evaluate data from RCTs identified from multiple data bases. RESULTS: Six of ten studies found the addition of DHA and ARA to have no significant effect on infant development. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: More expensive formula with endogenous DHA and ARA is not necessary. Results from longer studies currently underway will be beneficial.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Autoantibodies to nerve growth factor in disorders of mental development in infants.

Studies were performed using 80 children aged 1-3 years with lesions to mental development. Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity and structure of lesions of mental development: those most strongly characterized by delayed speech development (group 1), those with delayed mental development due to organic CNS lesions (group 2), and those with abnormal mental development and high levels of psychopathological symptoms (group 3). There were significant increases (p < 0.001) in blood levels of autoantibodies to nerve growth factor (NGF) in children in each of these groups as compared with a control group (0.75 +/- 0.24 OD units). The levels of anti-NGF autoantibodies increased from group 1 to group 3 (0.95 +/- 0.24 OD units in group 1, 1.13 +/- 0.27 OD units in group 2. and 1.24 +/- 0.4 OD units in group 3). These correlations suggest that the level of anti-NGF autoantibodies can, taken in conjunction with a number of other parameters, be regarded as a potential molecular marker demonstrating abnormal development of the nervous system.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2005

Infant and child motor development.

Identifying infant and child developmental delay is a skill important for orthopaedic surgeons to master because they often are asked to distinguish between normal and abnormal movement. An emphasis has been placed on early detection and referral for intervention, which has been shown to enhance the lives of the infant or child and his or her family. Appropriate recognition of delay is necessary for referral to early intervention services, which serve to help these children overcome or improve motor dysfunction and to help families grow more confident in caring for children with special needs. We define early intervention, discuss normal and abnormal motor development, and provide useful examination tools to assess motor development.

Age Factors↗