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PubMed1989

Antecedents of gregarious alcoholism: an a priori model.

Path analysis procedures were used to test a causal model that concerns possible antecedent conditions in relation to gregarious drinking patterns. Selected scales from The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and The Alcohol Use Inventory (AUI) constituted the assessments. The model was partially corroborated with reference to a group of 40 alcoholics (32 males; 8 females; M age = 33) in an outpatient treatment setting. The presumed causal variables accounted for 26% of the variance in self-reported gregarious drinking. Support was obtained for the assumption that certain interpersonal deficiencies may combine with beliefs in social benefits via alcohol usage to produce gregarious alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The twin condition and the couple effects on personality development.

Twin psychology has been studied to a very limited extent. Only few remarkable peculiarities of the twins' development are known for sure, such as delayed intellectual development, language retardation with frequent cryptophasia, difficulties and fragility of self consciousness, reduced sociability. These and other peculiarities may result from a number of different factors: biological, peculiar parental attitude, and especially the twin situation itself, the psychology of the twin as an individual being a function of the psychology of the twin pair. Twin peculiarities have for a long time been ignored. On the one hand, psychology ignored the couple reality (it was a "one-body" psychology), and on the other, the twin method classically postulated that twins are not atypical and may therefore be used as a test for the general population. As a matter of fact, twin psychology opens a new way to science. The twin situation may serve as a paradigm for the general study of the couple effect, namely, for the objective analysis of personality as a consequence of the relations between self and others. For certain traits of personality, it is already known that MZ twins brought-up together are significantly less similar than MZ twins brought-up apart. In fact, couple effects may mask or considerably reduce genetic factors.

Cognition↗
PubMed1983

Psychosomatic aspects in idiopathic infertility: effects of treatment with autogenic training.

It has long been recognised that there is a relationship between emotional stress and some forms of infertility. We have endeavoured to estimate "stress' levels before and after Autogenic Training in 15 couples with infertility of at least two years' duration. Potential stress markers were: plasma prolactin, total urinary free cortisol and catecholamines, and four psychological tests: Spielberger State-Trait anxiety scale, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Cattell 16 personality factor questionnaire, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. A control group of ten normal couples was included for comparison. The biochemical finding of higher mean prolactin levels in the female patients vs their controls was of particular interest. The significant reduction of the prolactin level, in parallel with decreased anxiety scores following treatment, supports the hypothesis that the elevated prolactin levels in these patients are indeed linked with emotional stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Personality antecedents of burnout among middle-aged physicians.

Utilizing a prospective design, this study addressed the question of whether vulnerability to burnout among physicians is associated with certain longstanding, maladaptive personality tendencies that predate entrance into medical training and subsequent exposure to the intrinsic stresses of medical practice. Subjects were 440 practicing physicians whose personality traits and psychological adjustment had been assessed with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) shortly before entering medical school who were followed up by mail questionnaire an average of 25 years later to evaluate current symptoms of burnout with the Tedium scale. Results revealed that higher burnout scores were significantly correlated with a number of standard and special MMPI scales measuring low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, dysphoria and obsessive worry, passivity, social anxiety, and withdrawal from others. In contrast, burnout scores exhibited no significant associations with demographic or practice characteristics, including sex, age, medical specialty, practice arrangement, hours worked per week, or percentage of work time spent in direct contact with patients. Alternative interpretations of these findings and their potential implications for reducing the risk of burnout among physicians are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Crohn's disease: a psychosomatic illness?

We investigated the psychological status of Crohn's disease patients because 10 such patients had been referred to our psychiatric out-patient department over a period of six years, whereas if there were no association between the disease and psychiatric morbidity, the expected referral rate would be one case in 20 to 100 years. We found an association between episodes of psychiatric and physical symptoms in the case histories. We administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Manifest Anxiety Scale to 28 out-patients with Crohn's disease (8 psychiatrically and 20 non-psychiatrically referred), 17 with chronic non-psychosomatic medical diseases, 43 with psychosomatic diseases and 100 with neurosis. Crohn's disease patients were significantly more anxious, neurotic and introverted than both the test norms and the non-psychosomatic medical out-patients and did not differ appreciably from the psychosomatic patients in these respect.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1972

Effect of tyramine in migraine: a double-blind study.

The incidence of headache and changes in the EEG after tyramine were studied in 25 migrainous patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled investigation. There were three groups of patients: the first had migraine alone, the second had migraine and epilepsy, and the third had migraine which was precipitated by food substances containing tyramine. Psychological tests showed that all the patients were more neurotic, more introverted, and more obsessional than normal subjects. Headache occurred in 12 of 50 patient sessions and 10 of these occurred in the group with dietary precipitated migraine. In this group, however, headache followed tyramine alone in only two patients. The remaining eight headaches occurred in two patients after placebo alone, and in three after both test capsules. The EEG was activated after tyramine, but not after placebo, in 11 of the 15 patients with migraine and epilepsy, and dietary precipitated migraine. This effect was observed, however, in only two of the 10 patients with classical migraine alone. There was no relation between the occurrence of headache and EEG activation. Although there was no significant relationship between tyramine ingestion and the occurrence of headache, the EEG changes observed during the study support the hypothesis that tyramine has an action on the central nervous system in some migrainous subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Covert psychiatric disturbance in patients with globus pharyngis.

There is currently little agreement concerning the aetiology of globus pharyngis (née hystericus), and both physical and psychological factors have been suggested as primary causes of this common disorder. Using validated research questionnaires we tested the hypothesis that there is significant psychiatric morbidity in female globus patients but not in males. One hundred and twenty-one globus patients (90F, 31M) were tested on the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Hysteroid Obsessoid Questionnaire (HOQ) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Female globus patients, but not males, have low extraversion scores and high GHQ scores when compared with age- and sex-matched ENT patient controls, and high mean levels of anxiety, depression and somatic concern on the CCEI. In females the mean total CCEI score was not significantly different from the mean of a psychiatric out-patient group. The males had total CCEI scores similar to a group with no psychiatric symptoms. Globus patients did not have hysteroid traits. We conclude that a substantial minority of globus patients has significant psychiatric morbidity. It is important to exclude mild, reactive-type depression and conversion disorder in these patients, in whom invasive physical investigations are inappropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Physician characteristics and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care.

We examined physician characteristics associated with the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. Fifty-five physicians treating a total of 600 patients completed measures of psychosocial orientation, psychological mindedness, self-rating of sensitivity to hidden emotions, and a video test of sensitivity to nonverbal communication. Patients were classified as cases of psychiatric distress based on the CES-D scale and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Physician recognition was determined by notation of any psychosocial diagnosis in the medical charts over the ensuing 12 months. Of 192 patients scoring 16 or above on the CES-D, 44% (83) were recognized as psychiatrically distressed. Three findings were central to this study: 1) Physicians who are more sensitive to nonverbal expressions of emotion made more psychiatric or psychosocial assessment of their patients and appeared to be over-inclusive in their judgments of psychosocial problems; 2) Physicians who tended to blame depressed patients for causing, exaggerating, or prolonging their depression made fewer psychosocial assessments and were less accurate in detecting psychiatric distress; 3) False positive labeling of patients who had no evidence of psychiatric distress was rare. Surprisingly, more severe medical illness increased the likelihood of labeling and accurate recognition. Physician factors that increased recognition may indicate a greater willingness to formulate a psychiatric diagnosis and an ability notice nonverbal signs of distress.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[The psychosomatic aspects of complaints of varicose veins during pregnancy. A psychosometric investigation in 345 antenatal patients (author's transl)].

A discrepancy between complaints of varicose veins of the legs such as stabbing in the legs, pain in the legs, tiredness of the legs, heaviness of the legs, feeling of swelling in the legs and nocturnal cramps in the calves, and anatomical signs of varicose veins in the legs was observed. Therefore these complaints were analyzed in 345 antenatal patients regarding their psychological aspects. No complaints of venous insufficiency were found in 47% of the pregnant women. Of the 53% antenatal patients with complaints, 24% had mild, 18% had moderate and 11% had severe complaints. Antenatal patients with well noticable neurotic personality traits in the MPI had complaints twice as often as women without neurotic traits (p smaller than 0.05). Introverted antenatal patients (according to the MPI) had more venous leg complaints than expected (p smaller than 0.05). Pregnant women with frequent psychosomatic complaints and altered general well being had the highest incidence of varicose veins complaints (p smaller than 0.001) or p smaller than 0.05). In addition to these psychometric data, there was also a correlation of the gynaecological history with complaints of venous insufficiency in the legs during pregnancy. Pregnant women with a very painful menarche had more varicose vein complaints than expected (p smaller than 0.05). The incidence was also higher with a history of abortion (p smaller than 0.05), marked dysmenorrhea (p smaller than 0.01) and side effects from oral contraception (p smaller than 0.01) and in primigravida (p smaller than 0.05). Age was only correlated to the symptom of stabbing pain in the legs in a statistically significant correlation (p smaller than 0.05). The results were tested statistically for significance with the X2-method.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1978

Patterns of childhood social development in adult schizophrenics.

Previous analysis of teachers' comments in school records of schizophrenics showed progressive deviance in their childhood social behavior and sharp differences between the sexes. This report presents a replication of the longitudinal study and a reanalysis of the combined samples. The principal findings from the earlier study were confirmed: in the later school years, preschizophrenic girls were primarily introverted and preschizophrenic boys mainly disagreeable. In the new study, the preschizophrenic girls were also emotionally unstable, introverted, and passive from kindergarten through grade 6, suggesting in earlier history of social disengagement than was previously apparent, and the preschizophrenic boys were emotionally unstable in grades 7 through 12, confirming a nonsignificant trend in the original study. The boys were not behaviorally distinguishable from other boys in elementary grades, so the notion of progressive deviance appears more applicable in their case.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Specific vs nonspecific factors in psychotherapy. A controlled study of outcome.

This study explored the relative contribution of the therapist's technical skills and the qualities inherent in any good human relationship to outcome in time-limited individual psychotherapy. Highly experienced psychotherapists treated 15 patients drawn from a relatively homogeneous patient population (male college students, selected primarily on the basis of elevations on the depression, anxiety, and social introversion scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). By traditional diagnostic categories, they would be classified as neurotic depression or anxiety reactions. Obsessional trends and borderline personalities were common. A comparable patient group was treated by college professors chosen for their ability to form understanding relationships. Patients treated by professors showed, on the average, as much improvement as patients treated by professional therapists. Treated groups slightly exceeded the controls. Group means, however, obscured considerable individual variability.

Adjustment Disorders↗