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PubMed2006

Exploring the thrifty genotype's food-shortage assumptions: a cross-cultural comparison of ethnographic accounts of food security among foraging and agricultural societies.

The "thrifty genotype hypothesis" has become firmly entrenched as one of the orienting concepts in biomedical anthropology, since first being proposed by Neel (1962 Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14:353-362) over 40 years ago. Its influence on inquiries into the evolutionary origins of diabetes, lactose tolerance, and other metabolic disorders can hardly be underestimated, as evidenced by its continued citation in many top scientific and medical journals. However, its fundamental assumption, that foragers are more likely to experience regular and severe food shortages than sedentary agriculturalists, remains largely untested. The present report tests this assumption by making a cross-cultural statistical comparison of the quantity of available food and the frequency and extent of food shortages among 94 foraging and agricultural societies as reported in the ethnographic record. Our results indicate that there is no statistical difference (P < 0.05) in the quantity of available food, or the frequency or extent of food shortages in these reports between preindustrial foragers, recent foragers, and agriculturalists. The findings presented here add to a growing literature that calls into question assumptions about forager food insecurity and nutritional status in general, and ultimately, the very foundation of the thrifty genotype hypothesis: the presumed food shortages that selected for a "thrifty" metabolism in past foraging populations.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1972

Sucrose malabsorption in Greenland.

In a population study on the western coast of Greenland the incidence of sucrose malabsorption was estimated by means of sucrose tolerance tests in 190 persons. Small-intestinal disaccharidase activity was estimated in 19 patients. Sucrose malabsorption was present in 10.5% of the cases studied-a surprisingly high figure and much higher than the incidence reported elsewhere in the world. This incidence is, however, lower than that of lactose malabsorption in Greenland Eskimos (54%). In contrast to lactose malabsorption, sucrose malabsorption is present from birth; this may have important clinical implications since chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition are fairly common during infancy in Greenland.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effect of chromium supplementation on production and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows.

The effect of supplemental chromium as chromium-methionine (Cr-Met) on production and metabolic parameters was investigated in 48 cows from 28 d before expected calving date through 28 d of lactation. Average body weight (BW) was 730 +/- 61 kg before treatment. Treatments were supplementation of 0, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 mg of Cr as Cr-Met/kg of BW(0.75). Dry matter intake increased linearly and quadratically during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively, and body condition score loss decreased linearly during the postpartum period with increasing Cr-Met. Increasing Cr-Met supplementation caused quadratic increases in milk, fat, and lactose yields. Treatments did not affect concentrations of blood metabolites and liver triglyceride. Serum insulin concentration and molar ratio of insulin to glucose for cows receiving Cr-Met were lower than for cows not receiving Cr-Met, but they increased quadratically with increasing Cr-Met. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were conducted on d 10 prepartum and d 28 postpartum. Chromium-methionine supplementation attenuated insulin sensitivity prepartum and enhanced glucose tolerance postpartum, but not prepartum. Basal insulin concentrations for cows receiving Cr-Met were higher than for cows not receiving Cr-Met during the prepartum GTT. During the postpartum GTT, peak glucose concentration and clearance rate decreased and half-life (t(1/2)) and time to reach basal concentration (T) were prolonged quadratically by increasing Cr-Met. Additionally, peak insulin concentration, area under the curve, and molar ratio of insulin to glucose were higher for cows not receiving Cr-Met than for cows receiving Cr-Met and t(1/2) and T were shortened quadratically by increasing Cr-Met.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2002

Selection for aluminium tolerance in embryogenic lines of Citrus sinensis L. and C. aurantium L.

The Citrus cultivars 'Amargo' and 'Pineapple' produce embryogenic cultures on two types of sugars, galactose and lactose. Two percent lactose is optimal for both cultivars; embryogenic callus is produced 8-10 weeks after inoculation. Whereas 2% galactose is optimal for 'Amargo', it is 3% for 'Pineapple'. Three types of embryos are recognized: whitish, greenish and heart shaped. In 8 to 10 week old cultures we do also observe a black spotted type of embryos. A high percentage of plant conversion for both cultivars is observed on a medium containing 30 mg/l of adenine and 2 mg/l of GA3 for 'Amargo'; for 'Pineapple' it is necessary to add BA. We tested two techniques for selection of Al-tolerant lines: one on stagnant liquid medium, and another on shaken liquid medium. The second technique gives a more serious selection pressure; there are almost no surviving calli. In 'Amargo' more calli survived than in 'Pineapple'. Selected calli had to be subcultured nine times to determine their stability. Four callus types of the two cultivars grew normally on selective media containing 0, 400, 1000 or 2000 mumol of aluminium.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1990

Feeding lactose-intolerant children with a powdered fermented milk.

Fresh yogurt has been proposed as a milk substitute for lactase-deficient patients. We investigated the possibility that a dried, low-fat milk fermented by yogurt microorganisms would be effective. Processing of a fermented milk by spray-drying led to a powder with persistence of lactase activity (11.7 units/g) without storage at 4 degrees C and stable at room temperature (20-23 degrees C). The tolerance and absorption of 10.5 g of lactose in a volume of 150 ml was studied in 25 Gabonese lactase-deficient children aged 5-14 years in the form of a standard humanized milk formula followed 1 week later by the powdered fermented milk formula. Results of the breath hydrogen test showed that in 24 of 25 cases, lactose absorption was normal with a maximal rise of hydrogen over baseline of under 13 ppm after ingestion of the powdered fermented milk. The rise was above 20 ppm in the 25 children with the same load of lactose in the form of the standard formula and one-third had symptoms of lactose intolerance. This powdered fermented milk preparation should be considered as a valid approach in programs of nutritional support targeted to countries with a high prevalence of lactase deficiency.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Dumping syndrome following Nissen fundoplication, diagnosis, and treatment.

We evaluated the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of dumping syndrome (DS) following Nissen fundoplication in 50 consecutive infants and children who underwent the operation for gastroesophageal reflux. Examination included a preoperative dietary assessment with emphasis on specific postprandial clinical symptoms and technetium scintigraphy to evaluate gastric emptying. In the immediate postoperative period, postprandial glucose levels were examined in all patients with symptoms clinically suggestive of DS. In the late postoperative period (6 months to 5.5 years), all patients with more than one specific clinical symptom of DS were further evaluated by glucose tolerance test (GTT), HbA1C levels, and gastric technetium scintigraphy. DS was diagnosed in 15 patients (30%). Five patients had immediate severe DS (SDS), and 10 in the late postoperative course had latent postoperative DS (LDS). In all patients with DS, preoperative and postoperative gastric emptying scan T1/2 did not show any statistical significance. High levels of HbA1C ranging from 7.9 to 9% (mean, 8.25 +/- 0.5) were found in only three patients. Treatment included parenteral nutrition in one patient. All the others were successfully managed with nutritional manipulation alone, using a combination of lactose-free formula and fat emulsion. In patients whose postprandial symptoms persisted, pectin 5-15 g/day divided into six doses was added to the diet. Following 6 months of dietary treatment, the postprandial normoglycomic response was restored. Eleven patients experienced complete resolution of symptoms (78.5%), and three patients (21.4%) showed significant clinical improvement. This study indicates that DS is a common complication following Nissen fundoplication. The GTT is the most reliable examination for establishing the diagnosis. Treatment is simple and effective. The technetium gastric emptying scan and HbA1C level do not play a significant role in the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Management of infantile colics].

UNLABELLED: Infantile colic concerns about 10-30% of all newborns and has been defined as a condition characterized by paroxysmal episodes of unexplained full force crying for at least three days a week and continuing for one week or more in a thriving well-nourished infant. The disorder more likely occurs in the evening, without identifiable causes and resolves spontaneously by the fourth month of life. The several factors involved in the etiopathogenesis (food intolerance or allergy to cow's milk protein, intolerance to lactose, intestinal hyperperistalsis, neuro-hormonal immaturity, maternal anxiety and familial stress), make the management of infants with colics difficult. We propose a scoring system for the evaluation of colics in infants based on: 1) crying intensity and duration; 2) accompanying characteristics of crises (e.g. meteorism, family history for allergic disease, type of feeding, type of stools); 3) evaluation of parents' opinion of their infants' crying. Type of management is based on the score: a) crying that is unrelated to colics: treatments referred to specific diagnosis. b) crying that is related to colics but not severe: first and second step of management; c) crying that is related to colics and is severe: third step of management. MANAGEMENT: first step: pacifier, rocking, dull continuous background noise, hot water bottle on the abdomen, herbal tea, simethicone. Second step: pharmacological treatment and periodic controls. Pharmacological treatment include antispastic drugs (e.g. cimetropium bromide). Third step: dietary modification and/or pharmacological treatment: mothers of breast-fed infants are given a diet with no milk or products containing its proteins, or fish, or eggs. Infants who are not breast-fed receive soy milk and if symptoms continue soy milk is substituted with hydrolyzed casein milk formula. Pharmacological treatment include antispastic drugs (e.g. cimetropium bromide and in non responders dicyclomine hydrochloride). Dietary modifications appear more suitable than pharmacological treatment in resolving symptoms, since side effects of drugs have been described and our recent results indicate appropriate dietary modifications offer better results than pharmacological treatment in resolving crises. However, before interrupting dietary modifications and reintroducing cow's milk proteins, infant's tolerance to such proteins is tested. In any case because of the good prognosis and rapid regression of symptoms, dietary regimens or pharmacological treatment should only be applied if really necessary and for brief periods under medical supervision.

Colic↗

PubMed2006

Effect of lactose on oro-cecal transit in lactose digesters and maldigesters.

BACKGROUND: The transit time of the small intestine, in addition to lactase activity, may influence lactose digestion and thus play a role in the occurrence of lactose intolerance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of lactose on the oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) in lactose digesters and maldigesters as well as the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight Chinese subjects and 16 Dutch subjects underwent one glucose and one lactose challenge in two single-blinded tests. Twenty of the Chinese subjects without complaints after the challenge then underwent another lactose challenge. A 6-h symptom score (SSC) was recorded, breath-hydrogen concentration was measured and OCTT after consumption of glucose and lactose was determined with the lactose-[13C] ureide breath test. The lactose digestion index (LDI) was determined in both the Dutch and 20 Chinese subjects with the 13C/2H-glucose test. RESULTS: Lactose digesters (n = 13) and maldigesters (n = 20) were classified based on the results of the LDI and the breath-hydrogen test. The OCTT after the lactose and glucose challenges did not differ in the digesters, whereas in the maldigesters the OCTT, after the lactose challenge, was shorter than that after glucose. There was no difference in OCTT after the glucose challenge between the maldigesters and the digesters. However, the OCTT after the lactose challenge in the maldigesters was shorter than that in the digesters. The LDI of the digesters was significantly higher than that of the maldigesters. The OCTT after the lactose challenge was not correlated to the LDI in the maldigesters nor in the digesters. Based on the SSC after the one glucose and two lactose challenges, a tolerant (n = 7) and an intolerant (n = 5) group were classified in the Chinese subjects. The two groups did not differ in their LDI or OCTT after the lactose challenge. The OCTT after the lactose challenge was not correlated to the SSC or the LDI. CONCLUSIONS: Lactose triggers a faster oro-cecal transit in lactose maldigesters, but not in digesters. However, this could not be explained by intestinal distension resulting from the osmotic load posed by maldigested lactose, and thus suggests a direct effect of lactose on intrinsic factors regulating intestinal motility.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Rational selection of Leuconostoc strains for mixed starters based on the physiological biodiversity found in raw milk fermentations.

The technological abilities of eleven wild Leuconostoc strains isolated from artisanal Afuega'l Pitu cheese, a homemade acid-coagulated cheese from raw milk from Asturias (northern Spain), were studied in order to test their potential application as components of dairy starters. Metabolic activity, production of flavour compounds, resistance to NaCl, acid, nisin and freezing, as well as genetic biodiversity were investigated. Marked differences among all tested strains reflected the existing biodiversity in naturally fermented products. After evaluation of their performance, strains IPLA567 and IPLA979 revealed the best properties to be used use in mixed dairy starter cultures. These two strains were able to ferment lactose and galactose and produced larger amounts of lactic acid than the others. Moreover, they showed high tolerance levels to NaCl, acid and nisin, although their resistance to freezing was slightly lower than the other strains. This study evidences the fact that natural environments can be considered as a proper source of new strains, which may help the dairy industry to widen their fermented products range.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Follow up study of cow's milk protein intolerant infants.

Over a period of 4 years, 88 infants with cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) were followed prospectively in order to evaluate the persistence of CMPI and its relationship between either serum IgE levels or RAST results for cow's milk. After exclusion of lactose intolerance, two positive cow's milk elimination challenge tests were considered diagnostic for CMPI. At the age of 1, 2, 3 and 4 years respectively, 85%, 78%, 49% and 33% of the children still were cow's milk intolerant. Initial serum values of IgE greater than or equal to 10 kU/l indicated a late development of tolerance to cow's milk proteins. At the age of 4 years, 90% of infants with initial IgE levels less than 10 kU/l had become tolerant to cow's milk while this was the case for only 47% of infants with initial IgE levels greater than or equal to 10 kU/l. Initial RAST results for cow's milk bore no obvious relationship to outcome.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed1997

Do patients with short-bowel syndrome need a lactose-free diet?

We compared the tolerance of a diet providing 20 g/d lactose and a lactose-free diet in 14 patients with short-bowel syndrome with either the colon in continuity (group A, n = 8) or a terminal jejunostomy (group B, n = 6). Lactose tolerance was studied after a single 20-g lactose load in the fasting state, and during two 3-d periods during which the subjects consumed their usual diet plus either 20 g/d lactose, with no more than 4 g/d as milk, or no lactose. Records and measurements included symptoms, fecal weight, and during the 8 h after the lactose load, breath-hydrogen excretion (group A) or lactose and hexoses flow rates in stomal effluents (group B). Results are expressed as medians with ranges in parentheses. Lactose absorption was 61% (0-90) in group A and 53% (18-84) in group B, and no symptoms of intolerance were noticed. During the lactose-rich diet as compared to the lactose-free diet, no symptoms were noticed nor was there any worsening of diarrhea: 1534 g/d (240-4760) versus 1466 (1590-7030) in group A, and 4122 g/d (1730-6830) versus 3496 (1590-7030) in group B. We conclude that a diet providing 20 g/d lactose with no more than 4 g/d as milk is well tolerated in the majority of patients with short-bowel syndrome, and that a lactose-free diet has usually no benefit in these subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Nutritional support for malnourished hospitalized children: experience of a referral center, São Paulo, Brazil].

AIM: To study anthropometric development, nutritional support and mortality rate of malnourished children hospitalized in a referral center. METHODS: In a retrospective study we surveyed 98 hospitalized malnourished children (ZW<--2) with no chronic disease. Data collected was: birth weight, gestational age, length of exclusive breast feeding, diagnosis at admission, formula used (type, delivery route and feeding tolerance) and length of stay. Weight and height were controlled at admission and discharge. To classify and evaluate nutritional rehabilitation we used the Z-score: weight-for-age (ZW), height-for-age (ZH), weight-for-height (ZW/H). The nutritional therapy used was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, with minor modifications. All chosen formulas were industrialized: lactose-free polymeric formula (PLF) for children with diarrhea, low lactose polymeric formula (PLL) for children without diarrhea and cow's milk hydrolysate (CMH) for sepsis or chronic diarrhea. At the rehabilitation phase, all children were given the PLL formula. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student's t and chi-square tests. RESULTS: The median of age and length of stay were 9.8 months and 17 days, respectively and the mortality rate was of 2%. Diarrhea and/or pneumonia were diagnosed at admission in 81.6% of the children. An improvement of 17.3 % ZW, 82.7 % ZH and 92.2 % ZW/H was observed. PLF was more frequently given at admission (47.4%) while CMH was given to only 7.4% of the children. Twenty-four percent of the children were tube fed and 5.1 % received parenteral nutrition. Tolerance of the initial formula was considered good in 66.7% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO guidelines were effective in the nutritional therapy of severely malnourished hospitalized children, resulting in good nutritional rehabilitation with low mortality rates.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1984

Jejunoscopic lactose provocation.

A new method for testing lactose intolerance was developed. The examination is performed by jejunoscopy using lactose dilution for provocation and sucrose for control. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in the jejunal mucosa are examined after administration of solutions. The results of this study demonstrated that lactose administration causes prompt change in the jejunal mucosa in cases of lactose intolerance but had no effect in cases of lactose tolerance. Administration of sucrose did not result in any change. This method is effective in proving lactose intolerance and may be useful to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Lactose digestion in pregnant African-Americans.

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports on the status of lactose digestion during early and late pregnancy and at 8 weeks postpartum in an African-American population. The hypothesis is that lactose digestion and milk tolerance do not change throughout pregnancy and do not differ from those of non-pregnant African-American women. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: This longitudinal study determined lactose digestion after ingesting 240 ml of 1% fat milk containing 12 g of lactose at: (1) early pregnancy, prior to 16 weeks (n=148); (2) late pregnancy, 30-35 weeks (n=77); and (3) 8 weeks postpartum (n=93). One hundred and one comparably matched non-pregnant African-American women served as controls. RESULTS: Prevalence of lactose digestion, as measured by breath hydrogen, was 80.2% in the control women, 66.2% in early pregnancy, 68.8% in late pregnancy and 75.3% postpartum. The prevalence of women reporting symptoms was approximately 20% regardless of lactose absorption status. However, the control women reported significantly more symptoms than did the pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there is no significant change in lactose digestion during pregnancy. The prevalence of lactose intolerance for the pregnant African-American women studied is similar to that for non-pregnant African-American women and similar to previous prevalence reports in adult African-Americans. There was no change in the tolerance of lactose noted during pregnancy in these women. There were, however, fewer symptoms reported by the lactose-maldigesting pregnant women.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Rhinitis with intolerance to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Report of 3 cases].

Lumry described 6 patients who presented hypertrophic rhinosinusitis, positive nasal eosinophilia and intolerance to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, manifested exclusively with naso-ocular symptomatology. We present three patients with clinical manifestations of chronic rhinitis who had noticed before their first visit that several nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs precipitated their nasal symptomatology. None of them had ever presented with asthma symptoms. All of them had nasal polyps. The nasal smear showed eosinophilia of 20 to 45%. All three had sinusitis radiologically. The spirometric values were within normal limits (V.C., FEV1, MMEF25-75%). Skin tests with different inhalants antigens using the prick test technique as well as skin tests with pyrazolones (Phenyldimetrylpyrazolone: 25 and 250 mg./ml.; dipyrone: 4 and 44 mg./ml.; amidopyrine: 2.2 and 22 mg./ml.) using the intradermal technique were negative. Serum IgE (Phadezym IgE-Pharmacia) showed values of 23.9, 17.1 and 25.8 IU/ml. respectively. The bronchial inhalation challenge test with methacholine was positive with PD20FVE1 of 14 and 4.8 mg./ml. in two of our patients. Different nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs were administered to each patient in different days orally, with intervals of 7 and 25 days (aspirin 500 mg., dipyrone 575 mg., indomethacin 25 mg., naproxen 500 mg.) as well as tartrazine (50 mg.), paracetamol (500 mg.) and lactose as placebo. With 30 minutes intervals and up to three hours after drug administration, the symptoms were observed and spirometry was carried out. Steroids and antihistamines were suspended at least 48 hours before the test. Acetyl-salicylic acid, dipyrone, indomethacin and naproxen produced naso-ocular symptomatology without any objective reduction of FEV1; but paracetamol and tartrazine were well tolerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Antioxidative probiotic fermented goats' milk decreases oxidative stress-mediated atherogenicity in human subjects.

The increasing interest in a healthy diet is stimulating innovative development of novel scientific products in the food industry. The viable lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk products, such as yoghurt, have been associated with increased lactose tolerance, a well-balanced intestinal microflora, antimicrobial activity, stimulation of the immune system and antitumoural, anticholesterolaemic and antioxidative properties in human subjects. Recently, we have studied a human Lactobacillus spp. strain that possesses antioxidative activity. The aim of the present pilot study was to develop goats' milk fermented with the human antioxidative lactobacilli strain, Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3, and to test the effect of the fermented probiotic goats' milk on oxidative stress markers (including markers for atherosclerosis) in human blood and urine and on the gut microflora. Twenty-one healthy subjects were assigned to two treatment groups: goats' milk group and fermented goats' milk group (150 g/d) for a period of 21 d. Consumption of fermented goats' milk improved anti-atherogenicity in healthy subjects: it prolonged resistance of the lipoprotein fraction to oxidation, lowered levels of peroxidized lipoproteins, oxidized LDL, 8-isoprostanes and glutathione redox ratio, and enhanced total antioxidative activity. The consumption of fermented goats' milk also altered both the prevalence and proportion of lactic acid bacteria species in the gut microflora of the subjects. We conclude that the goats' milk fermented with our special antioxidative lactobacilli strain Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 exhibits anti-atherogenic effects.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Distribution of Clostridium perfringens in different aquatic environments in Greece.

Clostridium perfringens and especially its spores, which are more tolerant to various physiochemical effects than the other fecal indicator bacteria, could serve as a useful indicator in ecosystems with stress factors. In order to determine the numbers of Clostridium perfringens in waters of rural North-West Greece, we utilised a new medium, lactose-sulfite (LS) broth, suggested for rapid enumeration and identification of Clostridium perfringens without the necessity for further confirmatory tests. Membrane filtration equipment was used on site. All samples were alternatively passed through two membrane filters, one (20-25 microns pore size) was used for retention of the abundant phytoplankton and the other (porosity 0.45 micron) for Clostridium perfringens. Membranes were placed into the first tube of 10-fold dilutions from 10(1) to 10(4) and incubated aerobically in a water-bath at 46 degrees C for 24 h. The numbers of Clostridium perfringens revealed fluctuations depending on the sampling site. It was significantly more common in the vicinity of industrial or domestic activities. LS broth not only allows the detection of small numbers of Clostridium perfringens but also permits rapid detection within 24 h. We propose the medium and the procedures described in this paper as a reliable technique for estimation of Clostridium perfringens as indicator of fecal contamination in waters.

Clostridium perfringens↗

PubMed1995

[Lactose digestion by milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human origin].

The aim of the present study was to determine whether a fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus strains isolated from human subjects (CFM) and developed by CERELA (Centro de referencia para Lactobacilos) is better tolerated than regular milk (RM) by subjects with lactase deficiency (< 1 unidad) and lactose intolerance. We studied the digestion of the lactose present in the two milk preparations which were administered to 18 healthy subjects with lactase deficiency and 12 control subjects. Each subject ingested in random sequence on different days, 480 ml CFM, 480 ml RM and 240 ml CFM and 240 ml RM. Breath hydrogen (H2) test was used to measure lactose absorption and orocecal transit time (OCTT). The peak H2 ppm results after 480 ml of CFM were ingested, reached 19.5 +/- 12.1 ppm. The same reading when 480 ml of RM were ingested was 52.6 +/- 31.9 ppm (p < 0.008). The results also showed that 480 ml of CFM delayed OCTT median 111.0 +/- 6.78 min versus 54.0 +/- 5.09 min of RM (p < 0.001) and reduced the development of symptoms (p < 0.08) such as bloating (p < 0.05), borborygmi (p < 0.025) diarrhea (p < 0.05) and abdominal colics (p < 0.05). In spite of the small number of cases studied, it seems justified to conclude that CERELA fermented milk significantly influences lactose digestion and minor development of symptoms in lactase-deficient subjects and lengthens significantly the orocecal transit time compared with regular milk.

Adult↗