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PubMed1988

Classification of suicidal behavior: a review and step toward integration.

The many forms of suicidal phenomena, including contemplated, attempted, and completed suicide, present significant problems to both researchers and practitioners. Although many attempts have been made to develop categories, agreement among the proposed systems has been more the exception than the rule. This article reviews theoretical and empirical efforts to define types of suicidal individuals and attempts to integrate them by means of higher-order categories of variables. These categories or "dimensions" are as follows: (1) descriptive, (2) situational, (3) psychological/behavioral, and (4) teleological. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

Relations between performance on the advance matrices and the EPI in high-intelligence subjects.

This study continues the investigation of the relationship between performance on tests of intelligence, and the personality parameters of the Eysenckian theoretical framework. Candidates for admission to an honours degree course (n = 281) were given the Advanced Progressive Matrices as a screening device. Those admitted to the course were on later occasions given both forms of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). In view of problems of test-retest on the EPI, scores were analysed in a novel fashion to give three groups: 'introverts', 'extraverts' and 'ambiverts'. The 'introverts' scored significantly highest on the Matrices, but the scores of the 'ambiverts' were lowest. Neuroticism showed little interaction with other variables. These results are discussed in terms of the theory of reactive inhibition. New data on the Advanced Progressive Matrices are given which are significantly higher than the published university norms.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance.

An experiment is reported which tests Fazey & Hardy's (1988) catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. Eight experienced basketball players were required to perform a set shooting task, under conditions of high and low cognitive anxiety. On each of these occasions, physiological arousal was manipulated by means of physical work in such a way that subjects were tested with physiological arousal increasing and decreasing. Curve-fitting procedures followed by non-parametric tests of significance confirmed (p less than .002) Fazey & Hardy's hysteresis hypothesis: namely, that the polynomial curves for the increasing vs. decreasing arousal conditions would be horizontally displaced relative to each other in the high cognitive anxiety condition, but superimposed on top of one another in the low cognitive anxiety condition. Other non-parametric procedures showed that subjects' maximum performances were higher, their minimum performances lower, and their critical decrements in performance greater in the high cognitive anxiety condition than in the low cognitive anxiety condition. These results were taken as strong support for Fazey & Hardy's catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. The implications of the model for current theorizing on the anxiety-performance relationship are also discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

On describing mental states.

The later work of Wittgenstein was a major contribution to the philosophy of mind. One theme in his writings was a critique of the assumption that reports of psychological experience in ordinary language can be regarded as descriptions of inner states and processes. Some implications of this critique for our understanding of descriptive psychopathology and the use of psychological models in psychiatry are examined.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

Gap detection by the chinchilla.

Five monaural chinchillas were trained with a method of shock-avoidance conditioning to respond to silent intervals, or gaps, in an otherwise noise. The noise was low-pass filtered at either 10 or 6 kHz and presented at six intensities ranging between 23- and 77- dB sound-pressure level (SPL). Gap detection thresholds were determined according to the method of constant stimuli. For both noise bands, gap thresholds were approximately 3 ms at the highest intensity levels and increased to approximately 6 ms at the lowest level. The results obtained from the chinchilla are in general agreement with those obtained from man.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Long-term memory for unfamiliar voices.

From a sample of young male Californians, ten speakers were selected whose voices were approximately normally distributed with respect to the "easy-to-remember" versus "hard-to-remember" judgments of a group of raters. A separate group of listeners each heard one of the voices, and, after delays of 1, 2, or 4 weeks, tried to identify the voice they had heard, using an open-set, independent-judgment task. Distributions of the results did not differ from the distributions expected under the hypothesis of independent judgments. For both "heard previously" and "not heard previously" responses, there was a trend toward increasing accuracy as a function of increasing listener certainty. Overall, heard previously responses were less accurate than not heard previously responses. For heard previously responses, there was a trend toward decreasing accuracy as a function of delay between hearing a voice and trying to identify it. Information-theoretic analysis showed loss of information as a function of delay and provided means to quantify the effects of patterns of voice confusability. Signal-detection analysis revealed the similarity of results from diverse experimental paradigms. A "prototype" model is advanced to explain the fact that certain voices are preferentially selected as having been heard previously. The model also unites several previously unconnected findings in the literature on voice recognition and makes testable predictions.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Ethical problems in feeding patients with advanced dementia.

Aged patients with dementia if not stricken by an acute disease sooner or later approach a terminal phase that is distinguished by a failure of spoon feeding. This condition induces great anxiety in the workers who care for these patients. The interaction between patient and care-worker during spoon-feeding failure is described by the psychological model of double-binding. Two serious consequences of double-binding are the distancing of the care-workers from the patient and scapegoating among the care-workers. It is essential that the pressure of double-bindings in the wards should be reduced.

Aged↗