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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Development and calibration of a nitrification PDE model based on experimental data issued from biofilter treating drinking water.

To remove ammonia for production of drinking water, nitrification can be performed in a bio-filter. At least 1 month is necessary to capture from the groundwater and then grow a sufficient amount of nitrifying bacteria to reach the desired removal efficiency. Improving start-up of bio-filters at low substrate concentration is therefore a major challenge. In this connection, it is important to develop appropriate models for designing, monitoring or analysing biofilm systems during start-up or following disinfection events. This study discusses the development and calibration of a nitrification PDE model which reflects the compromise between the complexity associated with the description of the full physical and biochemical mechanisms and the search for a simplified model with identifiable parameters. This model takes only the relevant phenomena (considering the full operating range) into account. The validity of the calibrated model has been evaluated through experiments under very different operational conditions, at the laboratory and under real industrial conditions, involving the full upstream chain of water treatment (iron oxidation and sand filter).

Ammonia↗
PubMed1994

Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater.

A review of the research on the kinetics of nitrification and denitrification is presented including an explanation of reaction engineering models. The results of laboratory scale experiments with high rate nitrification processes are discussed using kinetic results for oxygen limitation as well as for substrate limitation and inhibition. It can be demonstrated that reaction engineering models are helpful for a better understanding of the processes and for the design of reactors. Pilot scale investigations from the last 15 years show remarkable advances in the increase in nitrification efficiency and in the stabilization of the process. The time is ripe for nitrogen removal from industrial effluents in full scale processes!

Models, Theoretical↗
PubMed2002

Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification by ammonia oxidisers enables upward motion towards more favourable conditions.

The hypothesis is formulated that in case of oxygen limitation in the sediment, nitrifiers switch from nitrification to oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification-denitrification (OLAND) in order to survive and maintain activity. During OLAND, ammonium is oxidised using nitrite as e-acceptor to form dinitrogen gas. As an additional advantage they benefit from the gaseous N(2) formed as a means of transport. In this way, the nitrifiers can move out of the sediment and rise through the water column towards more favourable conditions. At the surface, the bacteria could take up oxygen, and recommence nitrification. In order to test this hypothesis, nitrifying sediment with an overlaying water column was simulated in lab-scale columns. Nitrogen transformations and material transport through the water column were followed after addition of different forms of nitrogen under oxygen-limited conditions. (15)N-labelling experiments showed a large contribution of OLAND to the observed nitrogen deficits. Nitrifier enumerations, fluorescent in situ hybridisation and 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed increased populations of ammonia oxidising nitrifiers in the upper water layers. The results presented support the proposed hypothesis of transport using OLAND. Nitrifying activity in the sediment immediately recovered almost completely from prolonged oxygen-limited incubation when oxygen concentrations were increased.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2004

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity and expression of amoA in wastewater treatment processes.

The genetic diversity and expression of amoA of autotrophic ammonia oxidizers in wastewater treatment processes were investigated by RT-PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in order to identify active components of ammonia-oxidizer populations in a such processes. Ammonia oxidizers, evidenced by the presence of amoA mRNA, were regarded as metabolically active. The DGGE profiles derived from amoA mRNA and from its gene, which were amplified by RT-PCR or PCR using samples collected from a bench-scale reactor treating high concentration of inorganic ammonia, were similar. In contrast, RNA and DNA-derived DGGE profiles from three domestic wastewater treatment facilities were different from each other. These data indicate that the dominant ammonia oxidizers in the bench-scale reactor exhibited ammonia-oxidizing activity, whereas some ammonia oxidizers in the domestic wastewater treatment facilities apparently did not express high levels of amoA mRNA.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2006

Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effect of trichloroethylene (TCE) on nitrification in cometabolic degradation.

In this study, the inhibitory effect of TCE on nitrification process was investigated with an enriched nitrifier culture. TCE was found to be a competitive inhibitor of ammonia oxidation and the inhibition constant (K(I)) was determined as 666-802 microg/l. The TCE affinity for the AMO enzyme was significantly higher than ammonium. The effect of TCE on ammonium utilization was evaluated with linearized plots of Monod equation (e.g., Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf and Eadie-Hofstee plots) and non-linear least square regression (NLSR). No significant differences were found among these data evaluation methods in terms of kinetic parameters obtained.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1984

Tropospheric sources of NOx: lightning and biology.

Laboratory experiments to quantify the global production of NOx (NO + NO2) in the troposphere due to atmospheric lightning and biogenic activity in soil are presented. These laboratory experiments, as well as other studies, suggest that the global production of NOx by lightning probably ranges between 2 and 20 MT(N)y-1 of NO and is strongly dependent on the total energy deposited by lightning, a quantity not well-known. In our laboratory experiments, nitrifying micro-organisms is soil were found to be a significant source of both NO and nitrous oxide (N2O). The measured production ratio of NO to N2O averaged 2-3 for oxygen partial pressures of 0.5-10%. Extrapolating these laboratory measurements to the global scale, which is somewhat risky, suggests that nitrifying micro-organisms in soil may account for as much as 10 MT(N) y-1 of NO. Additional experiments with denitrifying micro-organisms gave an NO to N2O production ratio ranging from 2 to 4 for an oxygen partial pressure of 0.5% and a ratio of less than unity for oxygen partial pressures ranging from 1 to 20%. The production of NO and N2O, normalized with respect to micro-organism number indicates that the production of both NO and N2O by denitrifying micro-organisms is at least an order of magnitude less than production by nitrifying micro-organisms for the micro-organisms studied.

Alcaligenes↗