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Results for “OPHTHALMOSCOPY”

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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Association between quantitative nerve fiber layer measurement and visual field loss in glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between quantitative nerve fiber layer measurements and visual field loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. METHODS: Quantitative retinal nerve fiber layer measurements were obtained in 53 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma by using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cross-section area) and confocal scanning laser polarimetry (retardation ratio). For each eye, three images were obtained with each instrument. An image that was the mean of those three was created and used in all analyses. We investigated the association between global, regional, and hemifield differences in retinal nerve fiber layer measurements and visual field loss with linear regression techniques. RESULTS: The retardation ratio decreased with increasing mean visual field loss, measured both globally and regionally; R2 (the amount of variation explained by the model) ranged from 8% to 21%. Retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area was not significantly associated with global measures of visual field loss. The inferior visual field mean deviation increased with decreasing superior retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area (R2 = 8.2%, P = .04); superior visual field mean deviation was not associated with inferior retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area (R2 = 2.6%, P = .25). Hemifield differences in visual field mean deviation increased with increasing hemifield differences in retinal nerve fiber layer cross-section area (R2 = 20.0%, P < .001), but not with retardation ratio (R2 = 0.9%, P = .48). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative measures of the retinal nerve fiber layer using both confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and confocal scanning laser polarimetry were correlated with visual field loss in glaucoma patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Indocyanine green angiographic features of choroidal rupture and choroidal vascular injury after contusion ocular injury.

PURPOSE: To report features of choroidal rupture and choroidal vascular injury after contusion ocular injury on indocyanine green angiography. METHODS: In a prospective study, nine patients (nine eyes) with choroidal rupture after ocular contusion underwent initial fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography within 19 days after trauma. Eyes that had a distinct abnormality of the retinal pigment epithelium were excluded from this study. Subtraction indocyanine green angiography was also performed. Follow-up fluorescein angiographic and indocyanine green angiographic findings were also studied. RESULTS: Initial ophthalmoscopic examination revealed subretinal hemorrhage in all nine eyes. In five of the nine eyes, choroidal rupture was not seen on initial ophthalmoscopic or fluorescein angiographic examination because it was hidden beneath the subretinal hemorrhage, but it was detected on subsequent examinations. In the remaining four eyes, choroidal rupture was observed by ophthalmoscopy at the time of initial examination, and these eyes exhibited hyperfluorescent streaks on fluorescein angiography in the region of the subretinal hemorrhage. On initial indocyanine green angiography of all nine eyes, observed hypofluorescent streaks became more obvious with time. For each eye, there were more hypofluorescent streaks on indocyanine green angiography than hyperfluorescent streaks on fluorescein angiography. In one eye, the location of indocyanine green leakage nearly coincided with the location of a hyperfluorescent streak on fluorescein angiography. In this case, crescentic streaks of hypofluorescence were seen on the temporal side of the subretinal hemorrhage on indocyanine green angiography, although choroidal rupture was not observed in that region by ophthalmoscopy or fluorescein angiography. In two of the nine eyes, indocyanine green angiography and the subtraction technique demonstrated disturbance of flow into choroidal vessels, especially at the choroidal rupture site. CONCLUSION: After ocular contusion injury, various features of choroidal rupture and choroidal vascular injury were observed on indocyanine green angiography. This technique may contribute to the diagnosis of choroidal rupture and to the understanding of the clinical course after injury.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The formation and involution of optociliary veins during the course of central retinal vein occlusion.

BACKGROUND: Formation of collateral pathways by veins on the optic nerve head is sometimes observed during the resolution of a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). However, no cases have been reported in which the formation and involution of these collateral pathways were documented during the resolution of a CRVO. CASE: A 56-year-old man with a nonischemic CRVO was followed over a 10-year period by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (IA). OBSERVATIONS: Initial examination revealed only mild arteriosclerosis and the absence of optociliary veins (OCV) in the right eye. Approximately 9 years later, the patient returned with a nonischemic CRVO, and FA demonstrated a prolongation of the retinal circulation time to 12.1 seconds (normal < 11.0 seconds). Monitoring of this patient while undergoing treatment disclosed the development of OCV on the optic nerve head and gradual decrease in the retinal hemorrhage. FA showed that the retinal circulation time was shortening and recovering to normal. IA verified an outflow through the OCV into choroidal veins. Later, ophthalmoscopy showed a narrowing of the diameter of the OCV. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the OCV developed to drain blood from the retinal veins into the vortex veins through choroidal veins to compensate for the slowing of retinal blood outflow. The reperfusion of the central retinal vein was accompanied by the narrowing of the OCV.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed1996

Prevalence of hypopigmented macules in a healthy population.

OBJECTIVE: Although hypopigmented macules are an important manifestation of tuberous sclerosis (TS), the probability of TS in healthy individuals who have hypopigmented macules is unknown. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of hypopigmented macules among a cross section of the general white population. STUDY DESIGN: The skin of 423 white individuals younger than 45 years of age was screened for hypopigmented macules with ambient incandescent and fluorescent light and a Wood lamp. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed in patients with unexplained hypopigmentation to screen for retinal manifestations of TS. RESULTS: Twenty individuals (4.7%) had at least one hypopigmented macule. Of these, four had more than one macule. None had more than three. Two (8%) of the 25 hypopigmented macules were identified only with a Wood lamp. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed in 13 (65%) of these 20 individuals. None showed the retinal findings of TS. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypopigmented macules in the general population has been underestimated. The presence of a few hypopigmented macules on the skin of an otherwise healthy individual without a family history of TS need not prompt an evaluation to rule out this disorder.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Treatment of retinal breaks with autologous serum in an experimental model.

PURPOSE: The standard treatment for retinal breaks is thermal adhesion. Breaks in the posterior pole (i.e., macular holes) recently have been treated using vitrectomy and the recombinant cytokine transforming growth factor-beta. This has been shown to achieve closure of the retinal breaks by stimulating localized fibrocellular proliferation. Serum has been shown to contain chemoattractants and mitogens for many types of cells. The authors studied the clinical and histologic effect of autologous serum application to retinal breaks in an experimental model. METHOD: Twenty-four rabbits underwent pars plana lensectomy, vitrectomy, retinectomy, fluid-air exchange, application of test solution (12 with Hank's buffered salt solution and 12 with autologous serum), and air-gas exchange. Clinical examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed, and animals were killed 5, 14, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue sections through the retinectomy were studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: None of the serum-treated eyes showed retinal detachment at the site of the retinectomy by evaluation with indirect ophthalmoscopy at each of the time points. In contrast, in control eyes retinal detachment developed at the retinectomy site from 0% at day 5 to 50% at day 14 and 75% at day 28. By light microscopy, serum-treated eyes contained multilayers of fibroblast-like cells adhering the retinectomy edges to the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. The control eyes had nonadherent retinal edges at the retinectomy site with little sign of fibrocellular response. Results were confirmed by electron microscopy. The fibroblast-like cells by immunocytochemistry contained vimentin, cytokeratin 18, and/or glial fibrillary acidic protein. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that serum induces a localized fibrocellular response at the retinectomy edges compared with control eyes. This response, characterized by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry, appears to involve a mixed population of glial, retinal pigment epithelial, and/or fibroblastic cells. These cells seem to enhance adhesion and subsequent reattachment of the edges of the retinectomies at the time points studied when compared with controls.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The associations of optic disc hemorrhage with retinal nerve fiber layer defect and peripapillary atrophy in normal-tension glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to elucidate a topographic correlation between optic disc hemorrhages and retinal nerve fiber layer defects as well as peripapillary atrophy in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). DESIGN: The authors prospectively studied the relation between the precise locations of disc hemorrhages and retinal nerve fiber layer defects in the first part of the study. The authors also compared morphometrically the peripapillary atrophy and the optic disc in eyes with disc hemorrhage with eyes without a history of disc hemorrhage in age-matched patients in the second part of the study. PARTICIPANTS: In part 1, 42 patients with NTG (male/female = 11/31; age, 56.8 +/- 14.2 years) in whom new disc hemorrhages developed were enrolled. In part 2, 51 randomly selected age-matched patients with NTG without a history of disc hemorrhage (male/female = 16/35; age, 55.7 +/- 12.5) were examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: In part 1, retinal nerve fiber layer defects were observed by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy using an argon-blue laser. In part 2, the area, angular extent, and radial extent of zone beta of peripapillary atrophy and the structural parameters of optic disc were measured by scanning laser tomography using a diode laser. RESULTS: In part 1, the authors detected 64 disc hemorrhages in 48 eyes of 42 patients; retinal nerve fiber layer defects were shown in 47 (97.9%) of 48 eyes by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Of 64 disc hemorrhages, 51 (79.7%) coincided with retinal nerve fiber layer defects in location. These 51 hemorrhages were present on the border (41.2%) or adjacent to the border (58.8%) between the retinal nerve fiber layer defect and the apparently healthy-looking retinal nerve fiber layer. In part 2, the prevalence, area, angular extent of zone beta, and ratio of zone beta area to disc area were significantly greater in the disc hemorrhage group than in the nonhemorrhage group, even though there were no significant differences in disc parameters between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Disc hemorrhage is associated closely with retinal nerve fiber layer defect in location and the size of peripapillary atrophy in NTG.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Subchronic toxicity of plant sterol esters administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of plant sterol esters by a 13-week repeated oral dose in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 1000, 3000 and 9000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. At the end of treatment period, 10 rats/sex/group were sacrificed, while six rats/sex in the negative control and highest dose groups were sacrificed after a 4-week recovery period. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights and histopathology were examined. Slight decreases in body weight gain were noted at lower doses but were only statistically different from the control animals in the highest dose group. In histopathological examinations, an increase in the incidence of cardiomyopathy with mononuclear cell infiltration was observed in males of the 9000 mg/kg group. Decreased body weight gain and increased incidence of cardiomyopathy observed in the highest dose group were not recovered until the end of the recovery period. There were no adverse effects on mortality, clinical signs, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings and organ weights in any treatment group. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 13-week repeated oral dose of plant sterol esters resulted in the suppression of body weight gains in both sexes and cardiomyopathy in males at a dose level of 9000 mg/kg/day. The target organ was determined to be heart in males, but not in females. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 3000 mg/kg/day for both sexes.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

26-Week repeated oral dose toxicity study of the new quinolone antibacterial DW-116 in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of DW-116 by a 26-week repeated oral dose in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article, DW-116, was administered daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg/day. At the end of the treatment period, 12 rats/sex/group were sacrificed, while six extra rats/sex in the vehicle control and highest dose groups were sacrificed after a 4-week recovery. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights and histopathology were examined. There was no treatment-related mortality. An increase in the incidence of post-dosing salivation was observed in both sexes of the highest dose group. At the scheduled autopsy, an increase in the liver weight was observed in males of the highest dose group in a dose-dependent manner. Hematological investigations revealed a dose-dependent increase in the total white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts in males treated with the 125 mg/kg dose. Total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were also increased in males at the same dose. These effects were completely reversible during the recovery period. There were no adverse effects on body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, necropsy findings and histopathology in any treatment group. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 26-week repeated oral dose of DW-116 caused increases in the liver weight, WBC counts, total bilirubin and ALT values in males at a dose level of 125 mg/kg/day. The target organ was determined to be the liver and WBC in males, but not in females. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 25 mg/kg/day for males and 125 mg/kg/day for females.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

Tumour-associated retinal pigment epitheliopathy.

Choroidal tumours are associated with several degenerative changes in the overlying tissues, which can be called 'Tumour-Associated Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy (TARPE)'. These changes include (i) proliferation, detachment, atrophy, and metaplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium, (ii) the accumulation of hard and soft drusen and basal laminar deposits in Bruch's membrane, (iii) disorganisation of the choriocapillaris, (iv) atrophy, cystic degeneration and detachment of the retina. The changes at the chorio-retinal interface are clinically relevant because they can exacerbate visual loss. In addition, they can be misinterpreted on ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. An amelanotic choroidal tumour may appear to be pigmented on ophthalmoscopy because of lipofuscin and melanin accumulation overlying the tumour. The hyperfluorescence associated with pigmented choroidal melanomas is more likely to be related to degenerative changes in the retinal pigment epithelium than to dye leakage from abnormal tumour vessels.

Choroid↗

PubMed2006

Intravenous repeated-dose toxicity study of ZnPcS2P2-based-photodynamic therapy in Wistar rats.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential repeated-dose toxicity of ZnPcP2S2-based photodynamic therapy (ZnPc-PDT) in Wistar rats. The animals were administered ZnPcS2P2 intravenously ten times successively every 4 d and irradiated with a 670 nm laser light for 6 min at subsequent 48 h and 72 h. At the end of the treatment period, 10 rats/sex/group were sacrificed, while 5 rats/sex/group were sacrificed after a two-week recovery period. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, gross findings and histopathology were examined. The association between the increased liver weight and hepatic spotty and lytic necrosis seen in high dose females corroborates the conclusion that high dose ZnPc-PDT could induce hepatic injury in Wistar rats and they are probably related to the abnormality of certain biochemical parameters of females in the high dose group. Furthermore, microscopic examination for the ZnPc-PDT groups shows the presence of some Kelly and khaki granules in Kupffer cells and endothelia of the livers, epithelia of the renal tubules, marginal sinus and medulla of the spleens, alveolar walls of the lungs, reticular cells and macrophages of the mesenteric lymph nodes, testicular Leydig cells, epididymal epithelial cells, endometrial stromal cells, and interstitial cells and corpora lutea of the ovaries from all or most of the animals. There were no adverse effects on mortality, clinical signs, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, uranalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, body weights and necropsy findings in control, low and mid dose groups. Based on these results, it was concluded that the intravenous repeated-dose of ZnPcP2S2-PDT induced the abnormalities of liver weights, hepatic biochemistry and histopathology, and pigmentation in the several important organs in Wistar rats at 4 mg kg(-1) d(-1). The target organ was determined to be liver (and spleen perhaps), but this was not so obvious in males. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 1.0 mg kg(-1) for both sexes.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Changes in attitudes and practices of optometrists in their management of diabetic retinopathy after the release of NHMRC guidelines. National Health and Medical Research Council.

The purpose of this study was to document attitudes and practices of Australian optometrists in their management of diabetic retinopathy prior to the release of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy and at two time points following their release. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample of 500 Australian optometrists at the three time points. The same sample was used for the first two surveys and a new random sample was drawn for the second follow-up survey. The response to the three questionnaires was 86%, 80% and 84%, respectively. More than 90% of optometrists reported receiving a copy of the guidelines and 82% reported receiving the supplementary Retinopathy Chart. Fifty-seven per cent reported having read the guidelines at least once in entirety and 65% reported that they refer to the Retinopathy Chart at least monthly in their clinical practice. There was a significant decrease in the number of optometrists who reported that patient unwillingness to be dilated and their fear of precipitating angle closure glaucoma were moderate or major barriers to performing dilated ophthalmoscopy. Concomitantly, the percentage of optometrists who reported that they often or always perform dilated ophthalmoscopy on new patients with diabetes increased significantly from 74.5% (95% confidence limit = 70.2, 78.8) to 81.5% (95% confidence limit = 77.5, 85.5). There have been some significant changes in the self-reported management practices of optometrists in relation to diabetic retinopathy since the release of the NHMRC guidelines and Retinopathy Chart.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed2001

Undergraduate ophthalmology education survey of New Zealand ophthalmologists, general practitioners and optometrists.

AIM: To determine what New Zealand ophthalmologists, general practitioners and optometrists consider important ophthalmic topic areas requiring emphasis in the medical undergraduate curriculum. METHOD: A total of 793 questionnaires related to the content and teaching of undergraduate ophthalmology were sent to ophthalmologists, general practitioners and optometrists. Results were analysed separately for the three respondent groups and as a whole. RESULTS: Four hundred and fourteen questionnaires were returned (52% return rate). Overall responses of the three participant groups were similar and agreed favourably with the current curriculum. The ability to measure visual acuity (97%) and pupillary reflexes (93%), perform ophthalmoscopy (92%), and assess visual fields (68%) were regarded as 'important or essential' by the majority of respondents. Only 53% of respondents consider the ability to diagnose chronic open angle glaucoma as important. The respondents stressed the importance of the diagnosis of predominantly anterior segment disease contrasting with the traditional bias towards the teaching of ophthalmoscopy and posterior segment disease. The majority of respondents stressed the importance of graduating medical students being able to treat bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis, styes, blepharitis, corneal abrasion, and corneal and conjunctival foreign bodies, areas present but not normally emphasized in current curricula. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provided additional data to facilitate curriculum design and illustrated the value of an integrated problem-based learning approach in ophthalmology undergraduate teaching.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1990

[The TV head ophthalmoscope for videodocumentation of fundus changes].

The present paper describes the TV head ophthalmoscope, a logical further development in indirect ophthalmoscopy. It comprises a modern indirect binocular head ophthalmoscope and a micro-CCD color camera. The instrument enables all structures on the fundus to be observed as far as the periphery. Objects seen dynamically include detached retina and vitreous membranes. Practical fields of application are retinal detachment surgery and for demonstration and training in indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

[Detection of cystoid macular edema with orally administered fluorescein].

To detect cystoid macular edema after extracapsular cataract extraction, the authors used indirect ophthalmoscopy after oral application of fluorescein, rather than intravenous fluorescein angiography. The patients drank 10-20 ml 10% fluorescein sodium in 250 ml orange juice. Ophthalmoscopy was performed 30-45 minutes later using an exciter filter. Twenty-five patients with a tentative clinical diagnosis of cystoid macular edema were examined in this way. In six of them a manifest edema was detected. The results were confirmed by intravenous fluorescein angiography.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1986

[Significance of fundus evaluation in the staging of hypertensive disease compared to electrocardiography and renal circulation].

In order to determine the relevance of ophthalmoscopic findings in cases of hypertension as compared to electrocardiographic abnormalities and disorders of the renal function, the authors examined 728 patients admitted to the German diagnostic Clinic (Wiesbaden) with hypertension over a period of 2 years. In all cases blood pressure was measured twice, and ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiography, a chest X-ray, and a laboratory checkup were performed. The effective renal plasma flow was measured in 100 cases using the 131 iodine-Hippuran clearance method. The results revealed that ophthalmoscopy is the most reliable method for classifying early and more advanced stages of hypertension, as compared to ECG and measurement of the effective renal plasma flow.

Electrocardiography↗

PubMed1982

[Routine examination in mydriasis].

The hospital of Bruneck in South Tyrol has had an Eye Consultant from the University Eye Clinic in Innsbruck for more than two years. The examination carried out in the eye department of the Bruneck hospital includes routine ophthalmoscopy of the fundus periphery to detect early retinal degenerations and thus prevent retinal detachment. In almost 5,000 cases (both in- and outpatients) seen during 1981 changes in the fundus periphery were detected and treated in 5.5%. The importance of screening with routine examination by indirect ophthalmoscopy to detect retinal degeneration or early detachment is emphasized.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

A study on the toxicity of intravitreal levofloxacin in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To investigate the retinal toxicity of different doses of intravitreal injections of levofloxacin in a rabbit model, which is the levorotatory component of ofloxacin and approximately twice as potent as ofloxacin and highly active in vitro against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria including many ocular pathogens. METHODS: Sixteen albino rabbits were used in this study, and divided four groups. Levofloxacin in doses of 50, 100, 250 and 500 microg was injected into the midvitreous of rabbit's left eyes. The other eye served as a control and received normal saline solution. Indirect ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography (ERG) and light microscopy were used for retinal toxicity of levofloxacin. ERGs were recorded before injection and at 1(st) day, 1(st), 2(nd) and 4(th) weeks. At the end of follow-up period, the rabbits were killed and the eyes were enucleated for histologic evaluation. RESULTS: Intravitreal injections of 50, 100, 250 and 500 microg levofloxacin did not cause any deterioration of the a-wave, b-wave or oscillatory potentials of ERG throughout the follow-up period of 4 weeks. No evidence of retinal toxicity was observed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and light microscopy in any case. CONCLUSIONS: In therapeutic doses of 500 microg or less, intravitreal levofloxacin does not have retinal toxicity in rabbit eyes and this dose was well above the MIC(90) values of ocular pathogens that cause endophthalmitis. If future studies in other species confirm our findings, intravitreal levofloxacin may be a potentially important drug in the treatment and prevention of clinical bacterial endophthalmitis.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence of glaucoma in the wroclaw population. The wroclaw epidemiological study.

PURPOSE: Primarily to determine the prevalence of various types of glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Wroclaw inhabitants aged 40-79 years. The second aim of the study was to determine the number of undiagnosed glaucoma cases in this population. METHODS: A representative group of the Wroclaw population (4853 people aged from 40 to 79 years) was recruited by a proportional simple random sampling selection with stratification. All participants underwent the first, screening-stage examination, which included a medical history interview, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, anterior chamber depth assessment by the Van Herrick technique, and optic nerve head (ONH) assessment by means of indirect ophthalmoscopy (Volk's lens), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy with a Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT) and scanning laser polarimetry by the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer (GDx). The second stage, in glaucoma-suspect patients only, included best corrected visual acuity, static perimetry, 24-hour monitoring of IOP, gonioscopy, and full eye examination with mydriasis. Glaucoma was diagnosed by the presence of any two of the following: characteristic morphological changes in the optic disc, glaucomatous visual field abnormalities, and intraocular pressure greater than 21 mmHg. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of glaucoma was 1.6% (79 subjects). The prevalence increased with age from 0.4% in subjects belonging to the age group 40-49 years to 4.6% in people aged between 70 and 79 years. The prevalence of definite primary open-angle glaucoma was 1.0% (49 subjects). Normal-pressure glaucoma was diagnosed in 13 subjects (0.3%). Ocular hypertension was diagnosed in 92 subjects (1.9%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the different types of glaucoma was similar to that found in other white populations. Among the subjects examined, 79 had various forms of glaucoma and 71% of them had not previously been diagnosed. Undiagnosed glaucoma is a serious public health problem in Poland.

Adult↗