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PubMed1989

[Transfusion and transmission of infectious and parasitic diseases excluding AIDS and viral hepatitis].

Many viruses, bacteria or parasites can survive in stored blood for varying lengths of time. Recipients are therefore exposed to a risk which depends on the prevalence of pathogens in blood donor populations, the clinical and laboratory controls performed in blood transfusion centres and the efficiency of the patient's immune system. Beside the HIV and hepatitis viruses, transfusions may transmit the HTL virus in endemic areas or if the blood donor comes from one of these areas (e.g. the French West Indies), the CMV virus (but only in patients with weak immune defences) and some exotic viruses in specific regions. As regards bacterial agents, syphilis is prevented by blood storage at 4 degrees C for 72 hours and brucellosis remains a minor risk, but the very rare endotoxinic shock is severe and lethal in two-thirds of the cases. Infestation by parasites is common in certain areas, but it may occur in France after transfusion from blood donors coming from these areas; malaria transmitted by blood perfusion is a real problem. Drastic procedures of rejection of blood donors at risk, including examination and laboratory screening, must be applied and are effective in preventing these dangers. These procedures are well-known and are compulsory in France.

Cytomegalovirus Infections↗
PubMed1987

The impact of small dams on parasitic diseases in Cameroon.

Economic development in Africa implies the provision of vast, sparsely populated regions with improved road networks and agricultural techniques. Climatic constraints mean that control of water resources is essential in arid areas. But hydrogrophic modifications also have the potential for adverse impact on the health of local populations. The extension of water sources and their all year round supply of water mean that people are attracted towards them, and to the same places where conditions favour the spread of intermediate hosts and vectors of parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, drocunculiasis and malaria. Doctor, epidemiologists, and the engineers involved in rural earth-works must therefore work together to establish systems that impede the transmission of such diseases. Examples from the Cameroon typify the need for such an approach.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

[Inquiry of veterinarians in Niedersachsen concerning the occurrence of parasitic diseases and their control in large animals].

In Lower Saxony approximately 3500 veterinarians were asked to fill in a questionnaire focused on the prevalence of parasitic infections in cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses, the preferred control measures and the antiparasitic drugs in use. Although the disappointing low number of only 48 veterinarians that participated in this survey prevented any representative conclusions the following trends were remarkable: gastrointestinal strongyles were the most prevalent parasites in cattle (34.8%), sheep (28.0%), and horses (42.3%). In pigs, ascarids were most often diagnosed (41.9%) followed by the strongyles (27.9%). Horse strongyles were stated as parasites causing problems by 40.0% of the veterinarians. Prophylactic measures are performed by most practitioners alone or in addition to therapy in the case of lungworms or gastrointestinal strongyles. Therapeutic application of anthelmintics is broadly in use against cestodes in horses (65.0%) and liver flukes (cattle: 41.7%, sheep: 33.3%, horse: 57.1%). Benzimidazoles represent the dominating group of anthelmintics in sheep (78.3%), horses (42.1%), and pigs (42.0%). In cattle, ivermectin (27.7%) and benzimidazoles (26.5%) are regularly used. The role of pyrantel is largely restricted to the control of helminths in horses (24.2%) whereas levamisole is stated as a frequently applied drug in cattle (20.5%), pigs (12.0%), and sheep (2.7%). The diagnosis of parasites relies generally on coproscopical examination (93.7%) which is mostly performed by the practitioners themselves (51.1%). In general, the traditional diagnostic tools are regarded as adequate. Approximately 50% of the practitioners declare their interest in a support of veterinary herd management by parasitological institutes.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Opportunistic parasitic diseases and mycoses in AIDS. Their frequencies in Brazzaville (Congo)].

To determine the frequency of opportunistic parasitic and mycotic diseases in adult AIDS patients in the Congo, a study was conducted at l'Hôpital Universitaire de Brazzaville in 1986 and 1987. Diagnosis of AIDS was made using the WHO clinical definition for Africa (Bangui, 1985) and HIV seropositivity Pasteur Elisa test. Oral pharyngeal candidiasis occurred in 36% of cases. Intestinal parasitic profile found in 118 patients, 2/3 of whom were associated with chronic diarrhoea showed clearly relative frequency of isosporiasis (Isospora belli): 9.3% and rarity of crystosporidiosis: 4.2%. 12 meningitic cryptococcosis cases out of 139 patients was confirmed (8.6%); for cerebral toxoplasmosis, it was by comparing the serum toxoplasmosis antibody and cerebrospinal fluid rates on 75 patients that an estimation of 20% was reached. Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia seems to be rare, lower than 10%. No case of disseminated histoplasmosis and malignant strongyloidiasis was observed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗