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PubMed1990

[Clinical types of functional psychosomatic disorders in childhood and adolescence].

Functional psychosomatic diseases(FPS) in children and adolescents are fairly close to somatic depressions occurring in that particular age, at least at the first stage of the disease. In view of sufficient stability in time of the clinical manifestations of FPS in the same patient (which is evidently determined by the locus minoris of the somatic sphere) as well as in correspondence with the specificity of the practical activity of the pediatrician and counselling psychiatrist, it is advisable that FPS be classified in terms of the criterion for the predominance of one or another somatic disorder. Four types of FPS have been distinguished: hyperthermal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and infectious-allergic. These are the most frequently occurring patterns of that pathology. However, as one goes far into the narrow somatic disciplines, new types of FPS can be revealed. The medical and social significance of the problem dictates the necessity of further studies into the clinical picture and course of FPS in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Sigmund Freud and modern psychoanalysis].

In September 1989 50 years have elapsed since the death of one of the most distinguished personalities of science and culture in this century, Sigmund Freud. Although born in Príbor in Moravia, he spent most of his productive life in Vienna. He became the founder and pioneer of psychoanalysis--a therapeutic method of neuroses and the remarkable psychological theory which by its emphasis on unconscious, deep underlying psychic processes caused a great advance of knowledge of man of himself. Nowadays psychoanalysis is used in the world not only as a therapeutic method in neuroses, personality disorders and psychosomatic diseases but is developed further as a theoretical and scientific discipline which in many respects exceeds Freud's basic work. Modern psychoanalytic literature was not published in this country in recent decades and thus those interested in it have little opportunity to become familiar with it. Health authorities in advanced countries accept psychoanalysis and thus also in our conditions a place must be sought for psychoanalysis at least in the system of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic care.

Austria↗
PubMed1990

[Ambulatory psychotherapy management (as exemplified by Urban-Basel and Rural-Basel cantons)].

In 1977 a cantonal regulation for the independent practice of psychotherapists, the first in Switzerland, came into effect in Basel-Stadt and Baselland. In 1982 psychologists with a postgraduate formation in psychotherapy were surveyed with a first questionnaire. A second such questionnaire has been sent out in 1988 of which the results are presented here. In Basel-Stadt (about 190,000 inhabitants) about 64 psychologists and 104 psychiatrists in private practice provide psychotherapeutic services for outpatients. In Baselland (about 233,000 inhabitants) the number of psychotherapists is roughly one fourth, indicating the center function of the city with regard to psychotherapeutic services. In the two cantons a total of 4,800 weekly therapy sessions are provided. This amounts to a sharp increase of psychotherapeutic services rendered. Inspite of an often heard trend toward group therapy individual therapies dominate with 82%. The postgraduate therapeutic formation of psychiatrists and psychologists continues to be dominated by psychoanalyticly oriented schools. The clients served by psychologists do not differ dramatically from those of psychiatrists: Mainly neuroses, psychosomatic diseases and neurotic depressions are treated, only a few addictions and psychogeriatric problems. 80% of the psychiatrists judge the effect of the regulation positively. The cooperation between psychologists and psychiatrists is closer than generally assumed. Finally some fundamental questions about the psychotherapeutic maintenance are discussed.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1990

[Life stress events preceding illness episodes in multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis--a comparison].

As to the prevention of somatic and psychosomatic diseases it should be tested, whether life-events are of interest to pathogenesis of disturbances like multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis. The social readjustment rating scale (Holmes, Rahe) was used and the life-change-unite-score of the groups of patients (n = 30) and a normal population was compared. Patients with m.s. and u.c. have a significant higher LCU-score than the normal group. Between the two diseases one can find no difference.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed1990

[Type A behavior--a uniform construct?].

Single dimensions of the Type-A-behaviour pattern and their contributions to the etiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular and psychosomatic diseases are very often discussed. Our studies are concerned with the analysis of 40 blue collar workers and patients (40 patients with hyperuricemia, 36 psychotherapy patients) in definite groups of age. By item analysis and multivariate statistical procedures (variance, factor and discriminant analysis) we found an overlapping effect of psychosocial factors of work and on the other hand the influence of neurotic symptoms and behaviour patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Somatic symptoms in alcohol abusers' families].

The families close to the abusers attending Borgestadklinikken for treatment appeared to be suffering from psychical and psychosomatic diseases. This was discovered at the beginning of an eight-week programme of treatment. The main somatic symptoms were dorsal pain, headache, and gastrointestinal, gynecological and cardiovascular symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk factors in the development of neuroses and psychosomatic disorders in flight personnel].

One hundred and twenty one patients underwent psychological examinations using personality-oriented tests (a standard method of personality examinations and a projective aviation test), 24 of whom displayed neurotic states and 97--psychosomatic diseases. Clinical and psychological examinations helped identify two basic patterns of psychic adaptation to stressful flying activities which manifested as asthenic trends and predisposition to nonconformist behaviour. In the control group, consisting of 165 graduates of a flying school, these patterns of psychic adaptation were rarely seen. The results were statistically significant. These patterns of mental adaptation of the personality can be viewed as risk factors for the development of psychogenic pathologies in the flying personnel.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1985

Impaired spatial structures.

Our knowledge of the very early processes of human development, such as how the body becomes experienced as a three-dimensional spatial structure containing different functional cavities that communicate with the outer world via bodily orifices which are regulated by appropriate sphincter control, is far from being complete. Analysing spatial aspects of psychodynamic phenomena can bring us closer to understanding the nature of internal and external spaces and their role in harmonious and disturbed psychic development. In the paper attention is called to special symbolic connexions between open and strictly closed spaces, malfunctioning boundaries in the outside world and insufficient-containing functions and respective disorders in the development of the ego and ego boundaries. Specific defensive manoeuvres, aimed at annihilating inner spaces and bringing the organism to a 'thing-like', two-dimensional way of existence, are demonstrated in the material of patients with severe psychosomatic diseases and identity problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Report on experiences of one year at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences in Ethiopia. 4. Influence of psychosocial factors on the development of orofacial function troubles].

Functional disturbances of the orofacial system are permanent increasing in the European countries. These are so called psychosomatic diseases which you can find very often in patients with psychic evident personality profile. For the objective evaluation of the structure of personality are described various methods in the literature. 65 Ethiopian patients from the Gondar-region who showed parafunctional abrasions-facettes on the teeth are investigated by means of the Beck-Inventory and the Self-Control-Schedule of Rosenbaum. The influence and importance of psychosocial factors for the evocation of myoarthropathies could been demonstrated.

Ethiopia↗
PubMed1989

[Interdisciplinary investigations on the criticism of the term 'anesthesia dolorosa'].

3291 patients with facial pain and/or complaints in the orofacial region were examined from 1972-1988 by both the maxillofacial surgeon and the neurologist at the departments of maxillofacial surgery and psychosomatic medicine of the Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferkrankheiten of the University of Münster. Only 27 cases of genuine trigeminal neuralgia could be found in those 17 years. At the same time, however, 31 patients presented with anaesthesia dolorosa after various operations on the fifth cranial nerve. Referring to the criteria set up by Marxkors and Müller-Fahlbusch (1981) these findings were based on psychosomatic diseases. Thus, any indication for an operation on the trigeminal nerve should be very carefully reconsidered.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychological factors and strabismus].

The purpose of this article is to understand the importance of psychological factors in the occurrence of Squint. Two psychologists have given their advise the understanding of interactions between failure in Squint and Children psychology. On 550 children 40 were studied during two years. We noted associated psychosomatics diseases and family factors.

Child↗
PubMed1989

[The Schultz-Hencke concept of psychosomatics].

It was quoted by Schultz-Hencke that psychosomatic diseases like psychic symptoms are understandable and possible to derive from the drivepsychologic theory of neurosis. Following the so called equality in time correlation which says that healthy and neurotic persons show a correlation between psychic action and organic action, neurotic symptoms may be understood as deriving from a partition of a drivecomplex which can show action on the psychic or organic part of a person. At the beginning of an organic symptom there is to be found a malfunction of an organ or in a functional complex from which an organic disorder will develop.

Drive↗
PubMed1989

[Life after urostomy. A retrospective study].

The study reported, which was based on a questionnaire and psychological tests, examined cystostomy patients with respect to the work-up and acceptance of their altered body. It was noted that 30% of the patients judged their situation as good, and 25% could accept the cystostomy, but a great many has to live with sexual disturbances, reduced social mobility, increased dependence, and psychic consequences; some had to give up their jobs. Sex, earlier psychosomatic diseases, developmental disorders in early childhood, which influence the personality, significantly affect the acceptance of the stoma. The problems are discussed. Suggestions are made, which include a plan for a holistic therapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosocial factors in homo- and heterosexual psychosomatically ill men].

Sociological and sexological research on the individual development of homosexual men and their later social integration has let us to believe that significant life-events and psychosomatic diseases are distributed differently than in heterosexual patients. In a field study two groups of patients were compared.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The phenomenon of visual parallel detection. Construction and validation of a test and application to a psychosomatic model].

A psychometric test of visual detection, based upon the theory of parallel information processing taking place in the left (analytical) and the right (holistic) hemispheres, is presented. The aim of this test is to study the capacity of visual holistic attention during a simultaneous logical distractive task (point to point closure). We first present the validation study on one hundred and four normal subjects. A second study on 20 psychosomatics is then presented, showing significantly inferior results in all subtests in comparison with paired controls. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive psychology, and in particular the link between holistic processing and the emotion processing function of the right hemisphere. This test therefore constitutes a new model of exploration of the cognitivo-emotional process. It should lead to a better evaluation for the study of interhemispheric dysconnexion in neurology as well as psychopathological states such as psychosomatic diseases, where dysconnexion- like phenomena (alexithymia) are thought to play a part.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunity, neuropeptides and psychiatry].

The author proposes and defends new lines in psychiatric research, aimed not primarily at the study of etiology but of pathogeny. Two systems recognize self from non self: the nervous and the immune systems. These communicate with each other by means of hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The biochemical family of the neuropeptides therefore plays an important role in the transmission of this information and participates in the complex regulatory mechanisms which insure the physical and psychical equilibrium of the individual. Disorders of such regulation lead to or participate in the psychosomatic diseases and to psychiatric pathology. The author proposes that, in order to elucidate the normal complex regulatory mechanisms, one should first carry out studies on neuropeptides in primitive living organisms and observe the functional capacities of lymphocytes and thymocytes from psychiatric patients.

Growth Substances↗
PubMed1987

Role of the pineal gland in immunity: II. Melatonin enhances the antibody response via an opiatergic mechanism.

The pineal gland constitutes a major neuroendocrine organ in the brain. It transduces exogenous signals such as circadian and seasonal variations of light and temperature into proper hormonal changes which adjust and adapt internal endocrine functions. These pineal activities seem to be exerted via circadian synthesis and release of the indoleamine melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal itself. Alteration of circadian rhythms have been associated with affective disorders, psychosomatic diseases, cancer and many other pathologies. We have reported that functional and pharmacologic inhibition of melatonin synthesis results in depressed immune functions in vivo and that exogenous, evening administration of melatonin enhances antibody formation via an antigen-activated process and also antagonizes the immunosuppressive effects of corticosterone. We communicate here findings demonstrating that (a) three different inbred strains of mice possess a clear-cut cycle of melatonin levels in serum, (b) that melatonin administered in the evening enhances primary antibody response (IgM and IgG immunoglobulins) in vivo according to a dose-response behaviour and that (c) the opioid receptors blocker naltrexone antagonizes the immunostimulatory effect of melatonin. These findings point to a fundamental immunoregulatory role of circadian melatonin and to an activity of the neurohormone via opioid peptides.

Animals↗