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PubMedDate not supplied

Anti-insulin antibody titers do not influence control or insulin requirements in early pregnancy.

IgG antibodies (AB) to insulin have been reported to influence insulin requirements and control in patients who have taken insulin for prolonged periods of time. Nineteen pregnant type I diabetic patients (C-peptide less than 0.03 pmol/ml) were studied in their fifth week of gestation after the establishment of normoglycemia. Mean age was 27.5 yr and duration of diabetes, 14.2 yr (range: 1-23 yr). IgG AB to beef and pork insulin were measured. IgG AB to insulin were encountered in all diabetic patients (range: 103-6736 microU/ml). None of the nondiabetic pregnant controls in their fifth week of gestation (N = 17) had detectable (greater than 50 microU/ml) AB levels. The antibody titer did not affect the insulin requirement (P greater than 0.2, NS) or ability to achieve normoglycemia. AB levels were correlated with years of treatment with conventional insulin preparations (r = 0.73; P less than 0.001). At 5 wk postmenstruation the mean AB level in the patients with less than 10 yr duration of diabetes (N = 7) was 727 microU/ml and mean insulin requirement was 0.7 U/kg/24 h. In the group of patients with greater than 10 yr duration of diabetes (N = 12) the mean antibody titer was 3716 microU/ml and the insulin requirement was also 0.7 U/kg/24 h. IgG AB to insulin increase with increasing duration of treatment with beef/pork insulin. IgG AB do not affect the insulin requirement or the ability to achieve normoglycemia during early pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Auditory sensitivity and tone-sequence reproduction in oral contraceptive users and nonusers.

In two stages spanning a single academic year, 10 women using oral contraceptives and 11 not using oral contraceptives were tested on their auditory threshold sensitivity to six frequencies (250, 750, 1500, 3000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) as a function of phases of the menstrual cycle. 11 women (5 users and 6 nonusers) were also tested on their ability to reproduce successively longer tone sequences. Results showed that there was little variation due to phase of the menstrual cycle, with the exception that oral contraceptive users showed lower relative thresholds at low frequencies during the postmenstrual phase. Over-all, oral contraceptive users had higher absolute and relative thresholds than nonusers, except at 3000 Hz. Although not statistically significant, results on the tone-reproduction test showed an enhanced ability to reproduce tones during the premenstrual phase for women using oral contraceptives. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Pathogenesis, pathology and pathophysiology of pulmonary sequelae of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants.

The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), defined as oxygen need at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age, is about 30% for infants with birth weights<1000 grams and is now infrequent in infants with >1200 grams birth weight and >30 weeks gestation. The pathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial, with cytokines appearing to play a key role in initiation, propagation and resolution of this process. The pathology of BPD seen in the pre-surfactant era was remarkable for the presence of airway injury, inflammation and parenchymal fibrosis; pathology of "new" BPD reveals more uniform inflation and less marked fibrosis with both small and large airways being free of epithelial metaplasia, smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis. There is, however, an arrest in acinar development.Up to 50% of infants with BPD require readmission to the hospital for lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. There are significant effects on lung mechanics, gas exchange and pulmonary vasculature. Pulmonary outcome in BPD include normalization of pulmonary mechanics and lung volumes over time as somatic and lung growth occurs whereas abnormality of the small airway persists. Airway hyper-responsiveness has been reported in long-term survivors of BPD, with no decrease in exercise capacity. The majority of the radiological findings reveal persistence of mild to moderate abnormalities long term. BPD is a result of dynamic processes involving inflammation, injury, repair and maturation. Infants with BPD have significant pulmonary sequelae during childhood and adolescence; whether the pulmonary dysfunction in these patients will predispose them to obstructive lung disease as older adults, remains to be seen.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMed1981

Screening of endometrial carcinoma by lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme analysis of uterine fluid.

Determination of total activity for lactate dehydrogenase (LD) as well as electrophoretic separation and quantitative determination of the individual LD-isoenzymes was performed in 431 samples of uterine fluid obtained by the Gravlee Jet Wash technique or a described simple device for endouterine aspiration. The isoenzyme pattern for each menstrual phase was characteristic. The study population included 18 patients with endouterine neoplasia. All these malignancies were characterized by increased total LD-activity and/or abnormal distribution of the individual LD-isoenzymes compared to proliferative phase and would consequently have been discriminated at postmenstrual or postmenopausal examination. The LD-enzyme technique proved to be more accurate than cytology with approximately the same number of false positives.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Juxtagonadal mesonephric glomeruli in fetuses of 11 to 21 weeks of gestation.

Mesonephric glomeruli and tubules were found in the juxtagonadal region in 11 fetuses ranging in age from 11 to 21 postmenstrual weeks. Although mesonephric excretory function into the fourth month of gestation has been postulated, mesonephric glomeruli have been previously acknowledged anatomically only during embryonal and early fetal life. The present observations indicate that mesonephric glomeruli persist as anatomical structures into the midtrimester of gestation. The conclusion that the observed glomeruli are mesonephric is based on their location and the known strong anatomical and functional ties that bind mesonephros and gonad during development.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Zonal changes in proliferation in the rhesus endometrium during the late secretory phase and menses.

The objective of the present study was to examine the zonal changes in endometrial proliferation that occur during the late secretory phase, menses, and postmenstrual endometrial regeneration. We used as our model ovariectomized rhesus monkey in which artificial menstrual cycles were simulated. Our marker of proliferation was the immunohistochemical detection of the Ki-67 antigen. On Day 26, as progesterone (P) levels are falling in the late secretory phase, proliferation in zone IV of the basalis decreased compared with Day 23 (peak P level). Proliferation in the upper regions of the endometrium remained suppressed. Three days after a single bolus injection of the potent antiprogestin RU-486 on Day 20, proliferation in zone IV was virtually absent compared with Day 23 of an artificial cycle. No distinct changes in the pattern of proliferation were observed in the upper regions of the endometrium. On Day 1 of menses (P levels undetectable, estradiol [E] levels of 70-100 pg/ml), there was little proliferation throughout the endometrium. On Day 3 or menses, proliferation returned to zones II-III of the basalis and the functionalis. This proliferation was primarily observed in the glandular epithelia whereas little or no proliferation was observed in zone IV of the basalis. By Day 5 proliferation continued in the glandular epithelia of zones I, II, and III, and was now clearly observable in the stromal cells. Only minimal proliferation was observed in glandular epithelia of zone IV. In the absence of basal E stimulation the return of proliferation to the glandular epithelia in zones I, II, and III was dramatically reduced. These data demonstrate a reciprocal pattern of proliferation in glandular epithelia that is dependent on the prevailing hormonal stimulation. Under P dominance, proliferation is inhibited in zones I, II, and III, and maintained in zone IV, whereas under E dominance (Day 3 or 5) proliferation is driven by E stimulation in zones I, II, and III with little or no proliferation present in zone IV. In addition, the inhibition of proliferation in zone IV by the antiprogestin RU-486 and the decline of zone IV proliferation associated with falling P levels provide further evidence that proliferation of glandular epithelia in zone IV is mediated in part by P.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Randomized comparison of diode laser photocoagulation versus cryotherapy for threshold retinopathy of prematurity: 3-year outcome.

PURPOSE: To report the structural and functional outcomes at a minimum of 3 years postmenstrual corrected age following laser- or cryoablation of threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: Nineteen patients were entered into a prospective, randomized treatment protocol, in which one eye received cryotherapy and the other received diode laser photocoagulation. Asymmetric eyes were randomly assigned. Two patients have died and five were not available for 3-year outcome exams. RESULTS: Seven males and five females with a mean birthweight of 638 g and a mean gestational age of 24.9 weeks were examined. Two patients had asymmetrical disease and received laser photocoagulation. Two discordant structural outcomes were present among the 10 symmetrical cases. The laser-treated eyes had the favorable outcome; the cryotherapy-treated eyes had the unfavorable outcome. The geometric mean visual acuity after laser photocoagulation was 20/52; after cryotherapy, it was 20/91 (P = 0.046). The mean refractive error was -6.60 diopters (D) after laser photocoagulation and -7.62 D after cryotherapy. Seven patients (58%) have developed strabismus. CONCLUSIONS: Laser photocoagulation appears to have an outcome at least comparable to cryotherapy when the patients are examined 3 years following therapy. These data, including visual acuity and refractive error, suggest that laser photocoagulation may have a minimal advantage over cryotherapy in the treatment of ROP.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Perimenstrual symptoms of Korean women living in the USA: applicability of the WDHD(Women's Daily Health Diary) on prospective report.

PURPOSE: To compare perimenstrual (premenstrual, menstrual, postmenstrual) symptoms by concurrent reporting using the Women's Daily Health Diary (WDHD) and by retrospective reporting using the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MMDQ). METHODS: A prospective and retrospective study was conducted among 31 Korean women, aged 27 to 48 yrs, living in the USA. RESULTS: On the prospective report using the WDHD, the most severe complaints were fatigue or tiredness (1.48 +/-.98), sensation of weight gain (.88+/-98), increased appetite (.79+/-.96) in premenstrual phase, fatigue or tiredness (1.34+/-.85), backaches (1.06+/-.79), and bloating or swelling of the abdomen (.93+/-.86) during the menstrual phase. On the retrospective report using the MMDQ, the most severe complaints during the premenstrual phase were fatigue (2.2 6+/-1.65), irritability (2.06+/-1.48), and backaches (1.97+/-1.68) and during the menstrual phase backaches (2.35+/-1.62), fatigue (2.29+/-1.75), and cramps (2.23+/-1.80). According to both measurements of PMS symptomology during the premenstrual and menstrual phases, the most frequently reported symptom was fatigue or tiredness. Highly rated symptoms on the MMDQ and on the WDHD were found to be similar. CONCLUSION: The WDHD was found to be suitable for daily prospective PMS assessment, which will be necessary for the screening and management of women with severe PMS.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Corticosteroids in infant chronic lung disease.

Chronic lung disease (CLD), defined as chronic oxygen dependency at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, is increasing and associated with chronic respiratory morbidity and high health care utilisation at follow up. Many strategies, tested in randomised trials, have failed to reduce CLD. In contrast, corticosteroids if given systemically within the first two weeks after birth reduce CLD and may also favourably influence survival. Unfortunately, systemically administered corticosteroids have many acute side-effects and adversely affect long term neurodevelopmental outcome. If given by inhalation, corticosteroids have fewer adverse effects, but are less efficacious. Further research is required to accurately identify infants at highest risk of developing CLD, the corticosteroid dosage associated with a positive risk: benefit ratio and preferably a safer and more effective alternative therapy.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2005

[Influences of premenstrual syndrome on daily psychological states and salivary cortisol level].

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on daily psychological states and salivary cortisol level. First, 42 women recorded their PMS symptoms and basal body temperatures every day for approximately two menstrual cycles. Based on these prospective records of PMS symptoms, participants were divided into two groups: Normal group (n=22) and PMS group (n=17). There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, height, weight, age at menarche, menstrual cycle length, menstrual period, depression score, and stressor score. Next, 14 women (7 Normal group, 7 PMS group) were selected and they were measured twice, once during the premenstrual phase and once during the postmenstrual phase of their cycles. Each day, they took saliva samples and recorded their psychological states six times (from waking to going to bed) per day at their homes. Results showed that the fear score in PMS group was high in the premenstrual phase, whereas salivary cortisol level in PMS group was low in the same phase compared to the Normal group. These results suggested the possibility of dysregulation of the stress system in women with PMS.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Female work capacity during the menstrual cycle: physiological and psychological reactions.

Changes in physical and mental work capacity during the menstrual cycle were studied in 12 healthy woemen with severe menstrual distress. Physiological and psychological tests were performed before, during, and after menstruation. Heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion were measured during work on a bicycle ergometer ar two submaximal work loads corresponding to 40 and 70 %, respectively, of individual maximal oxygen uptake. Mental work capacity was studied with the aid of performance tests of psychological functions such as attention, short-term memory, perceptual speed, perception of time, and reaction time. No change in heart rate or oxygen uptake could be observed over the three phases of the menstrual cycle. However, pulmonary ventilation during work varied significantly. It was highest in the menstrual phase. At the same heart rate exercise on the bicycle ergometer was perceived as more exerting in the menstrual phase than in either the premenstrual or postmenstrual phase. Among the performance tests significant results were obtained only in a test of reaction time, which was slightly impaired during the menstrual phase. The results of the performance tests do not however support the assumption that menstruation affects a woman's mental work capacity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Maturational changes in the in vivo activity of CYP3A4 in the first months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To document maturational changes of the in vivo activity of CYP3A4 in the first months of life. METHODS: The contribution of tramadol (M), O-demethyl tramadol (M1, CYP2D6-mediated) and N-demethyl tramadol (M2, CYP3A4-mediated) to the overall elimination of tramadol and the log M/M2 was assessed in 24-hour urine collections during continuous intravenous tramadol administration. Correlations with perinatal characteristics (postnatal age (PNA) and postmenstrual age (PMA)) were studied. RESULTS: Of the total amount of tramadol administered in a 24-hour interval to 25 neonates and young infants (PMA 25 - 53 weeks), 34.5% (SD 6.1) were retrieved in the urine as parent compound or metabolite in a 24-hour interval. This retrieved material consisted primarily of tramadol 79% (SD 18), M1 10% (SD 17) and M2 3% (SD 3.4). The contribution of M (r2 = -0.53), M1 (r2 = 0.46) and M2 (r2 = 0.16) to overall M elimination correlated with increasing PMA. The mean log M/M2 was 1.44 (SD 0.46) and there was an inverse correlation between the log M/M2 ratio and PMA (r2 = -0.43, 95% CI for r = -0.84 to -0.34, p = 0.0006) and PNA (r2 = -0.25, 95% CI for r = -0.78 to -0.16, p = 0.008). The maturational half-life of the log M/M2 ratio was 16 - 20 weeks. In a multiple regression model, PMA was the only significant variable accounting for the interindividual variability in log M/M2. CONCLUSIONS: PMA was found to be the most important maturational change determing the in vivo activity of CYP3A4. The activity of CYP3A4 is relatively delayed in the first months of life compared to the developmental changes in CYP2D6 activity described earlier, however, the overall weak correlations reflect that PMA explains only in part the interindividual variability observed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Cyclic premenstrual unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Report of two cases.

Two young women developed unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia that fluctuated with the menstrual cycle. They were otherwise healthy, and there was no evidence of hematologic or chronic liver disease. Serum unconjugated bilirubin rose concomitant with the rise of basal temperature during the premenstrual period, and it declined immediately after the end of menses. Administration of progesterone during the postmenstrual period elevated unconjugated bilirubin. A close relation of hyperbilirubinemia to female hormones was suggested. The condition may be called "constitutional unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with a menstrual cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effect of maternal depression on premature infant health during initial hospitalization.

This study evaluates the effect of maternal depression on neonatal health status in premature infants during their initial hospitalization. Infants younger than 34 weeks' gestation born to nondrug abusing mothers were enrolled in the study. Thirty-one mother-infant pairs were identified. Maternal depression was evaluated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Scores > or = 16 defined maternal depression. Initial infant physiologic health status was determined by the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP). In-hospital health status was assessed by the following variables: days receiving supplemental oxygen, days on mechanical ventilation (VENT), and days not on enteral feeding (NPO). Health status variables evaluated for long-term outcome included bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 28 days (BPD), BPD at 34 weeks' postmenstrual age (BPD-34), and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Seventeen (55%) of 31 mothers manifested depression on the CES-D. No epidemiologic differences were found between this group and the nondepressed mothers. No differences in gestation or birth weight was detected between the preterm infants of depressed versus nondepressed mothers. The CES-D scores correlated significantly with SNAP (r = .36, P < .02). Infants of depressed mothers experienced significantly worse outcomes in the occurrence of BPD (P = .015), BPD-34 (P = .049), and IVH (P = .055). This study confirms that maternal depression occurs frequently in mothers of preterm infants and adversely affects the presenting neonatal health status of their babies during the initial hospitalization. Maternal depression was related to the severity of the initial neonatal illness and was significantly related to IVH and BPD. These factors may have long-term consequences for subsequent growth, neurodevelopment, and recurrence of related health problems.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMed1999

Cesarean section scar as a cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding: diagnosis by sonohysterography.

A previously undescribed cause of abnormal uterine bleeding is presented. Nine of 310 women evaluated by sonohysterography for abnormal bleeding demonstrated an 8 to 17 mm gap in the anterior lower uterine segment myometrium at the site of prior cesarean deliveries. All women were premenopausal and had a history of 2 to 12 days of postmenstrual spotting. Presumably a lack of coordinated muscular contractions occurs around the cesarean scar, allowing the defect to collect menstrual debris. Subsequently, the debris leaches out through the cervix for several days after the majority of menstrual flow has ceased.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Delay of catch-up growth in very low birthweight infants.

AIM: To determine if appropriate for gestational age, very low birth weight infants demonstrate catch-up growth. METHODS: The notes of 74 appropriate for gestational age, very low birth weight infants were reviewed and anthropometric measures converted into standard deviation scores (Z-scores). The growth of "well" infants was compared with that of "unwell" infants (those who developed necrotising enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or were not feeding at one week of age). RESULTS: All infants showed reduced weight (p<0.001) and head circumference (p<0.01) Z-scores at one week of age. This persisted until 35 weeks postmenstrual age in both groups, by which time length Z-scores had also reduced. The well group had regained birth Z-scores for all measurements by three months post-term. However the unwell group still had significantly lower weight (p<0.01) and length (p<0.05) Z-scores at three months. CONCLUSIONS: Well very low birth weight infants regained their birth percentiles by three months post-term. In infants with significant neonatal illness, this recovery was delayed.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[High-frequency audiometry: variations in auditory thresholds in the premenstrual period].

The hormonal changes that occur during the premenstrual period have been implicated as a causative factor for many psychological and physical symptoms. The present work was undertaken to determine the effect of these hormonal changes on audition. We studied 60 ears from 30 women (20-30 years old) with regular menstrual cycles and no middle/inner ear pathology. We performed audiometries one week before menstruation and one week after it, testing the range of frequencies from 250 to 16,000 Hz. After calculating the mean pre and postmenstrual threshold the results were compared using the paired < >-Student test. We found statistical significant differences in the frequencies 9,000, 10,000 and 11,200 Hz.

Adult↗