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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

New aspects of cell membrane radiobiology and their impact on radiation protection.

Recent developments in the field of the membrane biology of eukaryotic cells have revived relevant radiobiological studies. The supramolecular structures of membranes built up by the various chemical components that ensure certain functions and connections of the cells seem to react sensitively to ionizing radiations. Data concerning those radiation-induced alterations that reflect changes of such features and functions as surface charges, membrane-bound enzyme activities and receptor functions are reviewed. As the new concepts arising from the results obtained so far may have consequences in the theory and practice of radiation protection, a few areas are mentioned where the impact of the relevant accumulated knowledge might be expected to result in practical applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Society's valuation of life saving in radiation protection and other contexts.

Various situations are described in which societal action may be interpreted as a dollar value placed on averting a human fatality, and numerical values are derived in each case. Situations included are a variety of medical screening and medical care programs and of automobile and highway safety measures, food for overseas relief, air pollution control, fire prevention, industrial safety, and several radiation-related activities including standards for radium in drinking water, radwaste systems in nuclear plants, and defense and civilian high-level waste management. Values varying from a few thousand dollars to hundreds of millions of dollars per fatality averted are obtained. An attempt to derive data of this type from polling is described. The problem of discounting when money is spent now to save lives far in the future (as with nuclear waste) is discussed. It is concluded that nearly all of the vast variation in the results is unjustified and represents a need for educating the public, especially in the area of radiation protection.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Endovascular brachytherapy--treatment planning and radiation protection.

The risk of restenosis, main late effect limiting the success of percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, can be reduced significantly by vascular radiotherapy, subsequent to PTCA. This discovery lead to the development of new irradiation techniques. Endovascular brachytherapy is the choice in treatment of coronary artery stenosis. Successful irradiation, however, requires precise treatment planning. This review addresses the physical possibilities and problems of intravascular brachytherapy planning, and the radiobiologically based definition of the target volume and of structures at risk. Recommendations for dose specification, recording and reporting are given. The criteria for selecting a vascular radiotherapy technique are discussed as well as the possibilities of dosimetric treatment planning and quality assurance based on precise plastic scintillator dosimetry and intravascular ultrasound. Radiation protection and safety must be reconsidered prior to the usage of therapeutic radiation sources in the catheter laboratory and for the decision about emergency plans. Finally, the design of clinical trials, the role of medical physicists, and the future of irradiation treatment of stenosis is discussed.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1988

[The new x-ray ordinance--responsibilities of those answerable for radiation protection and their delegates, expert knowledge].

The Federal German X-Ray Regulations as amended on 8 January 1987 represent a revision and reformation of the old regulations of 1 March 1973. The new version is largely based on the requisite conclusions resulting from the recommendations made by the International Radiation Protection Commission and the standards of the EC derived therefrom. In this manner the Federal German regulations have been adjusted to conform with European legislation. Other changes effected in the regulations concern mainly the delineation of the responsibilities of the owner of the x-ray equipment concerned against the responsibilities of the safety delegates appointed by him, these responsibilities being limited to decisions within the area of the owner's company or medical practice, as the case may be. Further reformulations refer to the extension of expert knowledge in radiation safety, to the required proof thereof and experience in the requisite field of application, to the supervision and responsibility to be exercised by expert physicians and to the training of medical assistant staff.

Germany, West↗
PubMed1990

Radiation protection guidelines for the skin.

The past recommendations of the ICRP about dose limits to the skin are reviewed. Recently, an ICRP Task Group has been revisiting the old arguments and setting them against new data. With the exception of the function of cells in the skin associated with immunocompetence, non-stochastic effects have been well characterized and threshold doses are known with a precision appropriate for setting radiation protection standards. The current dose limitations of 0.5 Sv per year and a working lifetime dose limit of 20 Sv should protect the worker population against deterministic effects. When the ICRP made its recommendations in 1977 for dose limits there was no appreciation of the importance of the interaction of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and X-rays. Both clinical and experimental data show that the risk of ionizing-radiation-induced cancer is significantly increased by subsequent exposures to UVR. Therefore, risks for sun-exposed areas of skin differ from those that are shielded. The risk estimate for skin cancer is very dependent on the selection of the projection model and on the mortality rate assumed. Based on the relative risk model a mortality rate of 0.2 per cent and summing risks for both UVR exposed and shielded skin the risk is about twice (1.94 x 10(-4) Sv-1) that which ICRP derived in 1977. With the absolute model the risk is considerably less, about 0.5 x 10(-4) Sv-1. There is still insufficient understanding of the effects of multiple or protracted exposures on the risk of skin cancer induction. Experimental results suggest that exposures, at least to relatively high total doses, that are protracted over a long period are more carcinogenic than a small number of exposures over a short period.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Radiation protection by diethyldithiocarbamate: protection of membrane and DNA in vitro and in vivo against gamma-radiation.

Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) is studied for its antioxidant and radioprotective abilities. DDTC at a concentration of 0.5 mM reduced DPPH radical. DDTC reduced the damage to deoxyribose resulting from hydroxyl radicals generated by Fenton reaction, indicating that the radioprotective abilities of this compound could be due to the free radical scavenging. DDTC protected rat liver microsomal membranes in vitro from peroxidative damage in lipids (measured as TBARS) resulting from 50 Gy gamma-radiation. It also protected plasmid pBR322 DNA from radiation-induced strand breaks. An oral administration of DDTC to mice before whole body gamma-radiation exposure (4 Gy) resulted in a reduction of radiation-induced lipid peroxides in the liver homogenates. An administration of DDTC to mice before gamma-radiation reduced the radiation-induced DNA damage as studied by single cell gel-electrophoresis (comet assay). The comet parameters such as tail length, tail moment, and percent of DNA in tail were found to increase in the blood leukocytes of mice exposed to 4 Gy gamma-radiation. When DDTC was administered to mice before the radiation exposure, the increase in the comet parameters as a result of radiation was prevented, indicating a protection of cellular DNA. The present study has implication for the potential use of DDTC as a radioprotector.

Administration, Oral↗