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PubMedDate not supplied

[Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital milieu].

This study concern the distribution and sensibility towards some antibiotics of 318 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in bacteriological samples coming from la Rabta hospital units. The study of distribution shows that 75% of these strains are isolated in bacteriological samples coming from surgery and intensive care unit dermatology unit, and ear nose and throat unit. The bacteriological samples are matter, blood, and intensive care materials. The study of sensibility found a high frequency of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These strains are also resistant towards macrolide and lincosamide. MLSB resistance is the predominant phenotypic aspect. It was also observed that all of Staphylococcus aureus gentamicin resistant strains were also resistant toward methicillin. At last is seems that pritinamicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ofloxacin, are good alternatives for treatment of staphylococcus aureus infections diseases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Methicilline-sensitive and methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus related morbidity in chronic wounds: a prospective study].

OBJECTIVE: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacteria responsible for cutaneous infections. Its capacity to adapt has led to the selection of methicilline-resistant strains (MRSA). These strains create specific problems in their management in dermatology (mode of contamination, treatment, added costs, increased nosocomial risks). The objective of our study was to search for morbidity of MRSA in chronic cutaneous wounds in hospital settings and assess the need of systemic antibiotic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have conducted a one-year prospective study. All the patients hospitalized in the department with leg ulcers or foot wounds were included. Following local sampling for bacteriological examination, three groups were constituted: methicilline-sensitive patients with staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicilline-resistant staphylococcus aureus patients and patients in whom these bacteria were absent. Only the first two groups were compared after studying the past history, clinical description of the wound at the start of the study, results of the infectious bacteriology and of the clinical and bacteriological evolution of the wounds. RESULTS: The two groups studied were similar in number, past history, clinical aspect and therapeutic management. Only malnutrition was more frequent in patients exhibiting MRSA. There was no difference with the evolution of the wounds. CONCLUSION: Our study did not reveal any difference in the morbidity of staphylococcus aureus in the cutaneous wounds whether methicilline sensitive or resistant. Systematic antibiotherapy is not justified in the absence of signs of infection.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Staphylococcus aureus carriage in selected communities and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.

The carriage and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in the community were determined. Nasal, throat and axillary swabs were taken from 100 healthy adults and 90 disabled nursing home inmates. Antibiotic disc susceptibility testing was conducted following the NCCLS method. Staphylococcus aureus carriage was noted in 29% of healthy adults and 47.7% of nursing home inmates. Out of 79 strains, resistance to antibiotics were as follows; penicillin (92.4%), genetamicin (2.5%), tetracycline (6.3%), fusidic acid (11.3%), erythromycin (3.8%), pefloxacin (5.1%), mupirocin (3.8%), amikacin (3.8%), ciprofloxacin (2.5%) and chloramphenicol (2.5%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was not isolated. Multiple colonizations and multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus were shown to occur in healthy individuals without risk factors and not previously hospitalized.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

An outbreak of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infection in a saturation diving facility.

We present a molecular epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of cutaneous tissue infection, which involved six divers during a 45 day saturation exposure dive. The cutaneous infection manifested as boils, foliculitis and small abscesses involving different body sites, including nose, external ear canal, necks, back, extremities, and buttocks. Staphylococcus aureus was consistently isolated from the skin lesions of affected divers. A study of the antibiogram revealed that all Staphylococcus aureus isolates were uniformly resistant to penicillin, oxacillin and erythromycin, but sensitive to clindamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin and vancomycin. Molecular typing by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated that all the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates had an indistinguishable pulsed field gel electrophoresis pattern. The source of outbreak was identified as a colonized diver (diver D). Personal contact was most likely the mode of transmission among the six divers. Infection with MRSA should be suspected in outbreaks of boils that are not responding to standard antibiotic therapy among healthy divers and their close contacts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak in a saturation diving facility.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Karnataka.

This study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in our hospital and to compare their antibiotic susceptibility pattern with methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical samples were screened for MRSA by disc diffusion method using 1 gm oxacillin disc. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method. Out of these, 43% were identified as MRSA and the remaining 57% were MSSA. There was a marked difference in antibiotic sensitivity pattern of these M RSA versus the MSSA isolates. None of the MRSA isolate was found to be sensitive to amoxycillin while 36.8% of MSSA were sensitive to this antibiotic. 9.3%, 18.6%, 34.9% and 95.3% of MRSA were sensitive to cotrimoxazole, cloxacillin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol, while 75.4%, 92.9%, 91.2% and 94.7% of MSSA were sensitive to these antibiotics respectively. Sensitivity to macrolide group of antibiotics like erythromycin and roxithromycin were seen in 7% and 14% of MRSA in comparison to 85.9% and 91.2% of MSSA respectively. Amongst the aminoglycosides like gentamicin and amikacin, the sensitivity of MRSA was found to be 18.6% and 46.5% and that of MSSA was 98.2% and 94.7% respectively. Sensitivity to cephalosporins like cephalexin and cefotaxime was seen in 23% and 25.5% of MRSA, whereas 100% of MSSA were sensitive to these antibiotics. All Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be uniformly sensitive to vancomycin. Majority of the isolates belonged to phage group III and the common phage types were 54, 54/75 and 54/75/85.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

[Study on the resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus to iodophor and chlorhexidine].

OBJECTIVE: To study the resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an indicator used in hospitals. METHODS: We used minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of iodoph and chlorhexidine to MRSA, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538. RESULTS: Obvious difference between MRSA and MSSA the MIC of Iodophor was noticed. Among MICs, 5.3% MRSA strains were 2-folds and 28.9% MRSA strains were 1.5 fold more than staph. aureus ATCC6538, while the MIC of 11.1% MSSA strains raised 1.5 fold than ATCC6538. The MIC of 83.3% MSSA strains were the same to staph. aureus ATCC6538. The MIC of chlorhexidine to MRSA, MSSA and staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538 were similar to each other. CONCLUSION: Results showed that some MRSA were more resistant to Iodophor than staph. aureus ATCC6538, but remained the same resistance to Chlorhexidine. Thus the concentration of Iodophor should be raised when the resistant strains were isolated.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2004

[The relationship between Staphylococcus aureus and atopic keratoconjunctivitis].

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) complicated by atopic dermatitis (AD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Microbiological culture from the conjunctival sac of acute exacerbated patients with VKC and AKC complicated by AD was performed. The subjects were 29 patients (31 eyes) with VKC and AKC who showed acute exacerbated clinical symptoms of conjunctivitis. Antigen specific IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in serum were also examined. In this study, the patients were divided into two groups: An AD group consisting of 22 patients with VKC and AKC complicated by AD, and a control group consisting of 8 patients with allergic conjunctivitis without AD. We also examined SEA/SEB specific IgE antibody in tears from the 5 patients who underwent bacteriological examinations of the conjunctival sac at the same time. RESULTS: Twenty-seven out of 31 eyes were gram-positive in the bacteriological culture from the conjunctival sac (87.1%). Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 21 out of the 27 eyes (77.8%). In the AD group, 2 of the 22 cases were gram-positive for serum SEA specific IgE antibodies, 2 cases of the 22 cases were gram-positive for SEB specific IgE antibodies, and 9 cases were gram-positive for both SEA and SEB specific IgE antibodies. Serum SEA and SEB specific IgE antibodies were all gram-negative in the control group. Either SEA or SEB specific IgE antibody in tears was detected in all of the above 5 patients who underwent bacteriological examinations of the conjunctival sac, and 4 of the 5 were gram-positive. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 3 out of the 5 patients, and 1 case was gram-negative. CONCLUSION: Staphylococcus is one of the exacerbating factors in VKC and AKC. It is important to evaluate both bacteriological examinations of the conjunctival sac and SEA/SEB specific IgE in tears.

Conjunctiva↗

PubMed2005

The discovery of a multi-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus clone in the hospital and community environment in south western Nigeria.

Among clinically significant isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus haemolyticus is ranked second after Staphylococcus epidermidis. It has been associated with septicemia in newborns and various infections in persons with compromised host defenses and implanted foreign bodies. The existence of a multi-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus clone was discovered during a study on patients with skin and soft tissue infections at two local health clinics and in a referral hospital in South Western Nigeria. The clonal nature of these strains was determined by antibiotic susceptibility profile and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. This represents the first report of what appears to be a hospital-acquired and transmitted Staphylococcus haemolyticus clone in South Western Nigeria. Careful infection control measures and strain typing are urgently needed to understand species epidemiology and to limit the spread of multi-resistant strains within and beyond healthcare facilities.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed2005

[Experimental study of repairing bone defect by staphylococcus aureus injection carried in collagen membrane].

OBJECTIVE: To validate the advantage of repairing bone defect by staphylococcus aureus injection carried in collagen membrane. METHODS: Twenty-four adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups randomly. After the experimental model of standard bone defect had been made by operation, collagen membrane/staphylococcus aureus injection and staphylococcus aureus injection with the same quantity were transplanted in bone defect areas of the two groups respectively. The reconstructed tissues were observed by general method, X-ray, histology, and immunohistochemistry at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th week respectively. RESULTS: The experimental group showed that new bone proliferated distinctly in bone defect area and the proliferation lasted long, and no excessive connective tissue in defect area. X-ray observation showed that there was continual callus growth in transplantation area in early stage and the distribution of new bones was even in the group. Histological observation showed that there were many new bone growth centers in bone defect area, trabecular bones were sequentially distributed, and mature bone replacement was complete. Immunohistochemical examination showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) could be seen for a long time and BMP took up a large part in the new bone tissues. CONCLUSION: Collagen membrane could prevent parenchyma from penetrating into bone defect area and provide room for new bone growth. As the carrier of staphylococcus, collagen membrane could reduce the overflow of staphylococcus and improve its curative effect as well.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of human beta defensin 2 on Staphylococcus aureus infection: in vivo study with transgenic mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of human beta defensin 2 (HBD-2) on Staphylococcus aureus infection. METHODS: A minigene of HBD-2 containing pCMV promoter, full length of HBD-2 cDNA, and BGH polyA tail was generated by PCR amplification and introduced into the fertilized oocytes of C57/ICR hybridized mouse by microinjection. After gestation of 3 - 4 weeks, immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of HBD-2 peptide in different tissues of the transgenic young mice. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured and injected intraperitoneally to wild type mice and transgenic mice to observe their surviving status. RESULTS: PCR showed that the HBD-2 fragment had been successfully integrated into the chromosome of the mice. A widespread expression of HBD-2 gene was found in many tissues of the transgenic mice: trachea, lung, intestine, esophagus, testis, spleen, skin, endothelium, brain, etc. Four of the 7 transgenic mice survived the Staphylococcus aureus infection, and 10 wild type mice all died within 24 hours. CONCLUSION: HBD-2 may play an important role ion the host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of rapid latex and conventional methods for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus].

Rapid latex agglutination assay, staphaurex (Wellcome Diagnostics) was compared with the tube coagulase, thermo-stable nuclease, deoxyribonuclease and mannitol fermentation test for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 277 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 201 Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 25 Staphylococcus saprophyticus were tested. The results showed that sensitivities were: staphaurex, 99.6%; rabbit plasma, 99.6%; human plasma, 99.2%; thermostable nuclease, 100%; deoxyribonuclease, 100%; mannitol fermentation, 98.9%; as for specificities results showed: staphaurex, 96.6%; rabbit plasma 100%; human plasma, 100%; thermo-stable nuclease, 98.7%; deoxyribonuclease 95.7%; mannitol fermentation, 91.1%; respectively. In our study, staphaurex is recommended because it is simple to operate, save in time and economic in cost.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Experimental study of topical uses of para-chloro-methyl-xylenol in burns: therapeutic effect against Staphylococcus aureus].

The therapeutic effect of para-chloro-methyl-xylenol (PCMX), a disinfectant of phenol compound, against Staphylococcus aureus infection in burns is evaluated in the present article. The MIC of PCMX is 50 micrograms/ml. Experimental study was done on deep burn wounds of white rabbit. Bacterial stock of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated on the wound surface 15 min after the burn. Five hours later, cream base, and creams of 1% silver sulfadiazine (Ag-SD) and 5% PCMX were topically applied followed by dressing change once a day. Biopsy was performed on the third postburn day. Samples of subeschar tissue were sent for bacterial count and pathological examination. The average bacterial count per gram of subeschar tissue of cream base, Ag-SD cream, and PCMX cream groups was 4.69 X 10(8), 3.05 X 10(6), zero, respectively. Gross inspection of the wound surface showed dry and intact in PCMX cream group, while in the other two groups autolysis of the eschar were seen. Microscopic examination of the pathological sections indicated a generalized lesion with degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium and the dermis, subcutaneous edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and degeneration of myofascia. The lesion seen in PCMX group was mild. While those of the other two groups were severe with the amount distribution of Staphylococcus aureus and more severe in the cream base group. Results of the study demonstrated that PCMX is an effective antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus. Its better therapeutic effect might be due to a higher concentration of PCMX cream than that reported in the literature was used in the present study.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The incidence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urine and its identification].

Having in mind the known fact that Staphylococcus saproplyticus is one of the most common causes of acute urinary infections, especially in females in the generative period, we have studied its incidence in 12,556 urine samples (6,374 of females and 6,182 of males) taken at the clinics and polyclinics of the Military Medical Academy. For identification of Staphylococcus saprophyticus we have used disk-diffusion test for sensitivity to novobiocin. In order to check realiability of this test we have studied morphological and biochemical characteristics in 30 novobiocin-resistant and 30 novobiocin-sensitive strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Of 12,556 examined urine samples we have isolated 217 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (10(4) and more bacteria/ml of urine in pure culture). Of this number 33 strains (15.2%) were resistent to novobiocin and we have regarded them as Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The greatest incidence of novobiocin-resistant strains we have found in the urine of female patients treated at polyclinics (19, e.i. 57.6%). Resistence to novobiocin, formation of light yellowish pigment and absence of beta-hemolysis have shown to be satisfactory criteria in diagnosis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus from urine.

Bacteriuria↗

PubMed1979

The pathogenetic role of Staphylococcus aureus in primary human glomerulonephritis.

Antibody levels to a cell product of Staphylococcus aureus, antistaphylolysin antibody (AStaL), were determined in the sera of 185 patients with various renal diseases using the hemolysis inhibition test. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus antigen in renal biopsy specimens was performed by the immunofluorescent technique. Elevated AStaL values were observed in eleven patients. In four of them, Staphylococcus aureus antigen was clearly detected in the glomerular mesangial area associated with deposits of immunoglobulins and complement. Most of these patients showed marked elevation of AStaL values with low serum complement levels and had diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that Staphylococcus aureus may act as a specific antigen and play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary human glomerulonephritis.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1985

[Frequency of toxic-shock-syndrome-toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the Basel region].

An attempt was made to explain the fact that toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is far less often observed among Swiss women than in the USA. To this end, 353 patients were examined for vaginal infection with Staphylococcus aureus, and 131 strains of Staphylococcus aureus of various origins tested for the formation of "toxic shock syndrome toxin one" (TSST-1). In addition, the patients were questioned about the use of tampons for menstrual hygiene. Taking all age groups into consideration, 2.3% of the 353 patients, and 4.8% of those younger than 27 years, were Staphylococcus aureus carriers. 19.8% of the tested strains of Staphylococcus aureus produced TSST-1. Since these figures are comparable with the US statistics, they afford no explanation for the difference in the incidence of TSS. On the other hand, it seems very probable that the much less common use of tampons, especially the highly absorbent variety, could be responsible. It is also possible that TSS is less often recognized and reported in Switzerland.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

A modified medium for the recovery of Staphylococcus from water.

Various contemporary methods available for recovering staphylococci from water were evaluated as to quantitative recovery and degree of selectivity. Each of the methods tested was found to be somewhat inadequate for the selective isolation of staphylococci from water in this area. A modified medium is being proposed which incorporates 0.005% sodium azide into a mannitol salt agar base. This medium when used with a membrane filter procedure and incubated at 32 degrees C for 48 h recovers 85% of Staphylococcus aureus, 88% of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and 100% of Staphylococcus saprophyticus present. Environmental testing in this area indicates that this modified procedure will recover only Gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci. Ninety percent of these cocci are Staphylococcus as ascertained by the lysostaphin susceptibility test.

Azides↗

PubMed1982

[Activation of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes of guinea pigs induced by Staphylococcus antigens].

The proliferative activity of lymphocytes in the spleen and the thymus of intact guinea pigs in response to protein A isolated from Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan-1, and the corpuscular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus, strains Cowan-1 and Wood-46, has been studied. All Staphylococcus aureus antigens have been shown to have mitogenic activity in respect of splenic cells and to exert no influence on the synthesis of DNA in thymic lymphocytes. The mitogenic effect of protein A on splenic lymphocytes depends on the content of immunoglobulins in the serum used as culture medium. The stimulating action of Staphylococcus aureus, strain Cowan-1, on splenic lymphocytes is more pronounced than that of strain Wood-46; this fact is mainly due to the presence of protein A in the cell wall of the former strain. The antigens used in this study are probably polyclonal mitogens for the splenic lymphocytes of intact guinea pigs. This fact is indirectly confirmed by the results of experiments on incorporation of 3H-thymidine into splenic lymphocytes during their cultivation together with some T and B-mitogens.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Distribution of the different Staphylococcus species according to their meat or dairy origin.

152 Micrococcaceae strains, originating from meat or dairy products, already classified by the "Single Linkage" technique according to their biochemical profiles, into 13 taxa of food origin, are identified using the G + C content and biochemical tests, to the species of Staphylococcus described by Kloos and Schleifer. -The strains originating from near meat or dairy products are mainly S. aureus coagulase negative and S. xylosus biotype 2, the strains from raw milk include more varied species and correspond to S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. aureus coagulase positive: the Staphylococcus found in different cheeses are principally S. xylosus biotype 1. - The API 20 Staph biochemical gallery enables the identification, in the Staphylococcus taxa (Schleifer) of most of the Staphylococcus strains isolated from meat or dairy products.

Dairy Products↗