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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effects of repeated phencyclidine treatment on serotonin transporter in rat brain.

Phencyclidine (PCP) is known to be an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) uptake and to increase serotonergic activity. The development of tolerance to serotonergic stereotyped behaviors induced by repeated PCP treatment and changes of 5-HT transporters were examined. Backpedalling was significantly reduced in frequency following 14 days PCP treatment (7.5 mg/kg per day). Furthermore, repeated PCP treatment decreased the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of [3H]paroxetine binding to 5-HT transporters in whole brain excluding the cerebellum without any change of maximum number of binding sites (Bmax). Single treatment with PCP failed to change binding parameters. These results indicate that repeated PCP treatment causes tolerance in serotonergic stereotyped behavior and increases affinity of 5-HT transporters for [3H]paroxetine binding. The increased affinity of 5-HT transporters could represent compensatory responses to chronic inhibition of 5-HT uptake by PCP.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

[Single nucleotide polymorphism in exon partial sequence of sow kappa opioid receptor gene].

The possibility of the Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) gene as the candidate gene affecting the stereotyped behavior traits in sows was discussed in the current study. Based on the exon partial sequence of sow KOR gene, three pairs of primers were designed to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms to develop PCR-SSCP method in Landrace, Yorkshire and Duroc breeds. One polymorphism, found in PCR product amplified with F1/R1, was caused by a single nucleotide mutation of C to T at the position of mRNA 105 compared with the sequence published in GenBank, which was a silence mutation. The results of chi2 test showed that the frequencies of genotypes in different breeds were different significantly (P<0.01). The least square analysis between three genotypes and the stereotyped behavioral traits showed that individuals with BB genotype had significantly higher (P<0.01) still standing behaviors than those with AA and AB genotype, but no difference were found in other behavioral traits. According to the above results, we may conclude that SNP of KOR gene has effect on the still standing behavioral trait of sows.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of melatonin on behavioral dopaminergic supersensitivity.

This study examines the effects of melatonin on dopaminergic supersensitivity induced by long-term treatment with haloperidol in rats. Enhancements of spontaneous general activity in an open-field and of stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine after abrupt withdrawal from long-term treatment with haloperidol were used as experimental parameters for dopaminergic supersensitivity. Experiment 1 was conducted to investigate the effects of melatonin on the development of dopaminergic supersensitivity, and experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effects of melatonin on the development as well as on expression of dopaminergic supersensitivity. Rats of both experiments were long-term treated with saline or haloperidol concomitant to saline or melatonin. In experiment 1 behavioral observations were performed after abrupt withdrawal from long-term treatment. In experiment 2 behavioral observations were performed 1 hour after an acute injection of saline or melatonin, administered after the abrupt withdrawal from long-term treatment. Both behavioral parameters used showed the development of central dopaminergic supersensitivity in rats treated with haloperidol since 24 hours after abrupt withdrawal. Concomitant treatment with melatonin intensified haloperidol-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity, observed 72 hours after withdrawal. Melatonin treatment per se also induced behavioral supersensitivity evaluated by both open-field and stereotyped behaviors, although it was more fugacious than that presented by haloperidol. Acute treatment with melatonin reverted the enhancement of the haloperidol-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity produced by concomitant long-term treatment with melatonin, as well as melatonin-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity per se. Our results support previous evidence of antidopaminergic effects of melatonin and demonstrate that repeated administration of this hormone modifies the plasticity of behaviors mediated by central dopaminergic systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Changes in sensitivity to apomorphine during morphine dependence and withdrawal in rats.

Stereotyped behavior induced by injection of apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.p) was measured in control rats, rats made dependent on morphine and dependent rats undergoing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The dose of apomorphine chosen was approximately the ED50 dose, so that changes in sensitivity to apomorphine in either direction could be determined. Rats which had received a subcutaneous morphine (75 mg) pellet implant 72 hours previously demonstrated an increased sensitivity to apomorphine when compared with placebo-implanted controls. During withdrawal precipitated by injection of naloxone hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) this increased sensitivity disappeared. Naloxone alone, in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg but not 0.2 mg/kg, significantly antagonized apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior and these effects of apomorphine were also reduced by an acute injection of morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg). The significance of these findings with regard to changes in central dopaminergic systems during dependence and withdrawal is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Test- and behavior-specific genetic factors affect WKY hypoactivity in tests of emotionality.

Inbred Wistar-Kyoto rats consistently display hypoactivity in tests of emotional behavior. We used them to test the hypothesis that the genetic factors underlying the behavioral decision-making process will vary in different environmental contexts. The contexts used were the open-field test (OFT), a novel environment with no explicit threats present, and the defensive-burying test (DB), a habituated environment into which a threat has been introduced. Rearing, a voluntary behavior was measured in both tests, and our study was the first to look for genetic loci affecting grooming, a relatively automatic, stress-responsive stereotyped behavior. Quantitative trait locus analysis was performed on a population of 486 F2 animals bred from reciprocal inter-crosses. The genetic architectures of DB and OFT rearing, and of DB and OFT grooming, were compared. There were no common loci affecting grooming behavior in both tests. These different contexts produced the stereotyped behavior via different pathways, and genetic factors seem to influence the decision-making pathways and not the expression of the behavior. Three loci were found that affected rearing behavior in both tests. However, in both contexts, other loci had greater effects on the behavior. Our results imply that environmental context's effects on decision-making vary depending on the category of behavior.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative evaluation of the effect of haloperidol and clozapine on rotational movements induced by caudate nucleus stimulation in cats].

Chronic experiments on cats were carried out to study the effect of haloperidol and clozapine on the pattern of contralateral rotations produced by electric stimulation of the caudate nucleus. Haloperidol (0.125 mg/kg) facilitated the appearance of the reactions during stimulation of the lateral parts of the nucleus while clozapine selectively decreased the thresholds of the "manage" movements in the course of stimulating but the medial zones of the structure. Unlike haloperidol, clozapine (2.5 mg/kg) eliminated the forced reactions of the tonic type originating from the lateral parts of the caudate nucleus. Haloperidol (0.125 mg/kg) suppressed the stereotyped behavior caused by DOPA (100 mg/kg) and apomorphine (5 mg/kg). Clozapine (2.5 mg/kg) reduced the stereotyped behavior produced by amphetamine (2 mg/kg) but did not exert any action on apomorphine effects. It is suggested that clozapine suppression of the tonic effects originating from the lateral parts of the caudate nucleus is responsible for poor intensity of extrapyramidal disorders seen in clinical application of this agent.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed2002

Electroconvulsive seizure behavior in Drosophila: analysis of the physiological repertoire underlying a stereotyped action pattern in bang-sensitive mutants.

Drosophila bang-sensitive mutants display a remarkable stereotyped behavioral sequence during mechanical disturbances. This seizure repertoire consists of initial and delayed bouts of spasm interposed with paralysis and followed by recovery of activity and a period of refractoriness to further stimulation. Electroconvulsive stimuli across the brain induced a similar seizure behavior in tethered flies, in which corresponding electrophysiological events could be readily recorded in indirect flight muscles [dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs)] of the giant fiber (GF) pathway. The DLM physiological repertoire consisted of initial and delayed discharges (IDs and DDs), a response failure and recovery, followed by a refractory period. Interestingly, wild-type flies also displayed the same electroconvulsive repertoire, albeit inducible only at higher stimulus intensities and with briefer expression. The DLM repertoire presumably originated from activities of distinct neural circuits subserving normal function and reflected the general sequence of excitation and depression of the nervous system as a whole, as shown by simultaneous recordings along the different body axes. The well characterized GF pathway facilitated localization of circuits responsible for response failure and ID and DD motor patterns by surgical manipulations, recording-stimulating site analysis, and genetic mosaic studies. A flight pattern generator is most likely the major contributor to shaping the DD pattern, with modifications by active integration of individual motor neurons and associated interneurons. The robust electroconvulsive repertoire of DLMs provides a convenient window for further genetic analysis of the interacting neural mechanisms underlying a stereotyped action pattern in Drosophila, which shows striking parallels with aspects of seizure in mammalian species.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

NMDA glutamate receptor role in the development of context-dependent and independent sensitization of the induction of stereotypy by amphetamine or apomorphine.

We have been studying sensitization of psychostimulant-induced stereotyped behavior in mice using both a context-dependent and a context-independent paradigm. In the present study, we tested whether N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists prevent development of sensitization in either of these models. Male CF-1 mice were pretreated with 20 mg/kg (+)3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), 0.1 mg/kg (+)5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohopten-5, 10-imine maleate (MK-801, dizocilpine maleate), or 25 mg/kg 7-nitroindazole 30 min before a single dose (context-dependent paradigm) or each of three daily doses (context-independent paradigm) of 14 mg/kg amphetamine or 40 mg/kg apomorphine. Two days following this pretreatment, mice were injected with 7 mg/kg amphetamine or 3 mg/kg apomorphine. The stereotyped behavioral response was enhanced in mice pretreated with amphetamine or apomorphine alone, indicating that sensitization had developed. Both CPP and MK-801 prevented the development of sensitization in the context-dependent model but not in the context-independent paradigm. 7-Nitroindazole did not attenuate development of sensitization in either model. The results suggest that activation of glutamatergic receptors is important in some sensitization paradigms but not others, indicating that glutamate can be important but is not always required for the development of sensitization.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1985

Effects of pertussis toxin on D2-dopamine receptor in rat striatum: evidence for coupling of Ni regulatory protein with D2-receptor.

It is well established that a pertussis toxin, islet activating protein (IAP), interacts directly with the Ni regulatory protein involved in the receptor-adenylate cyclase system. In this study we investigated the effect of the toxin on the dopaminergic function of the central nervous system in conjunction with the adenylate cyclase system. Direct bilateral microinjection of the toxin into rat striatum reduced the stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine. This inhibitory effect was observed even 40 h after administration of the toxin, whereas the inhibition by haloperidol disappeared within 15 h. Toxin administration did not influence either the Bmax or affinity of specific binding of [3H]spiroperidol to the striatal membrane. However, it increased the IC50 value of apomorphine for the specific binding of [3H]spiroperidol. GTP (10(-4) M) had little effect on the apparent affinity of apomorphine to the [3H]spiroperidol binding sites in IAP-treated membrane, though an effect was clearly observed in untreated membrane. [3H]Spiroperidol binding sites were increased 34 +/- 8% (n = 4) on chronic treatment of haloperidol for 2 weeks. On the contrary, on long-term administration of IAP the ligand binding sites were decreased by 25 +/- 10% (n = 4). These results indicate that pertussis toxin can interact with the Ni protein coupled with striatal D2-dopamine receptor. Inhibition of the coupling between Ni protein and the D2-dopamine receptor attenuated the manifestation of rat stereotyped behavior. Furthermore, chronic administration of dopamine antagonist resulted in the up-regulation of the D2-dopamine receptor, while long-term inhibition of coupling between the D2-dopamine receptor and Ni regulatory protein reduced the amount of receptors.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin↗
PubMed1981

Enhancing effect of methamphetamine on ambulatory activity produced by repeated administration in mice.

Effect of repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAM) on ambulatory activity was studied under various experimental conditions. Nine groups of mice received 10 doses of 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg MAM on a daily, 3-4 day or weekly schedule. Increases in activity were enhanced progressively in proportion to the number of MAM doses, but the extent varied with the dose and interval of repetition. One mg/kg caused slight enhancement under all conditions. In the case of 2 mg/kg, marked enhancement was observed until the 7th-8th administration in 3-7 day schedules, but poorer enhancement was elicited by daily administration. Four mg/kg of daily repetition caused no enhancement, because of marked stereotyped behavior which competed with ambulation. However, the enhancement was observed in the 3-7 day schedule when stereotyped behavior was not prominent. The enhancement was well maintained after a 2 months drug-free period. When a mouse was confined in a jar of small diameter to impede ambulation after MAM, the enhancement was blocked. These results suggest a possibility that learning of drug effect in association with environmental factors may play an important role in the enhancing effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Relative prevalence and relations among stereotyped and similar behaviors.

Relative prevalence and relations among stereotyped and similar behaviors were studied in 246 children and adults with developmental disabilities. For each subject, two staff members who knew the participant at least moderately well filled out a checklist of 54 items that sampled various forms of stereotyped behaviors, abnormal focused affections, compulsions, rigidity, savant skills, and defensiveness. Agreements between raters for individual participants were low to moderate. However, the item prevalence scores for the two groups of observers were stable. Correlations between several items were significant. Factor analyses produced weak evidence for a general Stereotypy factor and further evidence for 6 to 8 subfactors, some of which are generally consistent with accepted classification of the types of behaviors studied here.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Progressive degeneration of dopamine system functions after transient cerebral oligemia in rats.

A reduction in cerebral blood flow to oligemic levels was achieved in pentobarbital-anesthetized adult rats by clamping both carotid arteries (BCCA) for 60 min. To assess the extent to which the animals' dopaminergic system was affected over an increasing time span, their spontaneous locomotor activity in an unfamiliar environment and in response to the subcutaneous administration of apomorphine was tested at various times after either BCCA or sham operation. Eight to 14 days after the operation, it was possible to observe a diminished locomotor activity in response to apomorphine injection in BCCA as compared with sham-operated animals, while oral stereotypical behavior such as licking was increased. At 3 months, there was only a subtle decrease in apomorphine-induced locomotor activity, and stereotypical behavior was similar in both groups. At 7 months, the BCCA rats covered shorter distances than sham-operated controls during the habituation phase; after apomorphine injection, more stereotypic movements, such as, e.g., sniffing, were observed, and less running. Twelve months after surgery, no further differences could be observed between the two groups during the habituation phase, but the injection of apomorphine led to increased stereotypic sniffing movements, rearing and locomotor activity in BCCA animals to a greater extent than in the controls. At 12 months, sensorimotor disturbances elicited by the rota rod test, which were only transiently observed at 11 weeks and 7 months, did not appear any different from the normal age-related motor decline of the sham-operated controls. The animals' motor co-ordination in the chimney test was not significantly disturbed during the time between 7 and 12 months after surgery. At 15 months, nocturnal locomotor activities in BCCA rats were significantly decreased. In situ hybridization (ISH) histochemistry revealed decreased D1 receptor mRNA (D1RmRNA) in striatal neurons 19 months after surgery, while D2 receptor mRNA (D2RmRNA) and the neuronal number remained the same. The present results show that just as is already known for the immature rat brain, the adult rat brain, too, reacts to a transient decrease in its blood supply by appearance of long-lasting alterations in function, and that even a single oligemic episode is capable of inducing progressive dopaminergic dysfunctions and ultimately the partial loss of striatal D1RmRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Pemoline produces ipsilateral turning behavior in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.

1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine or vehicle injection into the medial forebrain bundle. 2. Two weeks post surgery, all rats received a pemoline challenge (250 mg/kg s.c.), and rotational and stereotyped behaviors were videotaped and analyzed. 3. All rats regardless of injection expressed stereotyped behaviors and hyper-locomotion after pemoline challenge. 4. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection was used to evaluate changes in the levels of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in neostriata. 5. Rats with dopamine depleting lesions exhibited ipsilateral rotational behavior, indicating that pemoline, a central stimulant, is an indirect dopamine agonist in the rat. 6. The extent of dopamine depletion and serotonin elevation in the neostriatum in lesioned animals was related to the expression and degree of rotational behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Cognitive and behavioral profile of the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe.

BACKGROUND: The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) is an X-linked disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, cognitive impairment, and renal tubular dysfunction. Significant behavioral difficulties have been reported, but no formal study of intelligence or behavior has been described. METHODS: We surveyed IQ and behavior using archival data and standardized instruments in 47 affected males. RESULTS: Mean IQ was in the moderate mental retardation range (40 < or = IQ < or = 54), with 25% of tested individuals in the normal range (IQ > or = 70). The OCRL population was comparable to a normative population with mental retardation in language, communication, and socialization skills, but lower in independent living skills than means of either populations of individuals with mental retardation or visual impairment. Maladaptive behaviors, particularly stubbornness, temper tantrums, and stereotypic behaviors, were very frequent (> 80%). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of OCRL is compatible with normal intelligence. Maladaptive behaviors significantly interfere with adaptive functions. These behaviors appear to define a characteristic behavioral phenotype in OCRL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A "bottom-counting" video system for measuring cocaine-induced behaviors in Drosophila.

Cocaine exposure elicits a set of stereotypic behaviors in Drosophila that are strikingly similar to the cocaine-induced behaviors observed in vertebrates. This provides a valuable model for the study of cocaine abuse and has led to the discovery of a connection between the cocaine response pathway and the circadian system. This article describes a simplified assessment of cocaine-induced behavior combined with an image acquisition system, which allows the assay to be semiautomated. With this new system, cocaine response can be evaluated in a fraction of the time required by the previous assay, and subjectivity in scoring is reduced dramatically.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Brain Fos induction is a sensitive biomarker for the lowest observed neuroexcitatory effects of domoic acid.

Domoic acid induces Fos in several brain regions controlling memory processing and gastrointestinal functions. In the present study, we determined serum levels of domoic acid that caused observable effects, and examined whether brain c-fos was a sensitive marker for the lowest observed neuroexcitatory effects in mice. Five different doses (0.25 to 4.0 mg/kg) of domoic acid were intraperitoneally administered to mice, and the serum concentration of domoic acid was monitored using a radioreceptor assay. The earliest neuroexcitatory effect of domoic acid on behavior was observed in the form of hyperactivity which occurred at 0.5 mg/kg (0.076 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml serum domoic acid, means +/- SE, n = 5). However, stereotypic behavior (scratching) was observed only at doses > or = 1.0 mg/kg (0.25 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml). At 2.0 mg/kg (0.54 +/- 0.04 microgram/ml) and higher, convulsions and seizures occurred. Domoic acid induction of c-fos mRNA was detected in the whole brain at 1.0 mg/kg, whereas increased Fos immunostaining was localized in the dentate granule cells and the pyramidal cells of hippocampal formation at doses as low as 0.5 mg/kg (0.076 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml). Our results indicate that Fos expression in the hippocampus is a sensitive biomarker for the neuroexcitatory effects of domoic acid, being induced at doses of domoic acid lower than those that elicit stereotypic behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A study of novel polymorphisms in the upstream region of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2 gene in autism.

We investigated the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 2 (VIPR2) gene as a candidate gene for autism. We searched for mutations in the VIPR2 gene in autistic individuals, and 10 novel polymorphisms were identified. Three polymorphisms in the upstream region were studied in detail, and there was no significant difference in the frequencies between the autistic group (n = 14) and unrelated controls (n = 52). The distribution of the genotypes in two of the three polymorphisms differed somewhat between autistic subjects with gastrointestinal problems and those without. Moreover, there was a trend showing a correlation between the genotypes for the third polymorphism and the severity of stereotypical behavior as ranked by the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. These preliminary results suggest that VIPR2 may have a role in gastrointestinal symptoms and stereotypical behaviors in autism, although a larger collection of samples suitable for transmission disequilibrium tests is necessary to validate the results.

Autistic Disorder↗