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PubMed1988

Bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor levels in bronchial washings in asthma patients.

To evaluate whether epithelial damage of airways in asthma could be related to diminished levels of the low molecular weight bronchial leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (BLPI) in airways, we determined BLPI in bronchial washings of 13 asthma patients and 13 healthy subjects, using a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. The patients had asthma due to western red cedar and had bronchial washings done 24 to 48 hours after a mild to moderate asthmatic reaction induced by inhalation challenge. We did not find significant differences in BLPI concentrations in lavage fluid of asthma patients and healthy control subjects. The ratios of BLPI to albumin levels in bronchial washings appeared to be lower among asthmatic patients, but this difference was mainly due to an increase in albumin levels in lavage fluid in asthma. In addition, there were no significant differences in BLPI levels in washings obtained from main and segmental bronchi in both control subjects and asthma patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Reduced colonization of newborns with group B streptococci following washing of the birth canal with chlorhexidine.

Possible measures for prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) septicemia include active or passiv immunoprophylaxis and administration of penicillin to mothers and infants. In a previous study we have found GBS to be extremely sensitive to chlorhexidine. Furthermore vaginal washing with chlorhexidine diminished the recovery of GBS from parturients. In order to study the effect of chlorhexidine washing upon the colonization of newborns, a study group of chronic GBS carriers, i.e. women who were GBS positive in the 32-36 gestational week as well as during labor was selected. In 18 of these females chlorhexidine washing was performed prior to delivery while 33 chronic carriers served as controls. Screening during labor was performed in 945 consecutive patients. Cultures were collected from the external ear, throat and umbilicus of all infants within 5 minutes of birth and at day 4 of life. At birth 22% of the infants of the chlorhexidine washed mothers were colonized with GBS, in contrast to 52% of the infants from the chronic GBS carriers (p less than 0.05). The proportion of infants harboring GBS at day 4 were similar in the two groups (Tab. I). Among the 945 consecutively screened women, 164 harbored GBS and 54 (33%) of their 164 infants were colonized at birth. The colonization rate of the infants from chronic GBS carriers was significantly higher, 17 of 33 infants (p less than 0.05). This may reflect that the risk of contracting GBS by infants increases with the quantity of GBS in the birth channel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cervix Uteri↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of techniques for the cryopreservation of washed spermatozoa: comparisons between Ham's F-10 and TEST-yolk media.

The objective of this study was to develop new techniques for the cryopreservation of washed spermatozoa. Two media (Ham's F-10 and nonthermoprecipitated TEST-yolk buffer [NT-TYB]) containing 7% (v/v) glycerol were compared to semen cryopreservation by adding glycerol directly to the semen. Twenty four men collected a semen specimen each after 4 days of sexual abstinence via the use of a semen collection device at intercourse. Specimens were assessed for volume (ml), count (x 10(6)), percentage and grade of motility, morphology (% normal) and acrosomal status (% intact acrosomes). Each ejaculate was split into 3 aliquots (Aliquots 1 to 3) and processed for freezing. Aliquot 1 was prepared for cryopreservation by adding glycerol (7% [v/v] final concentration) directly via a dropwise mode. Aliquot 2 and 3 were diluted 1:1 (v/v) with Ham's F-10 and NT-TYB, respectively. Aliquots 2 and 3 were then centrifuged (400 x g for 10 minutes) and resuspended into the corresponding media containing 7% (v/v) glycerol to complete the sperm wash procedure. All aliquots were frozen in 0.5 ml french straws. Sperm specimens were frozen in liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor from +23 degrees C to -68 degrees C at a slow rate (2.3 degrees C/minute), after which the specimens were plunged directly into LN2 and stored for 30 days. The quality of the spermatozoa were monitored throughout each step of the overall procedure by measuring the motility characteristics of the spermatozoa. Straws corresponding to each aliquot were thawed in a water bath at 37 degrees C for 2 minutes, followed by assessment of sperm motility and acrosomal status. The percentage of motility after thawing was 31.6 +/- 5.6%, 32.8 +/- 1.8% and 37.3 +/- 1.9% in Aliquots 1 to 3, respectively. Similarly, the grade of motility was 2.4 +/- 0.2, 2.6 +/- 0.1 and 3.0 +/- 0.1 in Aliquots 1 to 3, respectively. The acrosomal status (% intact acrosomes) in Aliquots 1 to 3 was 41.2 +/- 2.6, 43.1 +/- 3.6 and 51.6 +/- 4.5, respectively. The results suggest that the characteristics of spermatozoa washed and frozen in NT-TYB (Aliquot 3) were improved over those spermatozoa prepared via direct addition of glycerol to the semen (Aliquot 1) or by using Ham's F-10 (Aliquot 2). The most significant reduction noted during freezing was in the loss of acrosomal integrity. The results obtained in this study point out that washed spermatozoa can be cryopreserved with some success and that the recovered spermatozoa could be used for intrauterine insemination in an artificial insemination program using husband's or donor sperm, or for the various assisted reproductive technology procedures. It is the opinion of the authors that the information generated in this study is of importance for those scientists and clinicians involved in the handling and manipulation of cryopreserved spermatozoa.

Buffers↗

PubMed1987

Urine or bladder washings in the cytologic evaluation of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. A comparison made under routine conditions supplemented by flow cytometric DNA analysis.

The usefulness of urine and bladder washings for cytological purposes and routine conditions was compared in a reevaluation of 192 specimens from urothelial tumors. To supplement the cytological interpretation by more objective means urine and bladder washings from the same tumours were analyzed by flow cytometry. The cytological reevaluation demonstrated the necessity for extensive experience in this kind of material. No real difference was noted between urine and bladder washings in the cytological interpretation but bladder washings were superior to urine in displaying aneuploidy. The results illustrate the need for a precise sampling technique and for the supportive role of flow cytometry in the management of urothelial tumors.

Carcinoma in Situ↗

PubMed1987

Effect of washing and suspension on penetration of human sperm into bovine cervical mucus.

The in vitro penetration ability of human sperm into bovine cervical mucus after washing and suspension of the sperm in Earl's medium was compared with that of untreated sperm. The extent of penetration was found to be significantly lower in sperm washed and suspended in Earl's medium than in the unwashed sperm (p less than 0.0001); it increased to some extent on resuspension of the washed sperm in the seminal plasma but still remained significantly lower than that of intact sperm (p less than 0.009). The introduction of caffeine into the Earl's medium resulted in an increased penetration of the washed sperm into bovine cervical mucus, but this was still significantly lower than the penetration of the unwashed sample (p less than 0.02). The data point to the effectiveness of the seminal plasma as a medium facilitating sperm penetration through bovine cervical mucus.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Human follicular fluid stimulates the motility of washed human sperm.

Human follicular fluid (hFF) was collected by laparoscopic oocyte pickup during IVF to evaluate the effect of hFF on human sperm motility with a transmembrane migration method. Freshly ejaculated human sperm were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and mixed with either PBS or hFF. Amplitude of motility increases were 38% and 72% in washed fertile sperm and washed asthenozoospermic sperm when individual control motility was considered to be 100%. The stimulatory effect of hFF was lost when preheated at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes. hFF collected from mature follicles stimulated sperm motility better than that collected from intermediate or immature follicles. hFF did not stimulate the motility of unwashed sperm in freshly ejaculated human semen. A heat labile factor(s) in hFF may stimulate the motility of washed human sperm. Whether this factor could be used to improve the success rate of IVF and artificial insemination awaits further investigation.

Female↗

PubMed2004

Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is thought to be transmitted primarily through dispersal of droplets, but little is known about the load of SARS-CoV in oral droplets. We examined oral specimens, including throat wash and saliva, and found large amounts of SARS-CoV RNA in both throat wash (9.58 x 10(2) to 5.93 x 10(6) copies/mL) and saliva (7.08 x 10(3) to 6.38 x 10(8) copies/mL) from all specimens of 17 consecutive probable SARS case-patients, supporting the possibility of transmission through oral droplets. Immunofluorescence study showed replication of SARS-CoV in the cells derived from throat wash, demonstrating the possibility of developing a convenient antigen detection assay. This finding, with the high detection rate a median of 4 days after disease onset and before the development of lung lesions in four patients, suggests that throat wash and saliva should be included in sample collection guidelines for SARS diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Experimental studies on the penetration of dermatophytes into the human stratum corneum and the effects of washing].

After several types of dermatophytes were applied to the stratum corneum obtained from a healthy human heel, we evaluated the penetration speed of fungal elements into the stratum corneum and the effect of washing its surface. We designed the following two environments, assuming tinea pedis after applying fungal elements to the surface of the stratum corneum. The samples were incubated under conditions simulating the daily life of those who wear socks in a house: (1) 90% humidity for 8 hours, and 100% humidity for 16 hours, and those who have bare feet in a house: (2) 80% humidity for 8 hours and 100% humidity for 16 hours. We took the samples out every 24 hours and made observations by PAS stain and scanning electron microscope before and after washing them. Although fungal elements were not removable in (1), even if washed one day later, they could be removable one and two days later in (2). We suggest that fungal elements were easily removable even if dermatophytes had begun to penetrate the surface of the stratum corneum, because the soles retained a low humidity when the shoes were removed, and the soles and interdigital regions were washed every day. Moreover, in an experiment assuming tinea corporis, fungal elements were applied to the cutting side of the stratum corneum, incubated at 80% humidity, and observed after PAS stain. The penetration of Trichophyton tonsurans to the cutting side of the stratum corneum began in 0.5 days, which was sooner than other dermatophytes. We believe this is one factor of the latest expansion of T. tonsurans infection in Japan.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed2000

Effects of 4 hand-drying methods for removing bacteria from washed hands: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of 4 different drying methods to remove bacteria from washed hands. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred adult volunteers participated in this randomized prospective study. All bacterial counts were determined using a modified glove-juice sampling procedure. The difference was determined between the amounts of bacteria on hands artificially contaminated with the bacterium Micrococcus luteus before washing with a nonantibacterial soap and after drying by 4 different methods (cloth towels accessed by a rotary dispenser, paper towels from a stack on the hand-washing sink, warm forced air from a mechanical hand-activated dryer, and spontaneous room air evaporation). The results were analyzed using a nonparametric analysis (the Friedman test). By this method, changes in bacterial colony-forming unit values for each drying method were ranked for each subject. RESULTS: The results for 99 subjects were evaluable. No statistically significant differences were noted in the numbers of colony-forming units for each drying method (P = .72). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate no statistically significant differences in the efficiency of 4 different hand-drying methods for removing bacteria from washed hands.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Yield of biopsy, brushing and bronchial washing through fiberbronchoscopy in the diagnosis of lung cancer with visible lesions].

BACKGROUND: The combination of endobronchial biopsy with cytological brushing is considered the best procedures for the diagnosis of lung cancer during bronchoscopy. AIM: To asses the diagnostic yield for lung cancer (with visible endobronchial alterations at endoscopy) of three fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedures: endobronchial biopsy, cytological brushing and bronchial cytological washings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of 160 consecutive patients referred for fiberoptic bronchoscopy for clinically suspected lung cancer. Sequential bronchial washing, brushing and biopsies, were performed to all patients with a visible endobronchial alteration. RESULTS: One hundred and nine patients had a visible endobronchial alteration at fiberoptic bronchoscopy, but only 86 of them completed the protocol (21 patients were not subjected to the three diagnostic bronchoscopy procedures, because of bleeding or tolerance problems, and in two patients all the data required was not available). In twenty three, the diagnosis was a benign lesion, whereas lung cancer was diagnosed in 63. Fifty four of these 63 patients had at least one of the three endoscopic procedures (endobronchial biopsy, cytological brushing and bronchial cytological washings) positive for lung cancer (85.7%). The association of endobronchial biopsy with cytological brushing was positive for lung cancer in 49 cases (78%), and was the best association of two procedures. The diagnostic yield of each procedure was: endobronchial biopsy 50/63 (79%), cytological brushing 18/63 (28.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The best yield for the diagnosis of lung cancer is obtained with the association of the two procedures (endobronchial biopsy, cytological brushing). Cytological washings have a very low diagnostic yield.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1998

Long-term bacterial profile of refrigerated ground beef made from carcass tissue, experimentally contaminated with pathogens and spoilage bacteria after hot water, alkaline, or organic acid washes.

The effects of 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid (LA), 2% (vol/vol) acetic acid (AA), 12% (wt/vol) trisodium phosphate (TSP), 72 degrees C water (HW), and 32 degrees C water (W) washes on bacterial populations which were introduced onto beef carcass surfaces after wash treatments were determined up to 21 days of storage at 4 degrees C of packaged ground beef prepared from the treated and inoculated carcasses. Beef carcass necks were collected from cattle immediately after harvest and subjected to the above treatments or left untreated (control). Neck meat was then inoculated with low levels (ca. <2 log10) of Listeria innocua, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium sporogenes contained in a bovine fecal cocktail. In general, growth of these four bacteria, aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and pseudomonads was suppressed or not observed in the ground beef when LA, AA, or TSP treatments were used as compared to the untreated control. HW or W washes offered little suppression of growth of pathogens during subsequent storage of ground beef when these bacteria were introduced onto beef tissue posttreatment. Of the treatments used, a final LA or AA wash during the processing of beef carcasses offers the best residual efficacy for suppression of pathogen proliferation in ground beef during long-term refrigerated storage or short-term abusive temperature storage if these bacteria contaminate the carcass immediately after carcass processing.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2000

Rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water using an immunoelectrochemical method.

An immunoelectrochemical method coupled with immunomagnetic separation was developed for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water. Samples of chicken carcass wash water were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium at different cell numbers. Possible nonspecified inhibitors in the wash water were minimized by filtration and centrifugation. An approximately 9.4% loss of Salmonella cells was found after filtration (P < 0.01). The samples were mixed with anti-Salmonella-coated magnetic beads (ASCMB) and alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-Salmonella (APLAS) to form ASCMB-Salmonella-APLAS conjugates. The conjugates were separated from the solution using a magnetic separator and then incubated with phenylphosphate substrate to produce phenol. The number of Salmonella was determined by measuring the phenol concentration using an amperometric tyrosinase carbon paste electrode in a flow injection analysis system. Under optimized parameters (1 mM MgCl2, 0.2 microg/ml APLAS, and 1 mM phenylphosphate in pH 7.0 Tris buffer solution), Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water could be identified and enumerated within 2.5 h with a detection limit of 5 x 10(3) CFU/ml. A linear relationship on a log-log scale was found between Salmonella cell number and the peak current ratio for Salmonella concentrations ranging from 10(3) to 10(7) CFU/ml (R2 = 0.963). The peak currents of multibacteria samples, containing Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni, were not significantly different from Salmonella-only samples (P > 0.01).

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Process engineering variables in the spray washing of meat and produce.

Recently, much attention has been focused on the safety of fruits and vegetables. Washing is a fundamental operation in the processing of produce. Aqueous spray energy can be, and often is, used to remove mineral, chemical, or biological contaminants from produce. A few advantages of spray washing over washing by dipping, soaking, or gravity rinse are increased energy directed to contaminants, reduced volume of water use and wastewater generation, and reduced water uptake by produce. The kinetic energy of the spray droplets produces the cleaning action. Increased spray pressure increases energy. If the energy is too great, produce may be physically damaged. If the energy is too little, the surface may not be cleaned. Indeed, studies on meat have shown that water pressures ranging from 1,379 to 2,070 kPa (200 to 300 psi) are effective in reducing microbial contamination, and a water flow rate of 7.5 liters/min is recommended. Water temperature >70 degrees C has been found to reduce bacterial counts in carcass tissue by 2 to 3 log CFU/cm2. These levels are likely too high for the fragile produce; hence, the main function of spray washing in produce applications will probably shift to being a delivery system for antimicrobial agents. Several other equipment, process, and product variables are relevant to the optimization of such a system. Qualities of the spray, such as droplet spectrum, droplet velocity, angle of droplet impingement, number and orientation of nozzles, spray rate, and resident time of the produce in the sprayer, also can be manipulated to adjust the amount of energy directed to the surface. There is a need to scientifically investigate the effects of these processes and equipment parameters on the removal of microbiological contaminants on meats and produce. Such empirical investigations guided by the results from fundamental studies about produce surface characteristics and the mechanism of bacterial attachment to plant tissue surfaces would allow for the efficient development of spray washers that effectively decontaminate produce.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Identification of Enterobacteriaceae from washed and unwashed commercial shell eggs.

To evaluate the effect of processing on the safety and quality of retail shell eggs, a storage study was conducted with unwashed and commercially washed eggs. This work demonstrated that commercial processing decreased microbial contamination of eggshells. To know which species persisted during storage on washed or unwashed eggs, Enterobacteriaceae isolates were selected and identified biochemically. For each of three replications, shell eggs were purchased from a commercial processing plant, transported back to the laboratory, and stored at 4 degrees C. Once a week for 6 weeks, 12 eggs for each treatment (washed and unwashed control) were rinsed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline. A 1-ml aliquot of each sample was plated onto violet red bile glucose agar with overlay and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Following incubation, plates were observed for colonies characteristic of the family Enterobacteriaceae. A maximum of 10 isolates per positive sample were streaked for isolation before being identified to the genus or species level using commercially available biochemical strips. Although most of the isolates from the unwashed control eggs belonged to the genera Escherichia or Enterobacter, many other genera and species were identified. These included Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Providencia, Rahnella, Salmonella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Non-Enterobacteriaceae also recovered from the unwashed egg samples included Xanthomonas and Flavimonas. Very few washed egg samples were contaminated with any of these bacteria. These data provide useful information on the effectiveness of processing in removing microorganisms from commercial shell eggs.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of alfalfa seed washing on the organic carbon concentration in chlorinated and ozonated water.

The bioassays assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and coliform growth response are better indexes than biological oxygen demand to determine water quality and water's ability to support the growth of bacteria. Ozonated (5 mg/liter) and chlorinated tap water were used to wash alfalfa seeds for 30 min. After washing in the ozonated tap water, the AOC concentration increased 25-fold, whereas the dissolved ozone decreased to undetectable levels. The AOC levels for the chlorinated water after washing the seeds also increased. These increases are due to ozone's strong oxidizing ability to break down refractory, large-molecular-weight compounds, forming smaller ones, which are readily used as nutrient sources for microorganisms. This same phenomenon was observed when using ozone in the treatment of drinking water. The AOC value increased from 1,176 to 1,758 micrograms C-eq/liter after the reconditioned wastewater was ozonated. When the ozonated wastewater was inoculated with Salmonella serotypes, the cells survived and increased generation times were observed. The increased nutrients would now become more readily available to any pathogenic microorganisms located on alfalfa seed surface as seen with the increase in the inoculated levels of Salmonella in the ozonated wastewater. If the washing process using ozonated water is not followed by the recommended hypochlorite treatment or continually purged with ozone, pathogen growth is still possible.

Area Under Curve↗

PubMed1997

A consecutive series of adults with brain injury treated with a washing and dressing retraining program.

OBJECTIVES: Single-case reports indicate that behavioral methods can assist persons with brain injury to redevelop self-care skills. However, the proportion of patients who could benefit from these interventions is unknown. The present study used a specific retraining protocol to treat all patients admitted to a single facility over a 3-year period who were unable to wash and dress independently. METHOD: Four patients out of 48 met the study criteria and were treated with the washing and dressing protocol. Three had traumatic brain injury, and one had brain injury after cerebral bleed. The training program involved behavioral observation, task analysis, consistent practice, and cue fading. The Adaptive Behavior Scale was used to measure behavior change. RESULTS: Three subjects achieved rapid independence in washing and dressing (20 days, 37 days, and 11 days of treatment), and one did not show significant clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: All patients admitted to the facility during a 3-year period who required washing and dressing retraining were treated with the same protocol. The consecutive series design prevented researchers from selecting patients who they believed were good treatment candidates; therefore, the findings support the general applicability of the training program.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1999

Molecular detection of prostate cells in ejaculate and urethral washings in men with suspected prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine whether prostatic cells were normally present in ejaculate and if the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of malignant prostate cells in ejaculate and urethral washings from men with suspected prostate cancer could be improved using the more sensitive molecular technique of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RT-PCR for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) and Apoliprotein D (3 putative prostate-specific and/or cancer-specific markers) was performed on RNA extracts of ejaculate (80) and urethral washings (52) from 77 men with suspected prostate cancer and 12 young controls (<30 years of age) and urines from 5 men who had radical prostatectomies and 10 women. RESULTS: PSA, PSM and Apolipoprotein D expression was detected in ejaculates and urethral washings from both patient and control groups. No differences were observed in the results obtained for 58 men with suspected or 19 men with confirmed prostate cancer or the 18 vasectomized men within the patient group. Urines from the 5 men who had radical prostatectomies and 10 women were all negative for PSA, but PSM was detected in 2 female urines and in 3 radical prostatectomy samples. As few as 10 LNCaP prostate tumor cells could be detected by PSA RT-PCR when added to female urine. CONCLUSION: We have established a sensitive method of detecting prostatic cells in ejaculate and urethral washings and shown that PSA RT-PCR is a reliable indicator of prostate cells in these samples. However, RT-PCR for PSA, PSM and Apoliprotein D were not useful for discriminating malignant from non-malignant prostate cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Evaluation of washing with cold water to facilitate heat dissipation in horses exercised in hot, humid conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether body temperature of horses exercised in hot, humid conditions and then repetitively washed with cold water will decrease more rapidly than that of horses that are not washed, and to determine whether washing with cold water has deleterious effects on horses. ANIMALS: 5 physically fit Thoroughbred mares, 3 to 10 years old. PROCEDURES: Horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill in hot (31.1+/-0.3 C), humid (relative humidity, 77.7+/-2%) conditions. Exercise was terminated when pulmonary artery temperature reached 41.5 C. Values for pulmonary artery, rectal, and left gluteal muscle temperatures were compared throughout a 30-minute recovery period after exercise during which horses stood quietly (passive cooling) or were cooled (active cooling) by repeated applications of cold (1 5.6+/-0.6 C) water. RESULTS: Pulmonary artery temperature was significantly less for actively cooled horses, compared with passively cooled horses 4 minutes into the recovery period. Left gluteal muscle temperature decreased significantly in actively cooled, but not passively cooled, horses during the recovery period. Heart rate and rectal temperature were significantly less for actively cooled horses by 15 minutes of the recovery period. Cooling technique did not effect hydration status, muscle health, or serum electrolyte concentrations. Active cooling did not cause obvious adverse effects. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Active cooling by washing with cold water is a safe, effective means for facilitating heat dissipation of horses after exercise in a hot, humid environment.

Animals↗