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PubMed1987

Sucrose-induced obesity: effect of diet on obesity and brown adipose tissue.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed diets containing either 10, 20, or 40% protein for 56 days. Half of the rats in each dietary condition were given a 32% sucrose solution plus the standard diet and water. Sucrose intake varied directly as a function of dietary protein levels. Rats fed either the 10 or 20% protein diet and sucrose had higher caloric intakes, gained more weight, were more efficient at using calories for weight gain, and had more adipose tissue than rats given the same diet without sucrose. Rats fed the 40% protein diet and sucrose did not exhibit overeating, excess weight gain, or increased feed efficiency relative to animals fed the 40% diet alone. Animals given sucrose had more interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) and a greater metabolic potential for thermogenesis in IBAT as determined by GDP binding in mitochondria than rats not fed sucrose. These results demonstrate that dietary protein is important in the development of sucrose-induced obesity and that increases in IBAT mass and activity can occur concomitant with increased feed efficiency.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗

PubMed2002

Scaling to account for heterogeneous variances in a Bayesian analysis of broiler quantitative trait loci.

A Bayesian method for QTL analysis that is capable of accounting for heterogeneity of variance between sexes, is introduced. The Bayesian method uses a parsimonious model that includes scaling parameters for polygenic and QTL allelic effects per sex. Furthermore, the method employs a reduced animal model to increase computational efficiency. Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques were applied to obtain estimates of genetic parameters. In comparison with previous regression analyses, the Bayesian method 1) estimates dispersion parameters and polygenic effects, 2) uses individual observations instead of offspring averages, and 3) estimates fixed effect levels and covariates and heterogeneity of variance between sexes simultaneously with other parameters, taking uncertainties fully into account. Broiler data collected in a feed efficiency and a carcass experiment were used to illustrate QTL analysis based on the Bayesian method. The experiments were conducted in a population consisting of 10 full-sib families of a cross between two broiler lines. Microsatellite genotypes were determined on generation 1 and 2 animals and phenotypes were collected on third-generation offspring from mating members from different families. Chromosomal regions that seemed to contain a QTL in previous regression analyses and showed heterogeneity of variance were chosen. Traits analyzed in the feed efficiency experiment were BW at 48 d and growth, feed intake, and feed intake corrected for BW between 23 and 48 d. In the carcass experiment, carcass percentage was analyzed. The Bayesian method was successful in finding QTL in all regions previously detected.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Factors affecting carcass value and profitability in early-weaned Simmental steers: I. Five-year average pricing.

In a 4-yr study, early-weaned Simmental steers (n = 192) of known genetics were individually fed to determine genetic, performance, and carcass factors explaining variation in carcass value and profitability. Steers were weaned at 88.0 +/- 1.1 d of age and pen-fed a high-concentrate diet (108.99 dollars/t) for 84.5 +/- 0.4 d before allotment. Calves were implanted with Synovex C at weaning and successively with Synovex S (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA) and Revalor S (Intervet, Inc., Millsboro, DE). Steers consumed a 90% concentrate diet (98.93 dollars/t), consisting primarily of coarse cracked corn and corn silage, for 249.7 +/- 0.7 d and slaughtered at 423.3 +/- 1.4 d of age. Five-year price data were collected for feedstuffs, dressed beef, and grid premiums, and discounts. Average dressed beef price was 110.67 dollars/45.4 kg. Premiums (dollars/45.4 kg) were given for Prime (5.62 dollars), Average Choice (1.50 dollars), and yield grades (YG) 1 (2.46 dollars), 2A (1.31 dollars), and 2B (1.11 dollars). Discounts (dollars/45.4 kg) were given for Standard (-16.85 dollars), Select (-8.90 dollars), and YG 3A (-0.12 dollars), 3B (-0.19 dollars), 4 (-14.16 dollars), and 5 (-19.56 dollars). Discounts were given for HCW extremes as well (409 to 431 kg, -0.64 dollars; 432 to 454 kg -11.39 dollars; > 454 kg, -19.71 dollars). Input costs included annual cow costs (327.77 dollars), veterinary/medical and labor (35 dollars per animal), feed markup (22 dollars/t), yardage (0.25 dollars/d per animal), and interest (10%). Dependent variables were carcass value and profit per steer. Independent variables were year, weaning weight EPD, yearling weight EPD, marbling EPD, DMI, ADG, G:F, HCW, calculated YG, and marbling score (MS). Carcass value was correlated (P < 0.05) with yearling weight and marbling EPD, DMI, ADG, feed efficiency, HCW, and MS. Carcass weight, MS, and YG accounted for nearly 80% of the variation in carcass value among steers, explaining 51, 10, and 8%, respectively. Profit was correlated (P < 0.05) with DMI, ADG, feed efficiency, HCW, and MS. Carcass weight, MS, YG, and DMI accounted for nearly 78% of the variation in profit among steers, explaining 21, 18, 12, and 3%, respectively. Carcass weight was the most critical factor contributing to carcass value, whereas BW and carcass quality were the primary factors affecting steer profitability. These models represent the relative importance of factors contributing to value and profitability in early-weaned Simmental steers based on historical pricing scenarios.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Economics of callipyge lamb production.

This paper examines the economic implications of callipyge (CLPG) lamb production. The price, as it relates to competing meats and excess fat, significantly impact lamb demand, and CLPG genetics improves those factors. The CLPG phenotype does not affect number or weight of lambs weaned or postweaning ADG, but it does improve postweaning feed efficiency by approximately 10%; dressing percentage approximately 7.5%; and yields of wholesale leg (11.8%), loin (4.7%), rack (2.5%), and shoulder (2.3%). Total production costs for a 59-kg lamb are 4% lower in CLPG lambs due to improved feed efficiency. Assuming pelt and offal value pays for slaughter costs, the costs of normal (N) and CLPG carcasses are the same as for live lambs, $81 and $78, respectively; but, due to dressing percentage, the N carcass weighs 29.2 kg and the CLPG carcass, 31.4 kg. Thus, carcass costs for N and CLPG lambs are $2.77/kg and $2.49/kg, respectively. Decreased feed costs, combined with increased carcass and primal cut yields for CLPG lambs, lowers the price required to recover meat costs for leg, loin, rack, and shoulder by 19.7, 14.4, 12.6, and 11.9%, respectively. Successful marketing of CLPG loin and rack depends on the use of one of several postharvest tenderization procedures. Moisture-enhanced pork is accepted by consumers and often sells for a premium; and moisture enhancement may be appropriate for CLPG lamb. The meat cost per kilogram (including a $.10 per kilogram treatment cost) of tenderized and moisture-enhanced CLPG leg, loin, rack, and shoulder containing 10% added water and ingredients would be lowered to $2.51, $4.65, $5.34, and $1.85, respectively. That represents a total of a 20.9% reduction in cost-basis price. When expressed on the basis of increased revenue from the additional yield of cuts at a given market price, the value of CLPG and moisture-enhanced CLPG cuts from a 59-kg lamb would be, respectively, 14.2% and 23.4% higher than for N lamb. Industrywide adoption of CLPG could increase intermediate-run U.S. profits by $109 million, but the actual effects of CLPG attributes, such as a visual appeal, lower fat and cholesterol content, and reduced seam fat, on consumer demand need to be quantified. If accepted by packers and consumers, moisture-enhanced CLPG lamb has the potential to decrease the cost of lamb to consumers and increase lamb industry profitability.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Dietary interaction of cane molasses with source of roughage: intake and lactation effects.

Effects of cane molasses at 0, 4, and 8% of DM in complete mixed diets were evaluated when molasses was fed to lactating dairy cows with cottonseed hulls, alfalfa haylage, or both combined. Thirty-six mature Holstein cows from mid to late lactation were used in a partially balanced incomplete block design with three 28-d periods. Variables measured were DM intake, milk yield, and composition. With cottonseed hull diets (30% of DM), molasses improved milk yield, milk fat percentage, solids-corrected milk, and feed efficiency. Dry matter intake was not affected by molasses. With alfalfa haylage diets (35% of DM), 8% molasses depressed actual milk yield and solids-corrected milk, DM intake, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and feed efficiency. Milk fat percentage was increased with 4% molasses. With 65% alfalfa haylage diets, most variables measured were unaffected by molasses; however, with 8% molasses, DM intake increased and milk protein percentage decreased. In diets with both roughages combined, molasses did not affect any variable measured; however, these diets gave highest solids-corrected milk yields. Results show clearly that molasses effects depend on percentage molasses and type and amount of roughage in the diet.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1991

Utilisation of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) for egg production.

1. The performance of White Leghorn laying hens on diets providing pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) at 300 and 600 g/kg to replace maize, part per part, or "maize mix" isoenergetically and isonitrogenously in the first experiment and at 600 g/kg diet to replace maize in toto, part per part, in the second experiment were examined. In the first experiment, 3 groups of 12 laying hens were placed on each of the 5 dietary treatments for 3 x 28 d, whereas in the second experiment, each of the two diets was offered to 10 groups of 15 laying hens for 6 x 28 d. 2. Inclusion of pearl millet in the diet at the expense of maize, part per part, did not significantly influence hen-day egg production, feed intake, feed efficiency and body weight in either experiment. Incorporation of pearl millet isoenergetically at the expense of "maize mix" at any level, i.e. 300 g or 600 g/kg (Experiment 1), also did not influence hen-day egg production but at the end of periods 2 and 3 did result in decreased feed intakes with consequent improvements in feed efficiency. 3. Egg weight in general showed a tendency to improve with diets providing pearl millet at 600 g/kg. 4. Profits from egg sales over feed cost were directly proportional to the inclusion of pearl millet in the diet either at the expense of maize, part per part, or "maize mix" isoenergetically.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Use of chlortetracycline for treatment of new feedlot cattle.

Two 56-d shipping fever trials of similar design were conducted the same season (fall) at Kansas State University (KSU) and at Purdue University (PU) to compare various levels of chlortetracycline (0 or 350 mg X head-1 X d-1 continuously or 1, 2 or 4 g X head-1 X d-1 for the first 14 d). Weanling crossbred steer calves were utilized (210 head of Angus X Simmental, averaging 197 kg, at KSU; 268 head of Angus X Hereford, averaging 192 kg, at PU). For the first 28 d in the KSU trial (October 13 to December 8), cattle that received 4 g X head-1 X d-1 the first 14 d gained more rapidly (P less than .05) than cattle fed 350 mg X head-1 X d-1 continuously or than the controls that received no chlortetracycline (CTC; 1.05 vs .92 or .93 kg/d, respectively). Cattle that received 4 g CTC X head-1 X d-1 for the first 14 d required less (P less than .05) dry matter per kg gain than steers that received 350 mg X head-1 X d-1 continuously over the 56-d period. In the PU trial (October 6 through December 1), all CTC treatments resulted in increased feed efficiency (P less than .05) over the controls through 28 d, and the 4 g X head-1 d-1 for 14 d and 350 mg X head-1 X d-1 continuously, improved feed efficiency over the other groups for the 56-d period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Divergent selection for growth in Japanese quail under split and complete nutritional environments. 2. Water and feed intake patterns and abdominal fat and carcass lipid characteristics.

A study was conducted to investigate water and feed intake patterns, abdominal fat and carcass lipid levels, feed efficiency and growth in high (H) and low (L) body weight lines of Japanese quail divergently selected under complete diet (CD) or split diet (SD) environments. Birds under the SD environment could self-select from high-protein low-energy or low-protein high-energy diets. Progeny from both the selected and control (C) lines were evaluated under the SD environment in Generations 6 and 10, and under the CD environment in Generation 10. Under the SD environment, body weights of the H lines were similar as were body weights of the L lines; however, under the CD environment, there were significant differences between H lines and between L lines. Body weights were higher under the CD than under the SD environment. Differences between H and L lines in body weights and 1-wk relative growth rates within SD and CD environments were attributed to differences in water and feed consumption and feed efficiency. Water consumption was greater in the SD than CD environments. Feed consumption was greater in the SD than CD environment from 0 to 2 wk of age; thereafter, feed consumption was higher in the CD environment. Abdominal fat and carcass lipid levels were greater in H than L lines, with the magnitude of the difference greater in the SD environment, indicating that the SD may be a better environment than the CD environment for the study of abdominal fat and carcass lipids in Japanese quail.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

The effect of whey protein concentrate or dried skim milk in milk replacer on calf performance and blood metabolites.

Whey protein concentrate and dried skim milk were each evaluated as the major protein source in milk replacer using four treatments (100% skim milk, 67% skim milk and 33% whey protein concentrate, 33% skim milk and 67% whey protein concentrate, and 100% whey protein concentrate). In the first trial, 64 calves were fed only milk replacer from birth to 6 wk of age. In the second trial, 61 calves were fed milk replacer and were allowed ad libitum intake of starter from birth to 6 wk of age. Calves were fed milk replacer at 10% of birth weight for the first 2 wk and at 12% of birth weight thereafter. In trial 1, average daily gains and feed efficiencies were significantly improved for calves that consumed the milk replacers containing 67 and 100% whey protein concentrate over those for calves that were fed the milk replacer containing 100% skim milk. No difference in growth or feed efficiency caused by treatment was detected in trial 2. Average daily gain in trial 2 was correlated with total starter intake. In trial 1, plasma glucose concentrations were correlated with growth rates and were highest for calves fed the milk replacer containing 67% whey protein concentrate. No differences were found for fecal scores or days scoured between trials. When only milk replacer was fed, higher proportions of whey protein concentrate improved calf performance, but, when starter was also provided, no effect of milk replacer was found.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2003

Melatonin reduces body weight gain in Sprague Dawley rats with diet-induced obesity.

Melatonin is involved in the regulation of seasonal obesity in various species, including some rodents. This involvement has been demonstrated in nonphotoperiodic rodents like rats, but only in models of enhanced body weight such as genetically obese or middle-aged rats. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of melatonin on body weight and metabolic parameters in a model closer to that observed in Western populations, i.e. Sprague Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet. They were treated for 3 wk with melatonin (30 mg/kg) 4 h after lights-on [Zeitgeber time (ZT) 4] or 1 h before lights-out (ZT11). Given at ZT11, melatonin decreased body weight gain and feed efficiency by half. Melatonin had no effect on plasma insulin level, but it decreased plasma glucose (13%), leptin (28%), and triglyceride (28%) levels. Furthermore, in pinealectomized high-fat diet rats, body weight gain and feed efficiency were increased 4 wk after surgery. Adipose tissue weight, insulinemia, and glycemia had a tendency to increase. Treatment with melatonin prevented in part these changes. These data demonstrate that melatonin may act as a regulator of body weight in a model of obesity and may prevent some of the side effects on glucose homeostasis such as decreased insulin sensitivity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1982

Effect of sodium hypochlorite (Javex) on the performance of broiler chickens.

Two separate experiments were carried out with 480 Shaver broiler chicks (240 of each sex) in each, to determine the effects on mortality and biological performance of administering sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) via the drinking water. The chicks were housed separately (by sex) in Petersime batteries and each experiment began when the chicks were 1 day old and ended when they were 28 days of age. Sodium hypochlorite was added to the drinking water to achieve the following treatment levels (ppm) of available chlorine: 0, 300, 600, and 1200 (experiment 1); 0, 37.5, 75.0, and 150 (experiment 2). Administration of 1,200 ppm available chlorine significantly increased mortality, lowered feed efficiency, reduced water consumption, and lowered heart, liver, kidney, and testes weights. Administration of 300 ppm or more resulted in significantly lower mean body weights. There was some indication of a growth stimulus and improved feed efficiency at the lower concentrations (37.5 to 150 ppm) of sodium hypochlorite administration, but none of the responses was statistically significant. Overall, a significant effect on biological performance or practical benefit was not achieved from administering sodium hypochlorite to broiler chicks.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Water and NaCl intake of chicks as mediated by angiotensin II, renin, or salt deficiency.

Water, feed and NaCl intakes were measured in response to angiotensin II (ANGII) injected SC and ICV, and renin injected ICV, as well as to dietary salt deficiency in female broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus). In the first experiment, SC (100 micrograms/bird) and ICV (10 micrograms/bird) ANGII injection resulted in increased initial water intake. An additive effect on drinking was noted in response to consecutive daily SC injections. In addition, feed efficiency and growth were depressed following repeated ANGII injections (p less than 0.001). In a 2nd experiment, ICV ANGII stimulated increased cumulative water intake through 18 hours postinjection (p less than 0.05). Intake of 3.0% NaCl solution and feed was unaffected through 48 hours. Renin (1 microgram ICV) failed to affect cumulative water intake up to 48 hours postinjection. In the third experiment, dietary salt deficiency reduced feed intake after just 48 hours on salt-deficient diets (p less than 0.01), and growth and feed efficiency were significantly impaired (p less than 0.001) through 20 days of age. Intakes of NaCl solutions (0.8, 0.7 or 0.6%), however, were unaffected in salt-deficient vs. control birds. While the chicks in these experiments demonstrated a consistent drinking response to ANGII when injected peripherally or centrally, a salt appetite could not be elicited in these birds by components of the renin-angiotensin system or by dietary salt depletion.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Avian Eimeria: effects of gamma irradiation on development of cross-species immunity in foreign and natural host birds.

Repeated inoculation (immunization) of white leghorn chickens with oocysts of the turkey coccidium, Eimeria adenoeides, resulted in significantly improved weight gain and feed-conversion ratios (feed efficiency) after E. tenella challenge. However, the development E. tenella in the immunized chickens did not differ markedly from that in unimmunized chickens, and intestinal lesions remained severe (greater than 3.0). Apparently improved weight gain and feed efficiency can be maintained in the presence of extensive parasite development. The ability to elicit cross-protective immunity was abrogated when the E. adenoeides oocysts were exposed to 15 kRad of gamma irradiation before inoculation into the chickens. Sporozoites existing from irradiated oocysts of E. acervulina also failed to immunize the chickens against challenge with E. tenella but protected chickens almost completely against homologous challenge with E. acervulina. The results indicate that cross-species immunity is not elicited by all developmentally arrested sporozoites and that the ability to produce cross-species immunity can be destroyed by gamma irradiation of the immunizing species.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of levels of starch, fiber, and lactose on digestion and growth performance of early-weaned rabbits.

The effect of source of carbohydrate on gut histology, digestion efficiency, and growth performance in early-weaned (25 d) rabbits at the starter period (25 to 39 d) was investigated. Six diets were factorially arranged to study the effect of partial substitution of starch (0, 25, or 50%) by lactose at two levels of fiber (30 or 36% NDF). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed essential nutrient requirements of growing rabbits. A feeding trial was conducted to measure the effect of treatments on growth performance in 252 rabbits that were fed the experimental diets in the starter period and thereafter received a common feed until 60 d of age. Fecal apparent digestibility was determined at 35 d of age in nine animals per diet. The four diets with extreme lactose content were used to determine ileal apparent digestibility of starch and lactose (nine replicates per diet), weights of stomach and cecum, stomach pH, cecal fermentation traits, amylase and disaccharidase activities (10 animals per diet), and jejunal morphology (six animals per diet). Weaning increased (P < 0.001) amylase activity by 59% but decreased (P < 0.001) maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities by 30, 48, and 72%, in parallel with a reduction of villus height by 19%. Dietary NDF level did not affect either jejunal morphology or sucrase and lactase activities but increased amylase (P = 0.05) and maltase (P < 0.001) activities by 22 and 92%, respectively. Substitution of starch by lactose had no effect on jejunal morphology or enzymatic activity. Ileal lactose and starch digestibility were not affected by dietary NDF or lactose level and averaged 73.8 and 90.8%, respectively. Substitution of starch by fiber and lactose affected ileal flux of starch plus lactose (by -0.5 and +1.7 g/d) and cecal pH (by +2.1 and -2.8%, respectively). Fecal NDF digestibility was relatively low (23.1% on average) and was not affected by treatments, whereas that of lactose and starch was almost complete. An increase of dietary NDF level led to an impairment of ADG and feed efficiency in the starter (P < 0.002) and in the overall (P < 0.03) fattening period. Substitution of starch by lactose linearly decreased (P < 0.001) feed efficiency in the starter period and linearly increased (P < 0.001) diarrhea incidence in the fattening period. The results indicate that digestive capability of early-weaned rabbits is limited and should be taken into account to establish optimal levels and sources of carbohydrates in the starter diet.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Effect of space allowance and tylosin feeding on performance of growing-finishing pigs. NCR-89 Committee on Confinement Management of Swine.

The relationship between space allowance and tylosin feeding of growing-finishing pigs was investigated at nine experiment stations in the North Central Region. The experiment involved 1,352 pigs in 23 replications of treatments. Pigs allowed .46 m2 from 25 to 57 kg body weight and .74 m2 from 57 to 96 kg grew faster in the grower (P less than .001), finisher (P less than .05) and grower-finisher (P less than .001) periods than did pigs allowed .32 m2 and .56 m2 for the two weight periods, respectively. Feed efficiency was improved (P less than .005) by the more liberal space allowance in the grower, but not in the finisher period. Tylosin at 44 mg/kg changed to 22 mg/kg at 57 kg body weight caused an increase (P = .07) in rate of gain for the overall grower-finisher period and an improvement in feed efficiency in the grower (P = .07) and the grower-finisher (P less than .05) periods. In no instance was there an interaction between space allowance and tylosin feeding. Station effects were significant for all performance estimates, but there were no interactions between station and space-tylosin treatments. The results of the experiment indicate that crowding depressed performance of growing-finishing pigs, that tylosin feeding slightly improved performance and that the space allowance and the tylosin growth responses were independent.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

The relative efficiency of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative efficiency of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults. A corn-soybean diet containing 25% protein and 2583 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram was utilized. Five experimental diets were fed: basal, 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental DL-methionine and 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental MHAC. In both experiments eight pens of seven poults were fed each experimental diet. This resulted in a total of 16 replicate pens receiving each diet. Body weight and feed efficiency were measured at four weeks of age. The MHAC, on a weight basis, was found to have 82.4 and 82.8% activity of DL-methionine based on body weight and feed efficiency, respectively.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1981

Effects of selected polysaccharides on the bioavailability of pyridoxine in rats and chicks.

The effects of cellulose, pectin and bran on the bioavailability of pyridoxine (PN) were examined using rat and chick bioassay methods. Dose-response curves for growth, feed consumption, feed efficiency and either lever pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) or erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (Asp-AT) activity and PLP stimulation in vitro were compared among animals fed experimental diets varying in dietary fiber source and suboptimal levels. of PN. In rats, the observed stimulation of growth and feed efficiency by pectin, as compared to cellulose, at suboptimal PN levels was attributed to increased synthesis of vitamin B-6 intestinal microflora. Diets containing pectin markedly increased the fecal vitamin B-6 content. No difference in liver PLP was detected among rats fed various diets. In chicks, 5% dietary pectin resulted in increased feed consumption, but also diarrhea and depressed growth. Asp-AT activities at the lower level of dietary PN showed a significant (P greater than 0.05) but modest stimulating effect of pectin on the apparent bioavailability of PN. Bran resulted in a 17% bioavailability decrease of PN as indicated by growth and feed consumption data in the chick. However, no difference in Asp-AT activity or in vitro PLP stimulation was detected in comparison of responses from bran-fed chicks with the standard responses. These results suggest that the polysaccharides tested did not have important deleterious effects on the bioavailability of pyridoxine.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of hyperalimentation on body composition in swine.

Fifty growing pigs were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of cannulation and hyperalimentation on performance and body composition responses. Surgical implantation of a cannula into the greater curvature of the stomach and subsequent management associated with maintenance of the cannula did not result in a reduction (P > .05) of voluntary feed intake. Cannulation did not negatively affect gain (P > .05). Over the entire trial, feed efficiency was not changed by cannulation (P > .05). Cannulation itself did not affect protein or fat deposition (P > .05) in the carcass. Hyperalimentation to approximately 120% of control intake resulted in increased daily gain (P < .05) and similar feed efficiency (P > .05) compared with that of control animals. Hyperalimentation decreased protein deposition (P < .05) and tended to increase fat deposition.

Adipose Tissue↗