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Results for “parameter optimization”

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PubMed1995

Application of high-performance computing to numerical simulation of human movement.

We have examined the feasibility of using massively-parallel and vector-processing supercomputers to solve large-scale optimization problems for human movement. Specifically, we compared the computational expense of determining the optimal controls for the single support phase of gait using a conventional serial machine (SGI Iris 4D25), a MIMD parallel machine (Intel iPSC/860), and a parallel-vector-processing machine (Cray Y-MP 8/864). With the human body modeled as a 14 degree-of-freedom linkage actuated by 46 musculotendinous units, computation of the optimal controls for gait could take up to 3 months of CPU time on the Iris. Both the Cray and the Intel are able to reduce this time to practical levels. The optimal solution for gait can be found with about 77 hours of CPU on the Cray and with about 88 hours of CPU on the Intel. Although the overall speeds of the Cray and the Intel were found to be similar, the unique capabilities of each machine are better suited to different portions of the computational algorithm used. The Intel was best suited to computing the derivatives of the performance criterion and the constraints whereas the Cray was best suited to parameter optimization of the controls. These results suggest that the ideal computer architecture for solving very large-scale optimal control problems is a hybrid system in which a vector-processing machine is integrated into the communication network of a MIMD parallel machine.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed2006

Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus Ganoderma australe via response surface methodology.

Mixtures of a sandy soil and wheat straw were doped with the organochlorine insecticide lindane in glass tubes and were inoculated with the polypore fungus, Ganoderma australe. An evaluation of bioremediation process effectiveness was searched and five parameters identified for the solid-state system. Fungi growth is a function of temperature and requires moisture for a proper colonization. These microorganisms need inorganic nutrients such nitrogen and phosphorus to support cell growth and it is also appropriate to know the range of concentration and toxicity of the used insecticide. Thus, an orthogonal central composite design (CCD) of experiments was used to construct second order response surfaces. Five design factors, namely temperature, moisture, straw, lindane content and nitrogen content and seven optimization parameters (responses), namely lag time, propagation velocity, biomass growth rate, biodegradation rate, biodegradation/biomass, biomass/propagation and biomass content were analyzed. The optima of the responses of the adequate models were found to be the following: propagation velocity 4.25mm/day, biomass growth rate 408mg/day, biodegradation/biomass 56.9microg/g, biomass/propagation 250mg/mm and fungal biomass content in solid mixture 260mg/cm(3). The most important response for bioremediation purposes is biodegradation/biomass which is maximized at the factors levels: temperature 17.3 degrees C, moisture 58%, straw content 45%, lindane content 13ppm and nitrogen content 8.2ppm.

Biomass↗

PubMed2003

Quantitative analysis of three-dimensional rendered imaging of the human skull acquired from multi-detector row computed tomography.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantitative accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) rendered images acquired with multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) by means of distance measurements of a dry human skull for various slice thicknesses and acquisition modes. A radiologist directly measured the distance of line items on the skull surface to establish reference "gold standards." The skull specimen was scanned with a MDCT with various scanning parameters (slice thicknesses and acquisition modes). An observer measured the corresponding distances of the same items on 3D rendered images. The quantitative accuracy of distance measurements was statistically evaluated. There were no significant statistical differences (P value <.05) in accuracy of distance measurements among the scan modes. However, the results showed that acquisition slice thickness was the influential factor in determining the accuracy of the 3D rendered MDCT images. The quantitative analysis of distance measurement may be a useful tool evaluating the accuracy and defining optimal parameters of 3D rendered images.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2001

Generalized van der Waals Theory of Interfaces in Simple Fluid Mixtures.

An efficient implementation of the generalized van der Waals theory of fluids is presented for the calculation of surface tension in simple fluid mixtures. While detailed correlation analysis is avoided the dominant binding energy contribution and the negative contribution due to the nonlocal entropy are accounted for in the free energy density functional by simple physical approximations of the type originally introduced by van der Waals. Efficient computation is achieved by the use of a single-parameter optimization of a tanh-shaped profile representing the total density as well as the composition variation across the interface. This simple profile nevertheless incorporates the expected adsorption to the interface of the volatile component. Application is made to argon/krypton mixtures represented by Lennard-Jones potentials and Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules. Surface tension predictions compare well with both experimental observations and computer simulation results which also indicated close agreement in particle density profiles, especially if the Berthelot rule is amended with a binary interaction parameter slightly (3%) less than unity. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Effect of bonding agents on adhesion of composite resin following CO2 laser etching of dental enamel.

Etching of dental enamel using pulsed carbon dioxide (CO2) laser radiation has been shown to give acceptable bond strengths when hydrophobic enamel bonding resins are used between the lased surface and composite resin. There have been dramatic changes in the composition of bonding agents in recent years. The present laboratory study examined the influence of the bonding agent on the shear bond strength to laser- and acid-etched enamel. Two current generation bonding systems were used (Scotchbond Multipurpose and Optibond). Shear bond strengths in the order of 10 MPa were consistently obtained using laser etching at "optimal" parameters, in the absence of any other preparation of the natural enamel surface. Although there was a consistent trend for shear bond strengths to be greater with Optibond than for Scotchbond MP in both human and porcine test systems, this difference was only statistically significant with acid etching of nonpolished human enamel, and suboptimal laser etching of polished human enamel. Prior surface polishing increased the shear bond strength obtained with maleic acid etching and Scotchbond MP by more than 2-fold, and increased bond strength when Optibond was used following optimal laser etching. These results indicate that both the type of surface preparation and the choice of bonding agent can influence bond strengths to laser-etched and acid-etched enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed1999

Differentiation of hepatic cavernous hemangioma from metastases by rare sequence MR imaging.

In this study, in order to differentiate cavernous hemangioma and hepatic metastases, rapid acquisition relaxation enhanced (RARE) sequence was used. First, in vivo measurements of T1, T2 relaxation times and proton density were obtained using T1, T2 calculation protocol (TOMIKON S50, 0.5T) and multipoint techniques. These measurements were made from regions of interest placed over the liver, spleen (because of similarity of relaxation time values between hepatic metastases and spleen) and cavernous hemangioma (HCH). Based on these intrinsic parameters, T2 curves signal intensity of three different tissues were constructed. At TE = 500 ms, the signal intensity of the liver and spleen has been near zero whereas in HCH, the signal intensity remained. As RARE sequence is very similar to spin echo (SE), by replacing effective TE(ETE) = 500 ms in the RARE equation, two dimensional contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) contour plots were constructed demonstrating signal intensity contrast between liver-spleen, liver-Hemangioma for two different scan times (3 min, 7.5 s) and pulse timing. Then, optimal RARE factor and inter echo times were obtained in order to have maximum CNR between liver-Hemangioma and minimum CNR between liver-spleen. These optimal parameters were performed on ten normal and five persons with known HCH. Images showed that in both scan times (3 min, 7.5 s); the liver and spleen were suppressed whereas the HCH was enhanced. The image quality in the scan time of 3 min was better than the scan time of 7.5 s. Moreover, in this study, two different sequences were compared: i) Multi-slice single echo (MSSE) for T1 weighted image ii) RARE (ETE = 80 ms) for T2-weighted image. This comparison was done to show maximum CNR between liver-spleen (metastases) and to choose a better sequence for detecting metastases. CNR in the RARE sequence was more than in the MSSE sequence.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A blood-brain barrier disruption model eliminating the hemodynamic effect of ketamine.

OBJECTIVE: We propose a simple modification to an established blood-brain barrier disruption (BBBD) animal model that allows us to use ketamine/xylazine as the anaesthetic agent, therefore decreasing the complexity and the cost of the model, while maintaining similar efficiency. METHODS: Sixty-two Long Evans rats were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine/xylazine. Osmotic BBBD was performed by administering 25% mannitol into the internal carotid artery in a retrograde fashion from the external carotid. The infusion rate of mannitol, as well as the duration was adjusted in a stepwise fashion to identify optimal parameters for BBBD and minimize complications. As a supplementary step to previously reported models, a vascular clip was applied to the common carotid artery prior to the infusion of mannitol, therefore isolating our model system from the depressant hemodynamic effects of ketamine/xylazine. Evans blue dye was used to control for BBBD intensity. RESULTS: Using this model at an initial infusion rate of 0.15 ml/sec, a significant incidence of brain hemorrhage (75%) and a death rate of 62.5% were observed. Decreasing the infusion rate in a stepwise fashion, 0.08 ml/sec was found to produce optimal BBBD, as demonstrated by Evans blue staining. At this rate, 6/7 animals depicted grade II staining, whereas one animal depicted grade IV. CONCLUSION: The application of a clip to the common carotid artery prior to mannitol infusion allowed us to isolate the cerebral circulation from the depressant hemodynamic effects of ketamine/xylazine. This supplementary step produced consistent and efficient BBBD in our animal model.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗

PubMed1977

Optimal conditions for the separation of rat T lymphocytes on anti-immunoglobulin--immunoglobulin affinity columns.

The separation of rat T lymphocytes was investigated on anti-Ig--Ig columns. A simple and efficient method for the purification of rat Ig by precipitation of rat serum with sodium sulfate is presented. Protein binding characteristics of glass and plastic beads, as solid support of affinity columns, are described, as well as optimal parameters for coating beads with rat Ig (with BSA, ribonuclease and lysozyme, as comparison). Binding of Ig was primarily dependent on the concentration of the Ig solution. Maximal strong binding of Ig (6.2 X 10(3) molecules per micron2 of bead surface) was reached a 400 microng per ml concentration of purified Ig solution during 20 min of incubation. Higher concentrations increased only the amount of loosely bound Ig on the surface of beads whereas the amount of firmly bound Ig remained unchanged. Fractionation of lymphoid cell suspensions on anti-Ig--Ig affinity columns prepared at optimal conditions resulted in highly purified T-cell suspensions containing less than 1% of lymphocytes bearing surface Ig receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of fMRI motion correction software tools.

Motion correction of fMRI data is a widely used step prior to data analysis. In this study, a comparison of the motion correction tools provided by several leading fMRI analysis software packages was performed, including AFNI, AIR, BrainVoyager, FSL, and SPM2. Comparisons were performed using data from typical human studies as well as phantom data. The identical reconstruction, preprocessing, and analysis steps were used on every data set, except that motion correction was performed using various configurations from each software package. Each package was studied using default parameters, as well as parameters optimized for speed and accuracy. Forty subjects performed a Go/No-go task (an event-related design that investigates inhibitory motor response) and an N-back task (a block-design paradigm investigating working memory). The human data were analyzed by extracting a set of general linear model (GLM)-derived activation results and comparing the effect of motion correction on thresholded activation cluster size and maximum t value. In addition, a series of simulated phantom data sets were created with known activation locations, magnitudes, and realistic motion. Results from the phantom data indicate that AFNI and SPM2 yield the most accurate motion estimation parameters, while AFNI's interpolation algorithm introduces the least smoothing. AFNI is also the fastest of the packages tested. However, these advantages did not produce noticeably better activation results in motion-corrected data from typical human fMRI experiments. Although differences in performance between packages were apparent in the human data, no single software package produced dramatically better results than the others. The "accurate" parameters showed virtually no improvement in cluster t values compared to the standard parameters. While the "fast" parameters did not result in a substantial increase in speed, they did not degrade the cluster results very much either. The phantom and human data indicate that motion correction can be a valuable step in the data processing chain, yielding improvements of up to 20% in the magnitude and up to 100% in the cluster size of detected activations, but the choice of software package does not substantially affect this improvement.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Aging effects on cadmium transport in undisturbed contaminated sandy soil columns.

Limited information is available on the effects of contaminant aging (i.e., the contact time of Cd with the soil) on Cd transport in soils. We conducted displacement experiments in which indigenous Cd and freshly applied Cd were leached simultaneously from undisturbed samples of three Spodosol horizons. Sorption of Cd was described using Freundlich isotherms, whereas transport was described as a convection-dispersion process. Parameter optimization analysis using a mobile-immobile transport model applied to nonsorbing tracer displacement data showed that 16 to 22% of the water in the columns was immobile. The low dimensionless mass transfer coefficients in the mobile-immobile model were indicative of diffusion-limited transfer between mobile and immobile water, and hence physical nonequilibrium. A two-site kinetic sorption model could be fitted closely to breakthrough curves of the non-aged Cd for three soil horizons. No conclusive evidence was found that contaminant aging in soil affects cadmium transport. On the one hand, predictions of aged Cd leaching, using parameters estimated from displacement experiments with nonaged Cd, differed from those for the aged Cd in the E horizon. On the other hand, no meaningful differences in transport behavior between aged and non-aged Cd were found for the humus Bh and Bh/C horizons. The two-site kinetic rate coefficient alphac was found to depend on water flux, further indicating that mass transfer between sorption sites and the liquid is limited by diffusion rather than by kinetic sorption.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1996

Optimal CT evaluation for functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the optimal parameters for the CT examination of patients who are having functional endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: CT scanning was performed on two fresh cadaveric heads in the direct coronal plane, varying the section thickness, intersection gap, scanner gantry angle, and amperage. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were examined independently in a blinded fashion by four staff neuroradiologists and a staff otolaryngologist with special attention to 10 anatomic landmarks within the ostiomeatal unit that are considered important for preoperative planning. A score of 0 (nonvisualization/incomplete visualization) or 1 (clear/complete visualization) was assigned to each of these 10 landmarks. Analysis of variance was used in which reader, subject, and side were simultaneously controlled by "blocking." Multiple comparison methods (ie, Bonferroni) were used to compare the different protocols. RESULTS: We found a significant reduction in the delineation, and therefore the perception, of the ostiomeatal unit structures when the section thickness was greater than 5mm, any intersection gap was used, and the gantry angle was greater than 10 degrees from the plane perpendicular to the hard palate. However, a reduction in the radiation exposure from 200 mA to 80 mA did not affect the display of the anatomic landmarks. CONCLUSION: We found the optimal screening CT protocol for the paranasal sinuses to be a section thickness of 3 mm, no intersection gap, and a section angle within 10 degrees from the plane perpendicular to the palate. Also, owing to inherent contrast between air, soft tissue, and bone in the paranasal sinuses, a reduction in the radiation exposure parameter to 80 mA did not affect image quality.

Endoscopes↗

PubMed2000

Specific absorption rate study for radiofrequency current density imaging using a two-dimensional finite element model.

Radiofrequency current density imaging is an MR technique that images tissue conductivity contrast. Compared to conventional MRI, RF-CDI uses two additional sources of RF power to be absorbed and that must be evaluated in terms of proper parameter optimization to prevent excessive tissue heating and effects on the nervous system. In view of possible future clinical use of RF-CDI, a simple 2D finite element model of a rat brain was built to simulate current density distribution and distribution of absorbed RF power, i.e., SAR and related tissue heating. Current density in the rat brain was also evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in an in vivo RF-CDI experiment. The results demonstrate that a numerical model can predict SAR and tissue temperature changes. The study also shows that substantial sensitivity and resolution of RF-CDI can be achieved using imaging parameters that produce SAR and temperature changes within allowed limits.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Optimum processing protocols for volume determination of the liver and spleen from SPECT imaging with technetium-99m sulfur colloid.

A study of the effects of processing parameters on the determination of liver and spleen volume from SPECT data was performed. A method for volume determination using a threshold algorithm was calibrated against phantoms and applied to 60 patient studies. Good reproducibility was found using different projections and computing the volume on separate days. Variations of the measured volumes with the threshold value, reconstruction filter cutoff frequency and attenuation correction were investigated. Reconstruction parameters producing best image quality were also determined. A threshold of 25% of the maximum value in the organ was determined from phantom studies. Changes of 1% around this value yielded changes of 2-3% in the computed volume. No significant change was noted as cutoff frequencies varied between 0.4 and 0.85 of Nyquist (0.031 to 0.066 cycles/cm) for a third order Butterworth filter. Attenuation correction produced a decrease of 9% and 6% in liver and spleen measured volume respectively. Best image quality was obtained with 0.4 Nyquist (0.031 cycles/cm) cutoff frequency for third order Butterworth filter and attenuation correction. It is concluded that optimal parameters must be determined for any processing protocol, and must then be adhered to in future applications to insure clinical accuracy, especially those parameters demonstrating the most quantitative and qualitative sensitivity.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Optimization of extraction parameters for the chemical profiling of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets.

The extraction of impurities from illegally produced 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been studied in order to optimize the parameters. Two different MDMA samples were used. Particular attention was paid to the influence of the pH, the evaporation step, and the sample storage. The method used was an extraction of impurities by diethyl ether from a buffer solution at pH 11.5, followed by gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometric (MS) analyses after a dryness concentration under monitored conditions of the ethereal extract. Repeat extractions of the same sample gave an average relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 8.5% within day and less than 10.5% between days.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

[Modern management of bleeding disorders and haemorrhage in otorhinolaryngology].

BACKGROUND: Bleeding disorders and haemorrhages are recognized as common and serious problems in otorhinolaryngology. Over the past decade a number of innovative technologies and therapeutical options have been established to improve the management of them. The aim of this paper is to present diagnostical and therapeutical concepts proved to be medically effective and economically acceptable and to review the international literature. METHODS: Bleeding disorders observed over a period of 10 years were analysed retrospectively to determine their prevalence and causes in otorhinolaryngology. Selected cases were used to illustrate both the efficacy and the limits of modern therapeutical options. A medico-economical evaluation of preoperative hemostaseological tests was carried out. RESULTS: Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), Quick's prothrombin time combined with a detailed bleeding history were found to be optimal parameters to screen most of the haemostaseological defects. The incidence and severity of perioperative diffuse haemorrhages could significantly be reduced by routineous use of modern anesthesiological procedures, like controlled hypotension, total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and augmented ventilation techniques. Advances in interventional radiology reduced the risk of embolization of hypervascularized tumors and led to increasing application in recurrent epistaxis. A new generation of endoscopes combined with different laser techniques made the surgical treatment of hemorrhage more precise, increased the comfortability for the bleeding patient and were helpfull to decrease the length of stay and blood transfusion rates. CONCLUSION: Prevention and treatment of diffuse haemorrhages located within the craniocervical region can currently be optimized by an interdisciplinary dialog enrolling first of all the haemostaseologist and the anesthesiologist. Nowadays, close cooperation with the interventional radiologist is mandatory in the modern treatment of hypervascular lesions and vascular malformations. Moreover, it is necessary in emergency when otolaryngological measures faile to arrest bleedings from arterial site. Neither new techniques nor innovative strategies will be capable to compensate the experience and careful otolaryngologist.

Emergencies↗

PubMed2006

Effusive molecular beam study of C2H6 dissociation on Pt(111).

The dissociative sticking coefficient for C2H6 on Pt(111) has been measured as a function of both gas temperature (Tg) and surface temperature (Ts) using effusive molecular beam and angle-integrated ambient gas dosing methods. A microcanonical unimolecular rate theory (MURT) model of the reactive system is used to extract transition state properties from the data as well as to compare our data directly with supersonic molecular beam and thermal equilibrium sticking measurements. We report for the first time the threshold energy for dissociation, E0 = 26.5 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1). This value is only weakly dependent on the other two parameters of the model. A strong surface temperature dependence in the initial sticking coefficient is observed; however, the relatively weak dependence on gas temperature indicates some combination of the following (i) not all molecular excitations are contributing equally to the enhancement of sticking, (ii) that strong entropic effects in the dissociative transition state are leading to unusually high vibrational frequencies in the transition state, and (iii) energy transfer from gas-phase rovibrational modes to the surface is surprisingly efficient. In other words, it appears that vibrational mode-specific behavior and/or molecular rotations may play stronger roles in the dissociative adsorption of C2H6 than they do for CH4. The MURT with an optimized parameter set provides for a predictive understanding of the kinetics of this C-H bond activation reaction, that is, it allows us to predict the dissociative sticking coefficient of C2H6 on Pt(111) for any combination of Ts and Tg even if the two are not equal to one another.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Prediction of sinus rhythm maintenance following DC-cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation - the role of atrial cycle length.

BACKGROUND: Atrial electrical remodeling has been shown to influence the outcome the outcome following cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) in experimental studies. The aim of the present study was to find out whether a non-invasively measured atrial fibrillatory cycle length, alone or in combination with other non-invasive parameters, could predict sinus rhythm maintenance after cardioversion of AF. METHODS: Dominant atrial cycle length (DACL), a previously validated non-invasive index of atrial refractoriness, was measured from lead V1 and a unipolar oesophageal lead prior to cardioversion in 37 patients with persistent AF undergoing their first cardioversion. RESULTS: 32 patients were successfully cardioverted to sinus rhythm. The mean DACL in the 22 patients who suffered recurrence of AF within 6 weeks was 152 +/- 15 ms (V1) and 147 +/- 14 ms (oesophagus) compared to 155 +/- 17 ms (V1) and 151 +/- 18 ms (oesophagus) in those maintaining sinus rhythm (NS). Left atrial diameter was 48 +/- 4 mm and 44 +/- 7 mm respectively (NS). The optimal parameter predicting maintenance of sinus rhythm after 6 weeks appeared to be the ratio of the lowest dominant atrial cycle length (oesophageal lead or V1) to left atrial diameter. This ratio was significantly higher in patients remaining in sinus rhythm (3.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.4 ms/mm respectively, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In this study neither an index of atrial refractory period nor left atrial diameter alone were predictors of AF recurrence within the 6 weeks of follow-up. The ratio of the two (combining electrophysiological and anatomical measurements) only slightly improve the identification of patients at high risk of recurrence of persistent AF. Consequently, other ways to asses electrical remodeling and / or other variables besides electrical remodeling are involved in determining the outcome following cardioversion.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Predictive values of anthropometric measurements for multiple metabolic disorders in Asian populations.

OBJECTIVE: Asians have a unique feature characterized by a low frequency of obesity, but a high frequency of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. It is important to develop simple and reliable anthropometric measurement tools for multiple metabolic disorders, but the cut-off values of anthropometric measurements for Asians have been less clear than those for Caucasians. RESEARCH DESIGN: Data from 361 Japanese and 252 Mongolians aged 30-60 years were investigated for the relationship between multiple metabolic disorders parameters and anthropometric measurements. Pearson's correlation coefficients and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were done. RESULTS: Mongolians of both genders had significantly higher values for all anthropometric measurements than did the Japanese. The Japanese anthropometric measurements showed the highest correlation coefficient of the area under the curve (AUC) from an ROC analysis for HDL-C and triglyceride, while the Mongolians showed the highest values for HOMA-IR. BMI and waist circumference (WC) for both ethnic groups showed relatively higher AUCs for the multiple metabolic disorders parameters. Optimal cut-off values predicting multiple metabolic disorders in the Japanese were estimated at 24 BMI and 82 cm WC (men) and 23 BMI and 73 cm WC (women); for the Mongolian, 27 BMI and 92 cm WC (men) and 27 BMI and 84 cm WC (women). CONCLUSIONS: There were great differences in diagnostic accuracy for the anthropometric measurements by ethnicity, and a relatively lower magnitude of differences by kind of anthropometric measurement. The present study suggests that BMI and WC were useful for predicting multiple metabolic disorders in non-diabetic Mongolians and Japanese, while the use of plasma triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels in combination with BMI and WC may enhance the ability of predicting metabolic parameters in the Japanese.

Adult↗