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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B virus infectious status after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a carrier donor.

A 35-year-old man with acute promyelocytic leukemia received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) in second complete remission. The donor was his 18-year-old brother, a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier with detectable serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA). Before BMT, the recipient was immune to HBV, with serum antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) and normal liver function. Examination of the recipient serum drawn 2 months after BMT revealed reverse seroconversion from anti-HBs/anti-HBe to HBsAg/HBeAg, which remained positive thereafter. Upon reducing cyclosporin 6 months after BMT, acute hepatitis occurred with HBV DNA in serum as evidence of active HBV replication; the patient then developed chronic hepatitis which progressed to cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation within 8 months. Transfusion of HBV DNA/HBeAg-positive bone marrow is thus harmful even when the recipient has anti-HBs prior to BMT.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

HIV-1 infection in early seroconversion stage missed by rapid or ELISA tests--two case reports.

Two cases of HIV-1 infection demonstrating lack of sensitivity of rapid and ELISA screening tests are being reported. The first case was that of a 23 years old female whose recent infection was picked up by ELISA (Tetra ELISA) test but missed by two rapid tests (Comb AIDS and HIV Tridot). The 2nd case presumably too in early seroconversion phase, was that of a 39 years old male. In this case ELISA test failed to diagnose the infection while the two rapid tests were found to be strongly positive.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the sensitivity of various anti-HIV tests in early seroconversion sera.

Paired sera from 4 patients with proven HIV infection whose initial specimens obtained 14-51 days earlier were indeterminate were simultaneously retested with 7 screening anti-HIV test kits and the immunoblot assay. The study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of various new and old anti-HIV screening tests. The test kits evaluated were 4 ELISA test kits from Wellcome (Wellcozyme), Organon (Vironostika anti-HTLV-III), Pasteur (Rapid Elavia) and Diagnostic Biotechnology (DB, HIV-1 ELISA), 2 rapid tests based on microfiltration enzyme immunoassay procedure from Rapport (SUDS) and Disease Detection International (SeroCard), and 1 particle agglutination (PA) test (Serodia-HIV). Immunoblot strips from Diagnostic Biotechnology (HIV-1 Western blot) were used to confirm the HIV infection in these serum specimens. Out of the 4 initial serum specimens tested, all were positive by PA, 2 by SUDS, Wellcome and Pasteur, 1 by SeroCard and DB, and none by Organon. When tested by immunoblot, 1 was negative (i.e., completely without any bands) whereas 3 were indeterminate (i.e., 1 with very weak band for p18, 1 with weak band for p24, 1 with very weak band for gp160. All repeat specimens obtained 14-51 days later (mean 32.5 +/- 16 days) were positive by all screening tests as well as immunoblot. Therefore, with these 4 early seroconversion sera, the sensitivity of the PA was 100%, that of SUDS, Wellcome and pasteur was 50%, of that SeroCard and DB was 25%, and Organon, 0%. None of these sera was considered positive by immunoblot.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Serum beta 2-microglobulin level increases in HIV infection: relation to seroconversion, CD4 T-cell fall and prognosis.

Beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M), a marker that is increased in serum during immune activation, was investigated during the course of HIV infection. beta 2-M rose promptly in the first phase of HIV infection in people who were participating in a longitudinal study where serum samples and lymphocyte subset data were obtained at 6-monthly intervals. A rise in beta 2-M level in the first seropositive sample was seen in 93% of 50 HIV seroconverters, and those with high (or low) levels of beta 2-M at the end of year 1 tend to remain high (or low) in the ensuing years. Eighty-three per cent of seroconverters experienced a fall in CD4 T cells in the first year. The magnitude of the CD4 T-cell decline, however, did not correlate with the rise in beta 2-M in specific individuals in the first year. Nevertheless, 2-3 years after seroconversion, the initially increased beta 2-M levels did correlate inversely with the (reduced) level of CD4 T cells (P less than 0.001). Thus, the pattern of disease reflected by beta 2-M level is established in the first year of infection and persists through the following 2 years. beta 2-M levels were found to correlate with rate of CD4 T-cell fall in individuals with established HIV infection. Three groups of HIV-seropositive people with similar CD4 T-cell numbers at the first measurements (about 600-800 x 10(6)/l) but different rates of CD4 T-cell fall over the following 2 years were evaluated by beta 2-M levels. The group with stable CD4 T-cell numbers showed a significantly lower level of beta 2-M than the groups with moderately or rapidly declining CD4 T-cell numbers. Increases in beta 2-M levels during the 2 years of observation were found in people exhibiting a rapid decline in CD4 T cells (about 200 cells/year). The level of beta 2-M appears to be an indicator of HIV activity and of the rate of CD4 T-cell fall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

[Seroconversion following immunization with a plasma-derived vaccine against hepatitis B: study of a 3-injection protocol (0, 1, 6 months) in Brazzaville (Congo)].

The aim was to study the immunogenicity of a plasma-derived vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus administrated in 3 injections at month 0-1-6. Only subjects without HBs Ag and anti-HBc were vaccinated. The seroconversion rates were 79.21% at day 90, 77.50% at day 180 and 87.21% at day 210. At the same dates, the mean geometric titres of anti-HBs (mUI/ml) were respectively 115.01, 100.48 and 772.78. In all subjects, the vaccine was very well tolerated. This 3 injections protocol of vaccination instead of the classical 4 injections protocol significantly reduces the cost of vaccination and may enlarge its application.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Search for early lesions following human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. A study of six individuals who died a violent death after seroconversion.

Histologic studies supplemented by in situ hybridization for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus type 6 were performed on tissues obtained from the autopsy of six patients who died either by homicide or suicide shortly after learning of their seroconversion. Except for mild nonspecific lymphoid tissue reactions, no lesions were noted that would indicate HIV-1 infection. DNA from all viruses was detected in some lymphoid cells. The amount of DNA for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus type 6 corresponded to that observed for clinically occult latent infection. Lymphoid cells carrying HIV-1 DNA were even less frequent. Cells positive for HIV-1 were noted in the lamina propria of the large intestine in three male homosexuals and in one female prostitute. The cells were arranged similar to antigen-presenting cells. The present findings are consistent with current theories regarding the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Lack of evidence for seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus in recipients of anti-D immunoglobulin containing HIV antibody.

Twenty nine Rh negative women who had received injections of anti-D (Rho) immunoglobulin preparations (from an Indian firm) contaminated with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), were tested for seroconversion to HIV, 14-38 wk after injections. All 29 were negative for HIV antibody, indicating that infectious HIV or immunogenic concentrations of inactivated HIV were not present in the investigated immunoglobulin product.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1990

[Seroconversion to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in goats with pneumonia in Zaire].

Coupled sera were taken among goats suffering from pneumonia in Zaire. The presence of antibodies to bovine syncytial respiratory virus was investigated by a seroneutralization test. Out of 26 animals, 9 already had antibodies at the time of the first blood sampling, 9 presented a seroconversion and 8 remained seronegative during the two months of observation. These results suggest it would be useful to study the frequency of the infection of small ruminants with this virus and its clinical and economical impact in Central Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The incidence of HTLV-III/LAV seroconversion and non-A, non-B hepatitis in recipients of plasma products.

Several groups including ours at Hyland have studied the incidence of HTLV-III/LAV seroconversion and non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) in recipients of products made from unscreened plasma. Of 18 previously untreated patients who received heat-treated factor VIII concentrate (HEMOFIL T), none seroconverted for HTLV-III/LAV. However, 11 of 13 similarly treated patients showed aminotransferase elevations indicative of NANBH. None of 21 patients receiving anti-inhibitor coagulant complex (Autoplex) seroconverted for HTLV-III/LAV, while 28 of 50 patients receiving other forms of treatment did seroconvert. Of 30 recipients of AUTOPLEX, 9 had elevated aminotransferase levels. Since all patients had hepatitis B markers when the study began, a diagnosis of NANBH cannot be made. Of 16 patients who received large doses of immune globulin for intravenous administration (IGIV, GAMMAGARD), none seroconverted for HTLV-III/LAV. Retrospective and prospective studies of 157 recipients of GAMMAGARD did not reveal a single case of NANBH attributable to receipt of this product. In contrast, NANBH has occurred following administration of HEMOFIL T, indicating that heating in the dried state does not eliminate the NANBH agent(s). In spite of lingering concerns about NANBH infectivity, the available data strongly suggest that heat treatment and/or cold ethanol fractionation render these plasma products safe from HTLV-III infectivity.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1988

Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in persons attending an STD clinic in Copenhagen.

1,182 males and 155 females attending an STD clinic from June 1984 to October 1985 were investigated for the presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 348 (29.5%) of the males and 5 (3.2%) of the females were antibody positive (ab+). 237 of the males were initially antibody negative (ab-) and were tested more than once, and during a 16-month period 40 of these seroconverted from ab- to antibody positive. The mean follow-up period of these 40 patients was 7.1 months, and thus the seroconversion rate is estimated to be 2.4% per month. Samples from 37 of these were available for HIV antigen testing. 19 of the patients were antigen positive in the latest ab- sample and accordingly, 18 patients were antigen negative in the latest ab- sample. No difference was found between the mean follow-up periods of those with and those without HIV antigen in the latest ab- serum and the presence of HIV antigen in serum was not associated with symptoms of acute HIV infection. After 20 months of follow-up, none (0.0-8.8%, 97.5% confidence limits) of the 40 patients have developed AIDS or AIDS-related complex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cytomegalovirus seroconversion in patients receiving intensive induction therapy prior to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity in recipients of an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a major risk factor for development of post-transplant CMV infection. CMV serology was assessed in 98 patients during intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancy prior to allogeneic BMT. Thirty-seven patients eventually received a BMT; the remaining 61 patients were treated with chemotherapy alone. The proportion of seropositive patients in the BMT group increased from 36% to 48% between presentation and transplantation. This represents an increase in recipient seropositivity of 33% as a direct result of pre-transplant therapy. Mean time to seroconversion was 186 days. Seropositivity in patients receiving chemotherapy only increased from 43% to 56% during treatment and follow-up. The most likely source of the CMV acquired by these patients is CMV-infected blood products. We suggest that, wherever possible, CMV-negative blood products should be used exclusively from presentation to support all patients receiving chemotherapy in whom BMT is a therapeutic option.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Seroconversion of hepatitis B markers in exposed health service workers after 1 year].

Serum samples were investigated from 213 health service workers in Szczecin with a particular exposure to infection with HBV. In 5 samples (2.34%) the HBs antigen was demonstrated, and 120 workers (56.33%) anti-HBc antibodies were present. History data showed that only one-fifth of them had had a manifest form of virus hepatitis, thus the asymptomatic infection prevailed. After one year the investigations were repeated in 62 subjects who had had no HBV markers in the first determination and seroconversion was demonstrated in 11 of them (17.74%).

Carrier State↗
PubMed1988

Immune changes in male homosexuals--predisposing factors for HIV seroconversion.

Israel is still a low incidence country for AIDS and thus the temporal relationships between various cofactors and HIV infection can be more easily determined. We have studied a cohort of 243 asymptomatic male homosexuals (MHS) during the last 4 years. At the beginning of the study, 40% had significant decreases in the peripheral blood lymphoid populations, signs for reactivation of CMV and EBV infections, and elevated serum levels of interferon. There was no difference in the prevalence of these immune derangements between seropositive and seronegative individuals. In the course of 4 years' follow-up, the prevalence of these immune derangements has remained the same though being significantly more severe in the HIV seropositive subjects. HIV seroconversion did not exceed 8% (about 2% annually) and was related to the immune impairments found when first seen at the beginning of the study. The results suggest that immune impairments are common among asymptomatic MHS, precede HIV infection, and probably contribute to the increased risk for AIDS among male homosexuals.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1987

Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential co-factors for T4 cell loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users.

A cohort of 334 intravenous (IV) drug users from New York City drug treatment programs were followed over a mean 9-month period. Among the 165 who were seropositive at enlistment, four developed clinical AIDS, for an annual rate of 3%. Elevated IgA was a significant predictor of developing AIDS. Among 72 subjects who were initially seronegative and who were re-interviewed, four were seropositive at follow-up, for a seroconversion rate of 7% per year among seronegatives. Among seropositive subjects who did not develop AIDS or fatal AIDS related complex (ARC), continued drug injection was associated with rate of T4 cell loss, and there was a non-significant trend for males to lose T4 cells more rapidly than females. While it was not possible to distinguish the mechanism underlying the relationship between continued drug injection and T4 cell loss, seropositive IV drug users should be warned that continued injection may lead to increased HIV-related immunosuppression as well as, if injection equipment is shared, risking viral transmission to others.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Seroconversion, sexual activity, and condom use among 2915 HIV seronegative men followed for up to 2 years.

A cohort of 2915 HIV-1-seronegative men from the four centers of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) was followed at 6 month intervals for 24 months to identify men who developed antibodies to HIV-1. Two hundred thirty-two men (8%) seroconverted. The highest attack rate was among men who reported practicing both receptive and insertive anal-genital intercourse. The attack rate among men who reported practicing receptive but not insertive intercourse was 3.6 times higher than among men practicing insertive intercourse although those practicing insertive only reported 38% more different partners. Only two men seroconverted who reported not practicing analgenital intercourse in the 12 month prior to the first antibody-positive visit. Because men were followed every 6 months, one of these men could have been infected within 6 months of the actual development of HIV-1 antibodies. The seroconversion rate was significantly lower among men who reported using condoms with all their partners. The results of this study (a) reaffirm that receptive anal-genital intercourse is the major route of infection among homosexual men of HIV-1, (b) suggest that there is a low risk of HIV-1 infection to the insertive partner in anal-genital intercourse, (c) suggest that infection may rarely occur through sexual activities other than anal-genital intercourse, (d) provide evidence that condoms as currently used by men in the MACS provide significant but not complete protection against HIV-1 infection, and (e) suggest that the number of men in the homosexual community engaging in high-risk behavior is declining.

Bisexuality↗
PubMed1986

Acute HTLV-III infection. A case followed from onset to seroconversion.

An acute febrile illness with mouth ulcers and a skin rash was observed in a 37-year-old homosexual man. Acute human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection was suspected. The clinical features were documented prospectively, and striking changes in circulating T lymphocytes were demonstrated shortly after the onset of the illness. Seroconversion for HTLV-III antibody occurred between 46 and 78 days after the onset of the illness.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

[Retrospective (1970-1984) serological study of delta antigen and antibody. Observations on seroconversion and absence of delta in non-A, non-B hepatitis].

335 serum samples collected between 1970 and 1984 from 278 HBsAg positive patients were tested for HDV antigen and HDV antibody (HDV = hepatitis D virus; also referred to as delta virus). The first positive sample was obtained in February 1974. The prevalence of the delta coinfection fluctuated in the following years between 0 and 52% of HBV-infected subjects. It was 40% on average in subjects at risk for HBV infection (i.v. drug abusers, homosexuals and institutionalized mentally retarded subjects) and 6% in persons without risk factors. The antibody was also found in 22% of subjects in a group of drug abusers who recovered from HBV infection (positive for anti-HBs antibody). The study showed that dissemination of HDV infection in Switzerland after 1974 was small clusters occurring mainly in drug users. It also showed that the infection was principally associated with chronic active hepatitis. In addition, sequential serum samples were taken from five patients with chronic hepatitis B superinfected by HDV, over periods of 2 to 13 months. Seroconversion (HDV antigen to HDV antibody) was observed in 4 of these 5 patients, with simultaneous presence of antigen and antibody for periods of 2 to 6 weeks. 167 samples from patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis were all negative for anti-delta antibody.

Adolescent↗