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PubMed2000

[Time, biography and life course].

In this contribution implications of perspectives on the past and on the future for the experience of the present and actual behavior are described. It is argued that in a retrospective look on personal history (or selected periods of personal history) people give meaning to events and processes--these events and processes can be interpreted as "knots" around which other moments and periods (that are subjectively judged as of less importance) do organize themselves. Subjectively important aspects of the past are present in actual experiences and behavior: Therefore, studying biography--subjects' interpretation of the life course--is a pre-condition of understanding actual experiences and behavior. Moreover, people are directed towards the future (e.g., in the sense of controllability vs. non-controllability). The perspectives on the past and future do constitute a human time horizon. It is shown that the development of a time horizon and the application of structure to the perception of time is a constructive performance of human consciousness. Moreover, it is argued that the perception of time is a basic antecendent of the experience of freedom. The contribution begins with the analysis of a microsituation--the results of this analysis are then transferred to the life course and biography. Life course and biography are analysed in the context of the central theoretical positions that Ursula Lehr has developed and tested empirically in her contributions to life span psychology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

The dynamics of psychosocial crises: time courses and causal models.

The time courses of 34 psychosocial crises were studied at an inpatient psychiatric crisis intervention unit. For data acquisition, patients were instructed to rate their tension, activity, and mood in self-report scales, three times a day. The onset of crises before index admission was assessed by retrospective interviews. A combination of pre/post comparisons and time series analyses was used to evaluate the effectiveness of crisis intervention and to specify typologies of crises. Although distinct crisis trajectories were found at the group level that clearly reflect global treatment effects, there was little indication of specificity using a pre/post design. Consequently, the use of more find-grained longitudinal methods is proposed. Time series models of individual patients (single systems approach) are helpful in designing appropriate therapeutic strategies. Agglutination of single case models points to distinct crisis courses, in which a cluster of depressive reactions is prominent. Consequently, a dynamic systems approach is suggested for application in psychiatry and psychology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The relevance of attachment research to psychoanalysis and analytic social psychology.

The extensive empirical research generated by attachment theory is briefly reviewed, with special reference to transgenerational transmission of attachment patterns, internal working models, cross-cultural, and longitudinal studies. It is claimed that attachment theory and research support the alternative psychoanalytic approach initiated by Ferenczi, especially as regards the re-evaluation of real-life traumatic events, the occurrence of personality splits after childhood trauma, and the aggravation of trauma due to its denial by adults. The concepts of transgenerational transmission and of alternative developmental pathways are further contributions to an alternative psychoanalytic framework. Finally, attention is called to the relevance of the cross-cultural studies to Fromm's analytic social psychology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗