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PubMedDate not supplied

Is p53 polymorphism maintained by natural selection?

We present here a new interesting feature of the human tumor suppressor gene p53: a very pronounced ethnic and clinal variation of polymorphic codon 72 alleles. The frequency of the A1 (Pro) allele showed a north-south cline from 17% in Swedish Saamis to 63% in African Blacks (Nigerians), and there was a significant (p < 0.001) correlation (r = 0.95) between the A2 frequency and latitude. In the Finnish and Swedish populations no significant differences were found with respect to the genotype and allele distributions in spontaneously aborted fetuses and liveborn children, which makes differential intrauterine selection unlikely. However, the ethnic and clinal variations suggest that the codon 72 polymorphism is balanced and maintained by natural selection.

Alleles↗

PubMed1989

Psychological impact of abortion: methodological and outcomes summary of empirical research between 1966 and 1988.

A systematic "roadmap" through the medical literature that empirically examines the incidence of psychological sequelae of induced abortion is presented. Because outcome incidence rates and methodological profiles vary substantially across studies, selective use of articles from this literature without an accompanying rationale for that selectivity could foster erroneous conclusions. Information compiled here can facilitate a rapid methodological critique of citations in abortion-related materials. Investigations published in English between January 1966 and April 1988 that quantitatively examined psychological sequelae using prospective, retrospective, or comparative methodologies are summarized in tables to produce a synopsis of the demographics, methodological limitations, and gross statistical features of each article. This quantitative guide is designed to facilitate appropriate use of the current literature, provide needed background to assess positions arising from the currently available data, and provide methodological focus for planning better studies in the future.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed2004

[The gender approach in health-related newspaper articles].

OBJECTIVES: To use a gender approach to analyze the content of health-related articles affecting both sexes (cancer, heart attack and smoking) or mainly women (anorexia, domestic violence and abortion), published in newspapers in the 1990s. To provide recommendations for writing news with a gender-sensitive approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of the above-mentioned topics in articles published in the national Spanish daily newspapers El País, ABC and El Mundo (1991-1999). DATA SOURCES: computerized databases of the newspapers. Sample of 1358 articles published in the national edition containing selected terms (battering [57], anorexia [79], heart attack [118], abortion [330], smoking [350], cancer [422]). Concepts studied: visibility, empowerment and equality. Interview with key informers. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of newspaper articles that identified the sex of journalists were signed by women. As the main protagonists of the feature, men (73%) were more visible than women (40%). Women mainly appeared as patients (14%) whereas men mainly appeared as politicians (29%) and physicians (24%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the efforts made in the 1990s, the gender approach in health-related newspaper articles should be increased.

Female↗

PubMed1990

Group B streptococcus endocarditis following second-trimester abortion.

An 18-year-old woman who underwent an elective second-trimester abortion developed Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) endocarditis characterized by a large, pedunculated vegetation involving a previously normal tricuspid valve. Polyarthritic symptoms, as well as multiple pulmonary emboli, were experienced, and cure followed a course of treatment using intravenous penicillin G potassium combined with gentamicin sulfate. Endocarditis caused by this pathogen usually occurs among individuals compromised by underlying chronic disorders and, today, is a rare sequela of pregnancy and abortion. When planning therapy, consideration should be given to the possibility of tolerance among clinical isolates and the need for operative intervention in selected patients.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1978

Arachidonic acid in amniotic fluid after extra-amniotic instillation of rivanol for midtrimester abortion.

Free arachidonic acid was measured by gas liquid chromatography in amniotic fluid in 13 women during induction of midtrimester abortion. The abortions were induced by extraamniotic instillation of 0.1% Rivanol. Serial sampling of amniotic fluid were performed through a transabdominal catheter up to 22 hrs. Free, total arachidonic acid showed a significant increase from 26 +/- 8 ng/ml to 293 +/- 102 ng/ml at 22 hrs. The percentage of free arachidonic acid in total free fatty acids increased significantly from 2.2 +/- 0.5 to 6.1 +/- 1.6+ during the same time. The results suggest a selective release of arachidonic acid during Rivanol-induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed2004

Is home-based administration of prostaglandin safe and feasible for medical abortion? Results from a multisite study in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy and acceptability of a simplified medical abortion regimen in Vietnam. DESIGN: Open-label study. SETTING: One peri-urban and three urban hospitals and four urban maternal-child health family planning clinics located in Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam. SAMPLE: A total of 1601 women seeking abortion services from January 2001 to December 2001. METHODS: Consenting women presenting for abortion services with gestations less than 56 days LMP who met the inclusion criteria were given 200 mg mifepristone and offered the choice of either home or clinic administration of 400 microg oral misoprostol two days later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Complete abortion rate of 89.2% (n= 1395), with 1.5% (n= 24) of the women lost to follow up. The majority of women (>90%) reported that their medical abortion experience was either 'very satisfactory' or 'satisfactory'. RESULTS: There was a strong preference for home administration of misoprostol, with more than four-fifths of the study population selecting to administer the prostaglandin at home. Location of misoprostol administration did not affect efficacy rate. Regardless of location selected, women expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the medical abortion experience. CONCLUSIONS: Medical abortion with the option of home administration of misoprostol is safe and feasible for introduction into the Vietnamese healthcare system.

Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal↗

PubMed1983

Mating between two balanced translocation carriers in two unrelated families.

Partial trisomy 9p and a 13/14 translocation occurred in the daughter of a t(5;9)(p15;p12) mother and a t(13;14)(p11;q11) father. Two additional offspring displayed a normal karyotype and a translocation trisomy 13 respectively. Two first cousins, selected for chromosome analysis because of a spontaneous abortion, were found to have an identical translocation t(14;21)(p11;q11). Their second pregnancy was monitored by midtrimester amniocentesis and disclosed a balanced fetus. The different zygotic chromosome constitutions and the counselling problems in the marriages between two balanced translocation carriers are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Transvaginal sonography of the uterine cavity following curettage for early pregnancy failure.

In a study of 50 women presenting with sonographically confirmed early pregnancy failure, the uterine contents were measured in both sagittal and transverse planes before proceeding with evacuation of the retained products of conception. A repeat sonographic study of the empty uterine cavity was performed on the day after curettage and similar measurements were made, the subjects having been divided into four groups according to gestational age. There was no significant difference between the groups in the postoperative measurements of either uterine cavity width or area, nor was the size of the empty uterine cavity influenced by the volume of tissue within the uterus before evacuation. Whilst the measurement of width was similar both before and after evacuation of the uterus in all groups, the sagittal area was significantly smaller postoperatively. There was no evidence of retained tissue at any of the postoperative sonographic examinations, nor did any of the subjects in the study develop subsequent complications. Assuming the dimensions of the uterine cavity following curettage are representative of an empty uterus, this will form the basis of a prospective study to determine whether spontaneous abortion can be safely managed without curettage in selected cases, if the preoperative sonographic measurements fall within a specified range.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Use of obstetric services in rural Nigeria.

The pattern and determinants of maternal service utilization were studied in a rural Nigerian community. The study sample consisted of 488 randomly selected women who had a childbirth or an abortion between May 1987 and September 1989. Although 93% registered for prenatal care in a health care institution, only 51% delivered in a health institution while 49% delivered at home mainly under the care of traditional birth attendants. Factors found to be most consistently associated with the use of health institutions for delivery were maternal education and occupation, religion, and occupation of the husband. Maternal age, parity and marital status and place of the residence were not significantly associated with the choice between home and institutional delivery. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratio and to quantify the weight of these independent variables found to be significantly associated with the place of delivery as the outcome variable.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Genetic risk in natural and medically assisted procreation.

Current in vitro fertilization techniques (IVF) including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) or testicular sperm extraction (TESE) clearly prevent any spontaneous choice of ova or spermatozoa. According to the widely admitted concept of gamete selection, pregnancies following IVF, when compared to natural fertilization, could therefore present a higher risk of genetic anomalies. However, no increased fetal or newborn abnormalities are noticed with IVF, except perhaps for sex chromosome aneuploidies. Data from the literature support the view that the uterus is, indeed, the organ where selection mechanisms occur (when they do so), as suggested by Carr in 1971. This selection concerns mainly autosome imbalances; unbalanced conceptuses are aborted. Sex chromosome aneuploidies, apparently, are less prone to natural abortion, but their higher rate of occurrence, as reported in a few series of studies, does not seem to be associated with the IVF procedures.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2001

Prevalence of toxoplasma infection in Qualyobia governorate, Egypt.

ELISA for toxoplasmosis was done on 152 randomly selected individuals, 31 full term parturient and 38 aborted or prematurely delivered women. Seropositivity to specific antitoxoplasma IgG antibodies was observed in 57.9%, 58.1% and 44.7% of random, full term and aborted samples respectively. Only 10.5%, 6.5% and 23.7% were found seropositive for specific antitoxoplasma IgM, respectively. The risk of feto-maternal transmission was very high (50%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Exploration on the relationship between positive antisperm antibody and nitric oxide level of infertile patients and on integrative Chinese and Western medicine treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the positive antisperm antibody (AsAb) and nitric oxide (NO) content in blood of infertile patients and the therapeutic effect of integrative Chinese and western medicine (ICWM) treatment on the disease. METHODS: Infertile patients, 75 of AsAb positive and 68 of AsAb negative were selected to observe the mature partuient rate and abortion rate. Serum NO level were measured before treatment to observe the relationship between NO and positive AsAb. Patients were treated with ICWM and followed-up for five years. RESULTS: Mean value of serum NO in patients with positive AsAb was significantly higher than that in fertile women, and there was no significant difference between patients with negative AsAb and fertile women (P < 0.01). In the 5 years after treatment, the mature partuient rate between the two groups showed insignificant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: AsAb positive and NO level abnormal may interfere mutually, to intervent the reproductive process. ICWM therapy could effectively regulate auto-immunity and endocrine function, and make the infertile patients obtain satisfactory efficacy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

The effect of prenatal diagnosis on the incidence of Down syndrome livebirths in the Singapore General Hospital.

During a 3-year-period between January 1988 and December 1990, there were 12 Down Syndrome (DS) livebirths out of 13,794 livebirths at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Singapore General Hospital, giving an incidence of 1 in 1,150 livebirths or 0.87 per thousand. There were 1569 mothers who were 35 years or older at the expected date of delivery (EDD) and 5 of these 12 DS livebirths were from these older mothers. Although only 11.5% of all mothers were 35 years or more, as a group, these older mothers contributed to 42% of the DS livebirths. There were 5 DS fetuses diagnosed prenatally and 4 were aborted electively. The fifth DS fetus which was diagnosed prenatally was allowed to continue to term because of the mother's religious objection to an induced abortion. The failure to offer prenatal diagnosis and selective procreation to all mothers 35 years or older had resulted in 4 unnecessary DS births, reducing our DS detection rate by a factor of 33%. All these 4 cases were booked late for antenatal care.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[The role of KiSS-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in regulation of invasion of trophoblasts].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of metastasis-related gene KiSS-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in regulation of invasion of trophoblasts. METHODS: RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the MMP-9 and KiSS-1 expression levels in the placental tissues obtained from 90 cases of normal pregnant women undergoing artificial abortion, induction of labor with water bag or selective cesarean section among which 30 cases were in the first trimester, 30 in second-trimester and 30 cases of term pregnancy, and in the placental tissues of 40 cases of preeclampsia (15 cases of mild and 25 cases of severe preeclampsia) undergoing cesarean section, and tissues of 90 cases of hydatidiform mole, 9 cases of invasive mole and 8 cases of choriocarcinoma, all undergoing surgery. RESULTS: The expression levels of MMP-9 mRNA and protein were higher in first-trimester [A value 0.391 +/- 0.215, (36 +/- 7) microg/100 microg total protein] and then decreased gradually with the progress of gestation. The expression levels of MMP-9mRNA and protein in the term placental samples were significantly lower than those of first-trimester (both P < 0.01). The expression levels of KiSS-1mRNA and metastin in normal placenta increased along with the progress of gestation (both P < 0.01). The KISS-1 mRNA expression level and MMP-9 protein expression level in the placental tissue of preeclampsia were 0.09 +/- 0.06 (A value) and (9.6 +/- 4.3) microg/100 microg total protein respectively, both significantly lower than those of the term placenta (both P < 0.01). The expression levels of MMP-9 mRNA and protein in the tissues of gestational trophoblastic disease were significantly higher than those in the first-trimester placenta (both P < 0.01). The expression level of KISS-1 mRNA and metastin in the tissues of hyddatidiform mole and invasive mole were both significantly lower than those in the first trimester placenta (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The expression of KiSS-1mRNA and metastin in the tissues of choriocarcinoma could not be detected. CONCLUSION: The expression of the invasion-related gene, MMP-9, is positively related with, while the invasion suppressor gene, KiSS-1, is negatively related with the invasive ability of trophoblasts. The interaction of these two genes plays an important role in regulation of the invasion of trophoblasts.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prospective study of the incidence of HIV infection in the 1st trimester of pregnancy].

The article deals with the results of an anonymous testing of HIV infections in Yugoslavia. The presence of anti-HIV-antibodies was examined in the blood of pregnant patients, randomly selected, in a Ward where about 3000 artificial abortions were carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy in a six-month period. On the basis of the obtained results one patient of 177 tested women was infected by HIV virus. At the same time, it can be presumed that among 3000 pregnancies there were many anti-HIV positive persons. It should be emphasized that the staff was not aware of HIV infection in one patient, and that in Yugoslav epidemiological conditions a HIV infected person could unexpectedly be detected without preliminary findings and data.

Female↗

PubMed1990

The efficacy of cervical cerclage.

A retrospective study of the outcome of pregnancy in 187 women with cervical cerclage revealed a three-fold increase in the crude perinatal survival rate. The McDonald and Shirodkar techniques produced comparable results. Mersilene was as effective as black silk. A significant number of pregnancies with cerclage insertion prior to 14 weeks ended in spontaneous abortions. Postcerclage morbidity was minimal, and abdominal delivery was indicated in only four patients for cervical dystocia. The continued use of this procedure, for selected cases, is justified.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1990

Medical geneticists confront ethical dilemmas: cross-cultural comparisons among 18 nations.

To provide a basis for international discussion of ethical problems, we studied responses of medical geneticists in 18 countries to questionnaires about 14 clinical cases and five screening situations. Of 1,053 asked to participate, 677 (64%) responded. There was greater than or equal to 75% consensus on five cases involving (1) disclosure of (1) conflicting diagnostic findings, (2) disclosure of ambiguous results, (3) disclosure of controversial interpretations, (4) protection of mother's confidentiality in cases of false paternity, and (5) nondirective counseling about 45,X and XYY syndrome. A majority (51%-60%) would disclose the diagnosis to relatives at risk for Huntington disease or hemophilia A, against the patient's wishes; would disclose which parent carries a translocation causing Down syndrome; and would disclose XY genotype in a female. As reproductive options for patients with disorders not diagnosable prenatally, 84% would discuss artificial insemination by a donor, 66% would discuss in vitro fertilization with donor egg, and 46% would discuss surrogate motherhood. In all, 85% would perform prenatal diagnosis for (or would refer) parents who refuse abortion, 75% for maternal anxiety, and 42% for selection of fetal sex. Screening questions showed that 72% believed that workplace screening should be voluntary and that results should be confidential.

Confidentiality↗

PubMed1997

Attitudes regarding molecular diagnosis in Mexican families at risk of inheriting Huntington's disease.

Fifty-eight, at-risk subjects were studied. 81% of the group wished to know whether they had inherited Huntington's disease, even though only 79% would undergo testing. The subjects reported a favorable attitude toward a probable positive result in 81% of cases. Nevertheless, 52% reported they would become depressed, and a small group referred suicidal ideation as response to a probable positive result. Regarding genetic counseling, 59% reported that an at-risk person should not have children, although this increased to 82% if the person knew with certainty that they would develop the disease. Prenatal testing was favored in 74%, and less than half would be willing to have an abortion. Genetic counseling must be insisted upon, the selection of at-risk subjects must be carefully made, and the characteristics of the Mexican population must be taken into account.

Adult↗