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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Evaluation of an attenuated, cold-recombinant influenza B virus vaccine.

A live, attenuated influenza B virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of students. The virus, cold-recombinant (CR) 7, was produced by recombining the attenuated cold-adapted parent, B/Ann Arbor/1/66, with a wild strain, B/Hong Kong/8/73. In ferrets, the wild strain produced histopathologic lesions in the lungs, whereas the CR strain and the attenuated parent did not. A total of 306 individuals was inoculated intranasally with either the CR virus or a placebo. After inoculation, only one symptom was significantly more common in the vaccinees than in the control subjects. That symptom, sore throat, occurred briefly in 26% of the vaccine recipients and in 10.5% of the placebo recipients. An outbreak of influenza B occurred three months after vaccination. When serologic infection rates in the two groups were compared, it was found that the vaccine had been significantly effective (P less than 0.01) in preventing infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of the safety, vaccine virus shedding, and immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types A and B, live cold-adapted, administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected adults.

Fifty-seven human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (CDC class A1-2) and 54 non-HIV-infected adults, not prescreened for influenza susceptibility, were randomized to receive trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or placebo intranasally. LAIV was safe and well tolerated with no serious adverse events attributable to vaccine. Reactogenicity rates were similar in LAIV and placebo recipients except that runny nose/nasal congestion was significantly more common in LAIV recipients regardless of HIV status. No prolonged shedding of LAIV was observed in HIV-infected participants. HIV RNA levels were not increased and CD4 counts were not decreased in HIV-infected LAIV recipients compared with placebo recipients after immunization. Shedding of LAIV and increases in antibody titers were infrequent, consistent with prior experience in unscreened adults. The data suggest that inadvertent vaccination with LAIV in relatively asymptomatic HIV-infected adults would not be associated with frequent significant adverse events.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Localization of human rhinovirus replication in the upper respiratory tract by in situ hybridization.

To localize the sites and determine the extent of human rhinovirus (HRV) replication in the upper respiratory tract, biopsies of nasal and nasopharyngeal epithelia were collected from 26 HRV- or 7 sham-inoculated volunteers on days 1, 3, and 5 and on days 12, 20, or 33 after inoculation and analyzed by in situ hybridization. HRV-infected cells were detected on at least 1 day in 22 of the 23 HRV-infected subjects and in 1 of the 7 sham-inoculated subjects who developed a cold and had nasal secretions positive for a picornavirus by polymerase chain reaction. Low numbers of in situ hybridization-positive ciliated cells were present in nasal biopsies. In the nasopharynx, most HRV-infected cells were ciliated, but infected nonciliated epithelial cells were also detected. Our results indicate that HRV replicates in a very small proportion of cells in the nasal epithelium and in both ciliated and nonciliated cells in the nasopharynx of experimentally infected humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Virucidal hand treatments for prevention of rhinovirus infection.

Rhinovirus infections are associated with substantial morbidity and economic cost. The available common cold remedies are of limited utility and specific antiviral approaches have been unsuccessful. Viral contamination of the hands appears to play an important role in the transmission of rhinovirus from person-to-person. Interruption of this step in transmission presents a potential target for intervention. Initial studies demonstrated that the common cold could be prevented by treatment of hands with iodine. Inactivation of the rhinoviruses by acid is well known and a survey of organic acids considered safe for consumer use revealed that salicylic acid and pyroglutamic acid have potent virucidal activity for the rhinoviruses that persists for several hours after application to the hands. A subsequent evaluation in human volunteers confirmed the prevention of rhinovirus infections by these acids and suggested that these agents have promise as cosmetically acceptable virucidal agents for interruption of the transmission of these infections.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2004

VP1 sequencing of all human rhinovirus serotypes: insights into genus phylogeny and susceptibility to antiviral capsid-binding compounds.

Rhinoviruses are the most common infectious agents of humans. They are the principal etiologic agents of afebrile viral upper-respiratory-tract infections (the common cold). Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) comprise a genus within the family Picornaviridae. There are >100 serotypically distinct members of this genus. In order to better understand their phylogenetic relationship, the nucleotide sequence for the major surface protein of the virus capsid, VP1, was determined for all known HRV serotypes and one untyped isolate (HRV-Hanks). Phylogenetic analysis of deduced amino acid sequence data support previous studies subdividing the genus into two species containing all but one HRV serotype (HRV-87). Seventy-five HRV serotypes and HRV-Hanks belong to species HRV-A, and twenty-five HRV serotypes belong to species HRV-B. Located within VP1 is a hydrophobic pocket into which small-molecule antiviral compounds such as pleconaril bind and inhibit functions associated with the virus capsid. Analyses of the amino acids that constitute this pocket indicate that the sequence correlates strongly with virus susceptibility to pleconaril inhibition. Further, amino acid changes observed in reduced susceptibility variant viruses recovered from patients enrolled in clinical trials with pleconaril were distinct from those that confer natural phenotypic resistance to the drug. These observations suggest that it is possible to differentiate rhinoviruses naturally resistant to capsid function inhibitors from those that emerge from susceptible virus populations as a result of antiviral drug selection pressure based on sequence analysis of the drug-binding pocket.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection].

Rhinoviruses (RV) are the etiological factors of not only acute respiratory diseases of the common cold type but also of acute and chronic diseases of otorhinolaryngological organs. Virological and bacteriological examinations of patients with chronic pneumonia in the stages of exacerbation and incomplete remission revealed a high degree of the infection activity. Virus-bacterial associations were frequently found. RV were isolated from the lower respiratory tract (bronchopulmonary secrete, biopsy materials). The association of RV with the involvement of the lower respiratory tract in patients with chronic pneumonia was demonstrated. Rhinoviremia was detected in one child dying with acute respiratory disease. The results of studies on some factors of specific and nonspecific immunity in patients with chronic pneumonia are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Clinical aspects of viral respiratory infections].

The Authors deal with some clinical aspect of the commonest types of respiratory tract viral infections. After a description of the characteristics of the most important diseases (common cold, ARD, influenza, viral pneumonia) they deal with some particular problem difficult in resolution, both from a pathogenetic and clinical viewpoint and quite constant bacterial over infection, the cardiac complications, th possible evolution to fibrosis and the relationship between viral infections and asthma. The nowadays problem of immunological and chemotherapeutic prevention of viral infections, particularly of type A influenza, is also discussed.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunological barriers in the nose and paranasal sinuses.

This review deals mainly with lymphocyte subsets in the human nasal mucosa, and with the common cold. Lymphocytes have recently been characterized in biopsy specimens by an immuno-histochemical method (the avidin-biotin, monoclonal antibody peroxidase technique). In summary, the overall T:B cell ratio was 3:1 and that of T helper cells to T suppressor was 2.5:1; topographical differences within the nasal mucosa were identified. Non-specific defence systems, such as interferon, provide some protection against rhinovirus infection, but most important is the presence of specific antibodies against a given antigenic type of virus. Recent results have suggested that a rhinovirus infection does not cause a marked destruction of the epithelial lining, that it is spotty in the nasal mucosa, and that it is most prominent in the nasopharynx. Increased knowledge about the site of infection and how symptoms are produced is essential for a rational approach to the development of anti-viral therapy.

Common Cold↗
PubMed2003

Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus throughout a coordinated sequence of events during warm weather.

Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) throughout a coordinated sequence of events that replicated common farm worker behavior during warm weather (10 degrees C to 16 degrees C) was assessed using a field-based model. The model involved fomites (boots and containers), vehicle sanitation, transport, and personnel movement. In a previous study, the model successfully demonstrated mechanical transmission of PRRSV in 8 out of 10 replicates during cold weather. A field strain of PRRSV was inoculated into carriers consisting of soil samples, which were adhered to the undercarriage of a vehicle. The vehicle was driven approximately 50 km to a commercial truck washing facility where the driver's boots contacted the carriers during washing, introducing the virus to the vehicle interior. The vehicle was then driven 50 km to a simulated farm site, and the driver's boots mechanically spread virus into the farm anteroom. Types of containers frequently employed in swine farms contacted drippings from the footwear on the anteroom floor. The truck wash floor, vehicle cab floor mats, boot soles, anteroom floor, and the ventral surface of containers were sampled to track the virus throughout the model. Ten replicates were conducted, along with sham-inoculated controls, and control replicates. In 2 replicates, infectious PRRSV was detected on the anteroom floor and in 1 replicate, infectious PRRSV was detected on the surface of the container by swine bioassay. All sham-inoculated controls and protocol controls were negative. These results indicate that mechanical transmission of PRRSV throughout a coordinated sequence of events in warm weather can occur, but in contrast to data from studies conducted during cold weather, it appears to be a relatively infrequent event.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1986

Acute-phase decrease of T lymphocyte subsets in rhinovirus infection.

Populations of peripheral blood leukocytes were enumerated in 15 volunteers challenged by intranasal inoculation with rhinovirus serotype 25. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in total lymphocyte count among infected persons on the third day after challenge with the virus (P less than .01). The change in lymphocyte count was associated with a significant decrease in total T cells, as determined by monoclonal antibodies (both T11+ and T3+, P less than .02), but not in B cells (B7+). Among the subsets of T cells, T4+ (T helper/inducer) and T8+ (T suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytes both declined in number, but only the change in the T4+ subset was significant. For each of the lymphocyte populations that decreased significantly (T3+, T11+, and T4+) there was a strong correlation with increased severity of symptoms. Persons who had the greatest decrease in total lymphocyte count also shed virus most frequently. The number of nonlymphocyte leukocytes increased with the severity of the symptoms. These data show that T lymphocytes (particularly the T4+ population) are related to both the progression of infection and the symptoms of the rhinovirus common cold.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Epstein-Barr virus myocarditis as a cause of sudden death: two autopsy cases.

Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes acute infection accompanied by a high fever in young people, there appears to be few reports of a fatal outcome involving myocarditis. We report two cases of unexpected sudden death due to acute myocarditis possibly caused by the EBV. They each visited a hospital due to common cold-like symptoms and unexpectedly died several days later. In both cases, autopsy revealed myocardial necrosis with marked lymphocytic infiltration. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening was positive for the EBV, whereas immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the EBV were negative. Serological investigations showed a mild elevation in antiviral capsid antigen IgG and anti-EBV nuclear antigen IgG in both cases. Immunohistochemical study of lymphocytic infiltrates showed strong positivity for a T-cell marker (CD45R0) in the myocardium and pharyngeal mucosa. These cases suggest the potential risk of mortality from acute EBV infection in young people, even without severe clinical manifestations, and the importance of microbiological investigations, including PCR procedures, in postmortem diagnosis of infectious diseases.

Acute Disease↗