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PubMed1989

Vaccination against ovine cysticercosis using a defined recombinant antigen.

Cysticercosis caused by larval tapeworms is a major public health problem and a cause of substantial economic losses in the farm-animal industries. Taenia ovis in sheep is a particularly important example. Immunity to reinfection with the larvae has a central role in regulating natural transmission of the parasites, and vaccination with antigens from the early larval oncosphere stage can induce complete protection against infection. As it is impractical to obtain enough oncospheres for a commercial vaccine against these tapeworms, an alternative approach is to use recombinant DNA methods to generate a cheap and plentiful supply of antigens. We report here the expression in Escherichia coli of complementary DNA encoding T. ovis antigens as fusion proteins with the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase. Vaccination of sheep with these fusion proteins gave significant, although not complete, immunity against challenge infection with T. ovis eggs. Commercial development of a vaccine is being pursued.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Spinal cysticercosis. Case report and review.

Cysticercosis is the commonest parasitic disease to affect the central nervous system (CNS). According to the World Health Organisation (1988), more than 2.5 million people worldwide are infected. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by the encysted larval form (porcine tapeworm) of Taenia solium (Cysticerus cellulosae). The ways in which the eggs of T Solium penetrate the CNS are illustrated in Table I. Involvement of the spinal cord in NCC varies between 1% and 5%. The isolated medullary form is very rare, only 50 cases having been reported up to 1988. The appearance of a spinal cord compression syndrome (SCCS) is unusual and late, according to reported series, the largest being that of Sotelo with 753 cases of NCC, including 10 causing SCCS, corresponding to 1.4%; also the classic Dixon and Lipscomb series of 450 NCC with only one patient with SCCS.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cysticercosis cellulosae. An unusual cause of a labial swelling.

A case of cysticercosis cellulosae presenting as an isolated swelling of the labial mucosa, clinically diagnosed as a mucocele, is described. The important implications of such a diagnosis are discussed along with a resumé of the natural history of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Ultrasonographic and serologic studies of experimental cysticercosis in rats infected with Taenia taeniaeformis.

Rats experimentally infected with Taenia taeniaeformis were followed-up until 14 weeks post inoculation with eggs (PIE) by hepatic ultrasonographic (US) image and serum antibody response analyses. Parasitic cysts could be imaged as small (2 mm in diameter) anechoic areas with or without a parenthesis-like echogenic small line from two weeks PIE. Immunoblot analysis using antigens from oncospheres (TtO), 30-day-old (TtM-30) and 300-day-old metacestodes (TtM-300) revealed that: (1) these three different developmental stages showed their own unique patterns suggesting the presence of stage-specific antigens; (2) faint IgM antibody responses to some components of TtO and TtM-30 or TtM-300 could be detected from one and two weeks PIE, respectively, and (3) IgG responses to some major components of both TtO and TtM-300, and TtM-30 were easily detected from four and five weeks PIE onwards, respectively. Both TtO and TtM (especially TtM-300) appeared to be highly useful for detection of antibody responses in experimentally infected rats. Due to the easiness in preparation of antigens, fully developed metacestodes may be the best candidate antigens for serodiagnosis. These results strongly suggest that both US image and antibody analyses using antigens from fully developed metacestodes are useful for detection of the early stage of cysticercosis in laboratory animal model.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

New approaches in the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis.

Taenia solium cysticercosis is now recognized as a priority in Mexico and a number of other developing countries, both in public health and in economic terms. Recognition of the problem has been greatly aided in recent years by new developments in molecular diagnostics. In this paper data are presented on ELISA for the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies and of parasite antigens in patients with neurocysticercosis and in cysticercotic pigs. Also, several biological fluids were evaluated: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and saliva, all of which have proved useful. CSF is, however, the most appropriate for detection of antibodies and antigens in patients and serum in pigs. In addition, saliva may be especially used in epidemiological surveys. The electroimmuno-transfer blot technique (EITB) for antibody detection in patients and pigs has also proved highly sensitive and due to the use of an enriched fraction of glucoproteins, EITB is also highly specific. Cloned cDNA sequences from T. solium are now being assessed as an alternative source of antigens for immunodiagnosis. Two methods for the diagnosis of the adult stage of T. solium are also undergoing standardization. These are an ELISA for the detection of parasite antigens in fecal samples and DNA hybridization techniques for the detection of eggs in stools. Both assays have promising results and should now be assessed in larger numbers of clinical and epidemiological samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Subretinal cysticercosis].

This paper communicates the history of a case of subretinal cysticercosis in the left eye of a 73-year-old female patient. The only subjective complaints were slightly blurred vision in the affected eye. Serological findings in the blood (Agar-Gel precipitation; IFAT; ELISA) and the aqueous humor were negative. However, according to the literature false-negative serological findings are not uncommon. A stool examination for worm eggs or tapeworm segments was also negative. The remaining lab findings, including hemogram and immunoelectrophoresis, were also normal. Neurocysticercosis was ruled out by clinical and roentgenologic (CCT) diagnosis. As the patient declined treatment with praziquantel, a modern treatment for tapeworm, photocoagulation of the cysticercus was performed at two sittings, first peripheral demarcation and subsequently central coagulation.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

A case of subcutaneous cysticercosis (Cysticercus cellulosae cutis).

Cysticercosis is an infection resulting from the larval form of the pork tapeworm, and domestic infection is rare in Japan. We report a case of Cysticercus cellulosae cutis in a Japanese woman who was thought to be infected in an endemic area and offer a brief review of the literature.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Sero-epidemiological studies of cysticercosis in school children from two rural areas of Transkei, South Africa.

Anticysticercus antibody titre levels were measured in the sera of 1352 school children from two rural areas of Transkei with different climatic conditions, in the southeastern seaboard of South Africa. The overall seropositivity rate was 5.5%, while the rates for children with good and poor nutritional status were 7.3% and 3.3% respectively. The rates for the two geographical areas did not differ. However, the mean antibody titre level in the 'dry' area (Cofimvaba) with extreme temperature regimes was higher than that in the 'wet' area (Umtata), and well-nourished children from the Cofimvaba area were significantly the most likely to be seropositive. On the other hand, undernourished children from Cofimvaba, and undernourished male children generally, were more likely to be seronegative (Odds Ratio 2.78 and 3.62 respectively). The implications of the findings for the treatment and control of cysticercosis are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of the efficacy of praziquantel against cysticercosis of a Taenia saginata-like tapeworm (Taiwan strain) in pigs.

In order to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel against cysticercosis in pigs caused by the 'Taiwan Taenia' 16 small-ear miniature pigs were each fed with 10,000 or 30,000 eggs. Twelve pigs were treated with praziquantel: three were given 100 mg kg-1 on one day, three were given 100 mg kg-1 daily for three days, and six were given 100 mg kg-1 daily for five days. Four pigs were used as untreated controls. The cure rates observed were 33.3% in the pigs treated for one day, and 100% in the pigs treated for three or five days.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Taenia solium cysticercosis and human taeniasis in the Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria.

The prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in slaughter pigs and of taeniid ova in hospital patients were determined in the Nsukka area of Enugu State, Nigeria, in March 1986-September 1988 and May 1986-May 1988, respectively. Cysticercus cellulosae were detected in the pigs by ante-mortem examination of the pigs' tongues and detailed post-mortem examination of the dressed pig carcasses using standard meat-inspection procedures. Human infection was assessed by examining iodine-stained stool samples collected from patients from one selected hospital in the study area. Over 20% (483) of the 2358 trade pigs examined were found infected with C. cellulosae. Most of the cases were generalized, all the musculature being heavily infested with live cysticerci. The age and sex of the pig and the season of the year in which it was examined had no significant effect on the occurrence of cysticerci in the animals (P > 0.01) but there was a highly significant year-to-year decrease (P < 0.001) in the prevalence of cysticerci. The overall prevalence of taeniid ova in the 1525 human-stool samples analysed was 8.6%, most (78.6%) of the cases occurring in adults aged > 30 years. The epidemiological factors which might have influenced these results are identified and discussed, and suggestions are made for the control of this important zoonosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Extraocular muscle cysticercosis - a clinical challenge to the ophthalmologists.

PURPOSE: To report our experience with extraocular myocysticercosis, to highlight the role of ultrasound and orbital computerized tomography (CT) scan in these cases and to discuss the management. METHODS: This is retrospective study of 35 cases of orbital myocysticercosis confirmed on ultrasound and CT scan of the orbit. RESULTS: There were 18 males and 17 females. The average age of these patients was 19.6 years. The most common presenting feature was restricted ocular motility with diplopia and recurrent pain and redness. Ultrasound examination and CT scan of the orbit done for all these patients identified the cyst and the affected muscle. All extraocular muscles were noted to be involved in myocysticercosis. However the lateral rectus, medial rectus and the superior oblique were affected to a greater extent. All cases dramatically improved on treatment with albendazole and oral steroids. Surgical excision of cyst was done in 6 cases. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion should be entertained for extraocular muscle cysticercosis, especially in cases of acquired ocular motility disorder with recurrent ocular congestion. Ultrasound and CT scans of orbit play a vital role in diagnosis. Medical therapy with albendazole under cover of steroids is effective in most of the cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

High prevalence of serological markers of cysticercosis among epileptic Malagasy children.

Neurocysticercosis (i.e. cerebral localization of the metacestode larvae of Taenia solium) is believed to be a major cause of late onset epilepsy in non-Muslim developing countries. To define its role in childhood epilepsy in Madagascar, analysis of serological markers of cysticercosis was performed in 256 children with unexplained epilepsy and in 113 controls. Sera were considered positive when high titres in ELISA were present together with at least one of the bands 13, 14, 18, 21, 24 or 32 kD on Western blot. Altogether, 17.6% of the patients versus none of the controls were seropositive using these criteria. When analysing the bands of the Western blot, those of 13, 14 and 18 were significantly more frequently detected in sera of epileptic children than in sera of controls. Neurocysticercosis can be considered the main cause of secondary childhood epilepsy in our country, Madagascar being one of the most important foci in the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of purified Taenia solium glycoproteins and recombinant antigens in the serologic detection of human and swine cysticercosis.

Cysticercosis caused by infection with embryonated eggs of Taenia solium is an important cause of neurological disease worldwide. On the basis of mitochondrial DNA analysis, T. solium is divided into 2 (African/American and Asian) genotypes. Glycoproteins (GPs) in cyst fluid purified from the 2 genotypes of T. solium were characterized and compared with the recombinant chimeric T. solium-Ag1V1/Ag2 protein (Rec-Ag1V1/Ag2) as serodiagnostic antigens. Immunoblot analysis revealed that banding patterns of GPs differed between the 2 genotypes because of posttranslation modification, especially glycosylation. The comparison of native GPs with Rec-Ag1V1/Ag2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that there was no statistical difference in sensitivity. In addition, the conservation of the genes encoding Ag1V1 and Ag2 in T. solium worldwide was verified. These results indicate that Rec-Ag1V1/Ag2 has great potential for usefulness in serodiagnosis as an alternative to native antigens.

Africa↗
PubMed1987

Cerebral cysticercosis in a 22-month-old infant.

A case of cerebral cysticercosis is described in a 22-month-old infant from northern California who presented with a right-sided focal seizure. Unusual features were her young age; a single, enlarging, frontoparietal mass lesion; and apparent lack of history of exposure to an endemic area.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed1988

Disseminated cysticercosis. New observations, including CT scan findings and experience with treatment by praziquantel.

Although the symptom complex of disseminated cysticercosis has been well recognized for over half a century, it is not clearly included in recent disease classifications. Three such patients are described whose main features were uncontrolled seizures, progressive dementia, behaviour disorder, muscular pseudohypertrophy, and a relative paucity of localizing neurological signs or signs of raised intracranial pressure. Radiographic calcification in muscles was not seen. A CT scan of the brain showed numerous small discrete lesions. Their attenuation density values were appreciably less than that of calcium and they enhanced slightly with contrast. Magnification revealed that these were scolices within cysticerci. There was no enhancement of the cyst wall and no pericystic oedema. CT scan of muscles showed similar cysticerci producing a 'honeycomb' appearance. This is the first CT demonstration of widely disseminated living cysticerci in brain and muscles. It was confirmed histologically. In the absence of palpable cysticerci, the clinical diagnosis can be missed, although no other disease in its full form presents in this manner. The symptoms are mainly caused by the space-occupying effect of the large number of cysticerci rather than by adjacent tissue swelling such as is seen in the presence of dying parasites. Praziquantel was ineffective and hazardous, causing some known and some previously unreported responses and reactions. All 3 patients died.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Computed tomography in intracranial cysticercosis.

The computed tomography (CT) scans and other radiographic studies of 23 patients with cerebral cysticercosis were reviewed. Parenchymal calcifications, the most common finding, are somewhat better seen on CT scans than on skull films. Ventricular cysts may be suspected by disproportionate enlargement of the involved ventricle. Cysts in subarachnoid cisterns are best detected by performing both CT and pneumoencephalography. Contrast enhancement was not seen with cisternal or ventricular cysts but may be with parenchymal cysticercus lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Cysticercosis presenting as a mass lesion at foramen of Monro.

Cysticercosis is a parasitic infestation that commonly affects the central nervous system. This is a report of computed tomography findings in a patient with a noncalcified cyst causing asymmetric lateral ventricular obstruction at the foramen of Monro. The lesion was isodense and uniformly enhancing, an unusual finding possibly related to presentation early in the course of the disease. This disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the lesions at the foramen of Monro in patients with appropriate residence or travel history.

Adult↗