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At least 613 records · Page 34Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Confirmation of research publications reported by neurological surgery residency applicants.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have reported that as many as 30% of resident and fellow applicants misrepresent their publication record on their residency and fellowship applications. To determine if neurologic surgery residency applicants were guilty of similar rates of misrepresentation, we reviewed the applications submitted to our institution in the year 2001-2002. METHODS: There were 102 applications submitted to our neurologic surgery residency program for the 2001-2002 academic year. All publications listed by applicants on the Central Application Service for Neurologic Surgery were verified using various online bibliographic databases including MEDLINE and an interlibrary search. Manuscripts listed as being "in press" were authenticated by contacting the journals' editorial office while those listed as either "in preparation" or "submitted for publication" were excluded. RESULTS: Seventy-three (71.6%) candidates reported 212 published citations, including 129 (61%) journal articles, 13 (6%) book chapters, and 70 (33%) printed abstracts. Twelve of these applicants also listed 13 papers as being "in press." Overall, among the entire applicant pool, there were nine examples of possible misrepresentation in six applicants (6%). One applicant provided inadequate information to verify a book chapter. Another candidate cited four journal articles with the authors' names, even though his name was not listed among them. Two applicants included one citation each without listing any of the authors' names. Verification of these citations revealed that neither of them was a coauthor, although one was acknowledged. Among the articles listed as "in press," one was still under consideration for publication, and one could not be verified because of the journal's discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that applicants who reported their names along with their published citations did so honestly and accurately. In our study, misrepresentation of published manuscripts among neurologic surgery residency applicants was rare when compared to candidates in other specialties.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

The effects of pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin, alone or in combination, on response acquisition in male and female rats.

It has been hypothesized that concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin may have contributed to the development of neurocognitive symptoms in Gulf War veterans. The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of pyridostigmine bromide and permethrin alone, or in combination, on the acquisition of a novel response, one measure of normal cognitive functioning. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with pyridostigmine bromide (1.5 mg/kg/day, by gavage in a volume of 5 ml/kg) or its vehicle for 7 consecutive days. They then also received an intraperitoneal injection of permethrin (0, 15, or 60 mg/kg) before they were exposed to an experimental session during which they could earn food by pressing a lever in an operant chamber. Serum permethrin levels increased as a function of its dose, and were higher in rats treated with pyridostigmine bromide. Sex differences were observed as permethrin levels were higher in female rats than in male rats following the highest dose. Pyridostigmine bromide delayed response acquisition in male and female rats, and resulted in higher response rates on the inactive lever in female rats than in male rats. Although permethrin levels were higher in subjects treated with pyridostigmine bromide than in those treated with vehicle, there were no differences in the behavioral effects of permethrin. Whether or not these behavioral effects of pyridostigmine bromide are of central or peripheral origin will need to be determined in future studies, as its effects on motor activity and/or gastro-intestinal motility may have affected response acquisition.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effects of pyridostigmine bromide on progressive ratio performance in male and female rats.

Small doses of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) affect the acquisition and maintenance of food-maintained behavior in laboratory animals. The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of this drug on food motivation. Male and female rats were trained to respond on a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement and treated with different doses of PB. PB dose-dependently decreased breaking points and response rates in male and female rats. Gender differences were not observed. The results indicate that decreased food motivation may be a factor that contributes to the behavioral effects of PB administration.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEET alone, or in combination, on fixed-ratio and fixed-interval behavior in male and female rats.

Concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (PB), permethrin (PERM) and/or N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) may have contributed to the development of a syndrome that appears to have afflicted military personnel who served during the Gulf War. The present experiment sought to evaluate the behavioral effects of these compounds alone, or in various combinations, in male and female rats. Subjects were exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 50, fixed-interval (FI) 2-min schedule of reinforcement. PB dose-dependently decreased FR and FI response rates. FR responding was disrupted by lower doses and there were no differences between the sexes. PERM vehicle administration decreased response rates maintained by both schedules of reinforcement; this was offset by an increase in response rate after the administration of the intermediate dose of PERM. The highest dose of PERM decreased both FR and FI response rates. FR rates in male rats were more disrupted than those in female rats. Only the highest dose of DEET decreased FR and FI response rates in male and female rats. FR rates were more disrupted in female rats than in male rats. Synergistic effects were only observed when FI response rates decreased in male rats upon exposure to half the low dose of PB with half the low dose of PERM or half the low dose of PB with half the low dose of DEET. The results of this experiment thus show that small doses of PB, PERM and DEET disrupt well-established, schedule-controlled behavior in male and female rats in a schedule- and gender-dependent manner; schedule-dependent and gender-dependent synergistic effects were also observed. The mechanism by which the compounds exert these behavioral effects remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Pyridostigmine bromide alters locomotion and thigmotaxis of rats: gender effects.

Male rats and female rats in the proestrous and metestrous stages of estrus were tested to determine the effects of pyridostigmine bromide on locomotion rate and thigmotactic response using doses of 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg. Thirty minutes after administration of the pyridostigmine bromide the rats were videorecorded for 2 h in a 1 m2 open-field arena. The rats' activities were analyzed for the drug's effect on speed throughout the 2 h and during six 20-min segments. Also, the times that the rats were observed moving through the central 50% of the arena were determined. Locomotion rates decreased significantly, and thigmotaxses increased significantly in all groups of rats as a dose response to pyridostigmine bromide. Habituation occurred over 2 h for both responses, primarily during the first 40 min. Female rats were more affected than males, but metestrous and proestrous females did not differ significantly in their responses. At the 30 mg/kg the effect was persistent throughout the test period. Proestrous females dosed at 30 mg/kg had much higher pyridostigmine bromide serum levels than metestrous females and males.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Functional activity of new C-terminal cyclic-neurotensin fragment analogs.

Neurotensin (NT, pGlu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu) is a tridecapeptide that displays a wide spectrum of biological actions. Cyclic derivatives of a hexapeptide NT [(8-13)] (N alpha MeArg-Lys-Pro-Trp-Tle-Leu, Tle = tert-leucine) were designed and prepared by a combination of solution and solid-phase peptide synthetic methodologies. As reported previously, several analogs possessed nanomolar binding affinities for NT receptors in newborn (10-day-old) mouse brain membrane preparations. In this study, we determined the functional ability of these analogs to mobilize intracellular free calcium, [Ca2+]i, in HT-29 cells (human colonic adenocarcinoma). Of greatest interest were the cyclic compounds 2, 6 and 9 that had Ki values of 0.19, 3.50 and 4.18 microM for [3H]NT labeled receptors in the HT-29 cell membrane assay, respectively. In the functional assay, compounds 2 and 6 mobilized [Ca2+] with EC50 values of 0.13 and 20 microM, respectively. In comparison, Compound 9 blocked the NT-induced mobilization of [Ca2+]i, with an IC50 of 1.70 microM. The present findings indicate that small molecule cyclic analogs, that possess functional activity, can be designed and may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of schizophrenia and possibly other neurological disorders.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Effect of soil texture on surfactant-based remediation of hydrophobic organic-contaminated soil.

Surfactants may be used in remediation of subsoil and aquifer contaminated with hydrophobic compounds. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of soil texture on hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC; toluene, or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene [TCB]) removal from six soils and to evaluate the optimal composition of soil texture for maximum HOC removal using aqueous surfactant solution. Selected surfactants were 4% (vol/vol) sodium diphenyl oxide disulfonate (DOSL) and 4% (wt/vol) sodium lauryl sulfate (LS). Toluene and TCB were selected as the lighter-than-water nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) and denser-than-water nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) model substances, respectively. Soil types used for this study were Ottawa sand and five Iowa soils (Fruitfield, Keomah, Crippin, Webster, and Galvar). The greatest recovery of toluene and TCB in batch tests was 73% and 84%, respectively, which was obtained with DOSL surfactant in Ottawa sand. The toluene removal of 95% in column tests has been achieved in the Ottawa sand and three Iowa soils (Fruitfield, Keomah, Crippin) with DOSL after effluent volume of 3750 ml (about 32 pore volume) passed. TCB removal of 98% in column tests has been achieved in Ottawa sand and three Iowa soils (Fruitfield, Keomah, Crippin) with DOSL after effluent volume of 2500 ml (about 21 pore volume) passed. These results were related with soil texture (clay content 30%), clay mineralogy (kaolinite and smectite), as a function of transported pore volume.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1999

Molecular, morphometric and functional analyses demonstrate that the growth hormone deficient little mouse is not hypomyelinated.

To study the effects of naturally occurring growth hormone deficiency type I on CNS myelination, we compared the myelination of brains from little and wild-type littermate mice using molecular, histological, morphometric, and functional analyses. The little mouse produces only 6-8% of normal levels of growth hormone (GH) and approximately 20% of normal circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Our data show that the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) of the little brain exhibit the same temporal pattern and amount as that of the wild-type brain. Furthermore, the density and size of myelinated axons and the myelin sheath thickness in the corpus callosum, anterior commissure and the optic nerve are comparable in the little and wild-type brains. These regions are reduced in size in the little mouse brain proportionate to the overall reduction in brain size implying a reduction in the total number of neurons. Therefore, it follows that the total myelin content is reduced, but when normalized to brain size, the myelin concentration is unchanged. Myelin staining patterns of whole brains were identical. Moreover, functional analysis of the visual pathway indicated no difference between the little and control mice. These results are inconsistent with previous reports of hypomyelination in the little mouse and suggest that this form of GH deficiency does not adversely affect the myelination process except possibly through neuronal proliferation. However, since axon size and density are maintained, the neuronal growth may conversely be inherently limited by other restricted brain growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Rapid detection of lytic antimicrobial activity against yeast and filamentous fungi.

A rapid method for assessing the lytic activity of antimicrobial agents against yeast and fungi has been developed. The assay is based on the release of the intracellular enzyme, maltase (alpha-glucosidase). The released maltase activity was measured colorimetrically by the production of p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG). The lytic activity of different antimicrobial compounds was measured against yeast cells or germinating spores of filamentous fungi. Lytic anti-yeast activity could be detected within 20 min incubation at 30 degrees C against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Lytic anti-fungal activity appeared after 2 h of incubation at 30 degrees C against germinating spores of Aspergillus niger and Botrytis cinerea. Whole cells of either yeast or fungi did not hydrolyze sufficient PNPG within 3 h at 30 degrees C to yield a detectable color change. Lytic activity of enzymes (e.g., Lyticase), antibiotics (e.g., Amphotericin B), and an antibiotic-producing strain of bacteria were detected using the assay. The anti-yeast assay has been adapted to a 96-well microtiter format. Both assays provided a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible detection of lytic anti-yeast and anti-fungal activity.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1993

Effect of standard-dose versus high-dose epinephrine on myocardial high-energy phosphates during ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest CPR.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of standard-dose versus high-dose epinephrine on myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolism during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled study using a swine model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. INTERVENTIONS: After anesthesia, intravascular pressure instrumentation, and ten minutes of ventricular fibrillation arrest, closed-chest CPR was begun. After three minutes of CPR, animals were allocated to receive either 0.02 mg/kg i.v. standard-dose epinephrine (eight) or 0.2 mg/kg i.v. high-dose epinephrine (nine). The animals underwent thoracotomy and rapid-freezing transmural myocardial core biopsy for high-energy phosphate analysis 3.5 minutes after epinephrine administration. High-energy phosphate values were blindly determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Intravascular pressure (mm Hg) and high-energy phosphate (nmol/mg protein) results for standard-dose epinephrine versus high-dose epinephrine are, respectively, coronary perfusion pressure, 15.3 +/- 7.8 versus 23.7 +/- 5.5 (P = .0009); phosphocreatine, 0.4 +/- 0.8 versus 6.2 +/- 4.4 (P = .0003); adenosine triphosphate, 9.8 +/- 4.8 versus 12.7 +/- 5.7 (P = .30); adenosine diphosphate, 5.4 +/- 2.1 versus 6.1 +/- 1.3 (P = .41); and adenylate charge, 0.68 +/- 0.12 versus 0.72 +/- 0.12 (P = .87). CONCLUSION: High-dose epinephrine does not deplete myocardial high-energy phosphate when given in this model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. High-dose epinephrine increases coronary perfusion pressure compared with standard-dose epinephrine. High-dose epinephrine administration repletes phosphocreatine during closed-chest CPR, thereby increasing myocardial energy stores.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1995

Prospective, randomized trial of epinephrine, metaproterenol, and both in the prehospital treatment of asthma in the adult patient.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness and incidence of adverse reactions with three treatment regimens for asthma in adults in the prehospital setting. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized clinical study. SETTING: Inner-city emergency medical service system providing basic and advanced life support and transport to 14 urban area hospital emergency departments. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-four adult asthmatic patients, 18 to 50 years old, who presented to paramedics with shortness of breath and wheezing. RESULTS: Eligible patients were randomly assigned by the base station physician to one of three treatment groups: subcutaneous epinephrine, nebulized metaproterenol, or subcutaneous epinephrine and nebulized metaproterenol. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured before and after treatment in each patient. During a 9-month period (October 1992 through June 1993), 154 patients were enrolled in the study; 53 (34%) received epinephrine, 49 (32%) received metaproterenol, and 52 (34%) received both. There were no significant differences in patient demographics, initial vital signs, or pretreatment PEFR among the three groups. The mean difference between pretreatment and posttreatment PEFR was 73 L/min and did not significantly differ among the treatment groups. Significant changes in vital signs were seen in no treatment group. CONCLUSION: Nebulized metaproterenol is as effective as subcutaneous epinephrine in the prehospital treatment of adult patients with acute asthma. The combination of these two treatments offered no additional clinical benefit in the patients we studied.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1993

Racial differences in the delivery of hemodialysis.

Differences in the quality of medical care provided to black and white patients have been observed in the United States, but have not been studied in dialysis patients. We examined whether dialysis delivery, as measured by indirect determination of Kt/V, differs between black and white patients in New Jersey. Five hundred forty-four patients at 10 New Jersey dialysis units were randomly selected by the US Health Care Financing Administration as part of their Medical Case Review Study. Of these, 237 patients at eight units were classified as black or white and had urea kinetic data available. The mean Kt/V urea was higher for white than black patients at all facilities, averaging 1.03 for the 123 black patients and 1.20 for the 114 white patients (P = 0.0006). Black patients were 40% more likely than white patients to have a Kt/V less than 1.0 (45.6% of black patients v 32.5% of white patients, P = 0.038). Racial disparities in dialysis delivery exist, the causes and consequences of which need to be addressed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1994

Recirculation reassessed: the impact of blood flow rate and the low-flow method reevaluated.

The recognition that during hemodialysis the blood urea nitrogen level in a peripheral vein differs substantially from that in an artery has made invalid the conclusions of prior studies based on the standard (peripheral vein) means of calculating recirculation. The increase in recirculation associated with an increase in blood flow may be artifactual, as may the reported inaccuracy of the two-needle low blood flow technique for measuring recirculation. Using a stop-flow technique to measure recirculation, a study was performed to reassess these issues. Sixteen patients were each studied once within the first 30 minutes of a standard hemodialysis session (mean, 3.78 hour) at routine blood flow (mean, 419 mL/min) and at 200 mL/min. Dialyzer afferent and efferent blood line samples were obtained, as were afferent samples after sequential, rapid reductions in blood flow to 200, 50, and 0 mL/min. The final two samples were obtained within 30 seconds of reducing blood flow to less than 200 mL/min. Blood flow had a significant (P = 0.03) although clinically minor effect on recirculation (mean, 13.9% at 419 mL/min v 10.2% at 200 mL/min). The low blood flow technique yielded the same results as the stop flow technique (stop flow technique 13.9% v low blood flow technique 13.2% at 419 mL/min, P = 0.76). We conclude (1) that the increase in recirculation associated with increased blood flow is substantially less than has been reported previously and is minimal in a well-functioning access, and (2) that a modified low blood flow (50 mL/min) technique for measuring recirculation yields results equivalent to those obtained using the stop flow technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Deficiencies in delivered hemodialysis therapy due to missed and shortened treatments.

The frequency of missed and shortened hemodialysis treatments was assessed in a randomly selected sample of 860 ESRD patients from 54 dialysis units. Data were collected for three sequential 4-week periods covering 28,108 treatments. During each of these 4-week periods, 5.1% to 7.6% of patients missed at least one treatment, 26.8% to 32.3% of patients had at least one shortened treatment, and 6.6% to 7.9% of patients missed 10% or more of their prescribed therapy. Over the entire 12-week period, 50% of patients had either missed or shortened treatments (or both). Missed and shortened treatments are prevalent enough to account for clinically important deficiencies in delivered dialysis for a significant number of patients.

Female↗
PubMed1994

The effect of dialyzer reuse on dialysis delivery.

It is well documented that the reprocessing of dialyzers may reduce their solute clearance capabilities. However, the effect of dialyzer reuse has never been assessed in an uncontrolled clinical practice setting. We addressed this issue in a prospective 436-patient, 34-center study. All patients underwent formal urea kinetic modeling monthly, usually for 3 sequential months. Dialyzers were reprocessed and reused in the usual manner for each unit. As a result, urea kinetic modeling was performed in individual patients using dialyzers with differing numbers of prior uses. For each patient, Kt/V urea for the treatment using the dialyzer with the most reuses (mean, 13.8) was compared with that with the treatment using the dialyzer with the fewest reuses (mean, 3.8). The mean Kt/V delivered for high reuse treatments was significantly lower than that for low reuse treatments (1.05 v 1.10, P = 0.002). Prescribed Kt/V in high and low reuse treatments was identical. Individual centers appeared to differ substantially (P = 0.06) in the effect of reuse on delivered Kt/V. Of the 23 centers using formalin-based reprocessing, an average difference of > or = 0.12 (mean, 0.17) in Kt/V between high and low reuse treatments was seen in 10 centers. Dialyzer reprocessing significantly impairs dialysis delivery, an effect that may be related to the methods and procedures in individual dialysis centers.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1985

Amelioration of hemodialysis-associated hypotension by the use of cool dialysate.

The effect of a reduction in dialysate temperature on BP during hemodialysis was studied in seven patients with end-stage renal disease suffering frequently from intradialytic hypotension. Each patient received six dialyses using 34.4 degrees C dialysate. These treatments were preceded (six dialyses) and also followed (six dialyses) by control periods using a 36.7 degrees C bath. Symptomatic hypotension was defined as systolic BP below 100 mm Hg associated with typical symptoms of hypotension requiring treatment with intravenous (IV) fluid. Cool dialysate reduced the frequency of symptomatic hypotension from 0.58 to 0.05 episodes per dialysis (P = less than 0.016). In addition, the rate of fall of mean BP during treatment was substantially slowed with the reduction in dialysate temperature (P = 0.002). Cool dialysate (34.4 degrees C) substantially ameliorates hemodialysis-associated hypotension.

Adult↗