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PubMed2006

Workplace worries: a preliminary look at online sexual activities at the office-emerging issues for clinicians and employers.

Concerns about the impact of online sexual activities (OSA) on work-life are drastically increasing. This study examined 3,466 respondents who reported OSA, 18.5% of whom reported engaging in OSA at work. They were compared with the 81.5% who engaged in OSA at home, on average time spent in OSA, workplace policies regarding OSA, and relationship status. Two themes were identified and discussed: opportunity and sexual distress. Our findings indicate that participants are cognizant of issues of opportunity (e.g., the OSA from home group was more likely to indicate their workplace has established policies regarding OSA), and privacy, representing an important aspect of this theme (e.g., participants engaging in OSA at work were found to be twice as likely to have extra-marital affairs, compared with the OSA from home group). Secondly, our data suggests that many participants, especially from the OSA at work group, experience OSA-related distress. Engaging in OSA at the workplace may result in decreased productivity, issues of sexual harassment, and concerns about employee well-being. Clearly stated and consistently enforced policies regulating OSA are likely to mitigate workplace OSA. However, a significant minority of employees may have difficulties curbing OSA. Therefore, more sophisticated strategies to deal with workplace OSA should be established. Additional implications of importance for organizations and mental health professionals who support them are discussed.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed2000

Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: clinical and neurocognitive correlates.

Although research suggests that the presence of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia is associated with graver levels of psychosocial dysfunction, it is unclear whether it is also related to clinical features of illness. Accordingly, the present study compared the symptom levels and neurocognitive function of participants with schizophrenia who had and did not have significant obsessive or compulsive symptoms. Analyses of variance revealed that participants with significant levels of either obsessive or compulsive symptoms (N = 21) had higher levels of positive and emotional discomfort symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and performed more poorly on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a measure of executive function, than participants without obsessions or compulsions (N = 25). ANCOVAs controlling for level of obsessions also revealed that participants with significant levels of compulsions (N = 12) in particular had higher levels of negative and positive symptoms on the PANSS than participants without compulsions (N = 34). The impact of obsessive-compulsive phenomena on the course and outcome of schizophrenia is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Compulsivity and obsessionality in opioid addiction.

Seventy-one individuals with opioid dependence undergoing ambulatory treatment participated in a personal interview assessing the importance of their opioid-use rituals, the severity of compulsivity and obsessionality in relation to their drug use, and the number of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. The level of compulsivity and obsessionality in opioid dependence was comparable to that found in OCD and alcohol addiction. The importance of rituals was inversely related to the number of opioid lapses during rehabilitation treatment and positively correlated with the number of non-drug-related OCD symptoms. Based on established norms for OCD symptoms, we estimated that 11.4% of our sample would meet diagnostic criteria for OCD, a rate which is over 4 times higher than the rate of OCD in the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

What happened in the SUMIT trial? Mediation and behavior change.

OBJECTIVES: We wished to identify which potential mediators of the Seropositive Urban Men's Intervention Trial (SUMIT) intervention were in fact changed by the intervention, and further to identify which among these factors distinguished men who decreased their risk behavior relative to those who increased it, irrespective of the intervention arm. METHODS: We examined social cognitive theory and other psychosocial variables that the intervention was designed to affect (potential mediators) in both sets of analyses. These were assessed at baseline, 3-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. We tested which potential mediators were changed by the intervention relative to the comparison arm, and which of these factors distinguished men discontinuing risk behavior [unprotected insertive anal intercourse (UIAI) or UIAI with HIV-negative or status-unknown partners] compared with those initiating it. RESULTS: Factors changed by the intervention included partner serostatus assumption making, hedonistic condom outcome expectancies, anxiety and depression. Factors associated with behavioral risk reduction included personal responsibility to protect others from infection and self-evaluative outcome expectancies regarding transmission risk behavior. These constructs are similar and involve the engagement of moral processes and altruism in sexual behavior with others. DISCUSSION: The present results suggest that, although we designed the intervention to enhance personal responsibility to protect others from HIV, we were not successful in this goal. However, changes in this factor did prove to be an important correlate of behavior change. Possible ways to design and deliver more successful interventions are discussed.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

The impact of personality on symptom expression in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Previous research conducted on the five-factor model of personality (FFM) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has demonstrated that community and clinical participants score significantly higher than controls on the domains and facets of neuroticism and extraversion and selective facets of agreeableness and conscientiousness. However, studies have yet to examine the extent to which personality traits, as assessed by the FFM, are associated with the specific symptoms of OCD. The purpose of this study was to examine further the personality predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in clinical participants using the facets of the FFM. Patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD (N = 56) completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, the Yale Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Lower scores on openness to ideas were uniquely associated with greater obsession severity, whereas lower openness to actions was uniquely associated with greater compulsive severity. In contrast with past research that has emphasized the association between neuroticism and extraversion and dimensionally rated obsessive-compulsive symptoms, this study demonstrates the specific associations between selective facet traits of openness and clinical obsessions and compulsions. Whereas tendencies toward negative affectivity may confer a nonspecific vulnerability to the development of OCD, facets of openness may impact on the particular expression and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Acute hemiconcern: a right anterior parietotemporal syndrome.

Three patients developed a striking visual and motor behaviour in the acute phase of a stroke involving the territory of the right anterior parietal artery (postcentral gyrus, parts or upper and middle temporal gyri, anterior part of inferior parietal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus). The patients concentrated on the left side of their bodies, looking at it for long periods and relentlessly rubbing, touching, pinching, pressing, lifting, and manipulating parts of the left arm, trunk, and leg with their right hand or foot. They all had severe loss of elementary sensation on the left (touch, pain, temperature, vibration, position). The behaviour was not associated with overinterest in the left hemispace apart from their own bodies. It lasted no more than a few days, disappearing when left sided sensation improved. The findings suggest an association between sensory dysfunction and this "acute hemiconcern". None of 13 patients with a mirror infarct in the left hemisphere and none of 38 patients with acute hemisensory loss due to thalamic capsular or brainstem stroke showed hemiconcern behaviour. This behaviour may result from a feeling of strangeness critically associated with hemisensory loss without hemispatial neglect, due to involvement of the right anterior parietotemporal region.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Inter-rater reliability of a classification of obsessions and compulsions.

Weighted kappa and random error coefficient was used to determine inter-rater reliability of a proposed classification of obsessions and compulsions. A high reliability was found between 3 raters for obsessive and compulsive form and content. This classification allows for greater precision in classifying obsessive-compulsive phenomena in research.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1978

Treatment of public masturbation by behavioral management.

This case history presents a treatment procedure for a nine-year-old girl who masturbated in the classroom. A fading procedure within a behavioral management contract was implemented which proved to be effective. One-, three-, six-, and nine-month follow-ups did not show any evidence of relapse or symptoms substitution.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1996

Exercise dependence: the relationship between two measures.

A volunteer sample of 158 aerobics instructors, 46 competitors, and 102 general participants completed 2 assessments of exercise dependence, the Negative Addiction Scale and the Commitment to Running Scale. Pearson rs showed scores on the measures related significantly for the total sample (.33), the participants (.35), and the instructors (.36), but the correlation of .23 for scores of competitors was not significant. Although scores on the two scales were significantly correlated, each test accounted for less than 11% of the variance for the total sample. While there is some commonality, these instruments largely measure different qualities and care should be taken when comparing "exercise dependence" across samples if assessed by different tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Obsessions and compulsions in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive behaviours are common and disabling in autistic-spectrum disorders (ASD) but little is known about how they compare with those experienced by people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). AIM: To make such a comparison. METHOD: A group of adults with high-functioning ASD (n=40) were administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Symptom Checklist and their symptoms compared with a gender-matched group of adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD (n=45). OCD symptoms were carefully distinguished from stereotypic behaviours and interests usually displayed by those with ASD. RESULTS: The two groups had similar frequencies of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, with only somatic obsessions and repeating rituals being more common in the OCD group. The OCD group had higher obsessive-compulsive symptom severity ratings but up to 50% of the ASD group reported at least moderate levels of interference from their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Obsessions and compulsions are both common in adults with high-functioning ASD and are associated with significant levels of distress.

Adult↗